Population Flashcards
age-sex distribution
The proportion of individuals of different ages and genders within a population
agricultural revolutions
The development of farming (neo-litical)
anti-natalist population policies
Policies put forth by a nation that encourage a reduction in reproduction (restrictive policy)
arable
Land suitable for growing crops
baby boom v. baby bust
Boom: people born during post WWII (1946-1964) Bust: declines in birth rates due to war or recession
carrying capacity
The limit on the population by the resources a country has (i.e. the verdict on whether the country has enough resources to carry the population)
census
A complete enumeration of a population
child mortality rate (CMR)
Number of children under the age of 5 that die per 1,000 children in the nation
cohort
A group based on age
crude birth rate (CBR)
Number of births per every 1,000 people in the nation
crude death rate (CDR)
Number of deaths per every 1,000 people in the nation
demographic equation
The combination of births, deaths, immigration, and emigration that contribute to high or low population growth. Population at present = initial population + births - deaths + immigrants - emigrants
demographic momentum (hidden momentum)
Continued population growth in surges due to the large number of females that will move through the childbearing years and produce another large group of youth
demographic regions
Regions grouped together by the stage of the DTM that most countries in the region are in
demographic transition model (DTM)
A model used to explain and predict population. Based on the assumption that all countries pass through four stages, Stage 1 countries have a high death rate, a high birth rate, and a low total population; Stage 2 countries have a high birth rate, a declining death rate, and an increasing population; Stage 3 countries have a quickly declining birth rate, a declining death rate, and an increasing population; Stage 4 countries have a low birth rate, low death rate, and high/increasing total population; and the hypothetical Stage 5 includes a stabilizing population with a low death rate and an even lower birth rate
demography
The study of human populations
dependency rate
A number that compares the number of dependents with the number of people in the workforce
doubling time
The time it takes a population to double in size. The higher the NIR, the quicker the doubling rate.
ecumene
The phenomenon that 75% of the world’s population is distributed on 5% of the Earth’s surface
endemic
A disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area
epicenter
A focal point of activity or disease
epidemiologic transition
A DTM for death at each stage (Stage 1, famine and infectious disease; Stage 2, epidemic diseases and overcrowding; Stage 3 and 4, human created diseases and diseases of the elderly
epidemiology
The spread of diseases through large populations
ethnicity
A socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common experience
eugenics
The study of the biology of different races/ethnicities
exponential growth (geometric rate)
A fast rate of growth of people because the number is multiplying
female infanticide
The trend of murdering female babies in countries where anti-natalist policies are put forth.
gendered space
Specific areas set apart for each gender
general fertility rate (GFR)
The birth rate of women of childbearing age. The births to women less than 15 or more than 44 years of age are included, but the women themselves (population) for those ages are not.
generation X
The generation born after the baby boom ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s
graying population
A country with a large percentage of people over the age of 65
HIV/AIDS
A pandemic and epidemic disease with an epicenter in Africa. An immunodeficiency virus/syndrome
Industrial Revolution
The transition to new manufacturing processes that signifies change from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of the DTM
infant mortality rate (IMR)
Number of deaths of infants in one year per 1,000 live births
j-curve
The shape of a line graph of the population graph when the growth is exponential
life expectancy
The average number of years an infant can be expected to live
linear growth (arithmetic rate)
A slower growth of food because land use is increasing; using addition
maladaptation
An adaptation that is less helpful than harmful and an adaptation that has become a hinderance
maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Number of mothers that die in childbirth per 1,000 births
medical revolution
The leap of medical knowledge in Stage 2 of the DTM
mortality
The rate at which people die
natality rate
Number of live births per 1,000 births
natural increase rate (NIR)
The percentage of a growth for a population in a year. (CBR-CDR)/10 = percent of growth. This measurement does not include migration. Currently, the NIR is 1.3%
Neo-Malthusian
Accepted the basic tenants of Mathus’ theories but focused more on regional growth rather than international
One Child Policy
China’s policy in which each set of parents can only have one child, but the policy has been relaxed recently.
overpopulation
A state in which the country does not have enough resources to sustain the population
physiological density
The ratio of the people supported by land per amount of land area
population composition/population pyramid
A bar graph used to display the age and gender distributions in a population that is broken into percentages of each gender and age group
population distribution
A not uniform map of where populations occur; 75% of the population is on 5% of the Earth’s surface, while 90% of the population lives north of the equator, half of the population in rural areas, half of the population in urban areas
population explosion
The fact that the population is growing faster than any other time in history
population geography (geodemography)
The study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places.
population projection
An estimation of future population growth by extrapolating from current trends and known growth factors
pro-natalist population policy (expansive population policy)
Policies put forth by a nation to promote an increase in production, mostly in agricultural areas
race
A social concept used to categorize humans into populations by social, cultural, or ethnic affiliation
replacement level fertility
A state in which the population has reached a total fertility rate of over 2. In other words, the two children will replace the two children, sustaining the population
s-curve
A curve that depicts logistic growth, or the population growth represented on the DTM
sex ratio
Number of men per every 100 females
standard of living
The goods and services and their distribution within a population
stationary population level
The level at which a national population ceases to grow
sustainability
The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources
Thomas Malthus
Man who believed that the population was growing much faster than food could sustain it
total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years (or fecundity)
underpopulation
A drop or decrease in a region’s population
United Nations Growth Scenarios
Growth scenarios to create population predictions of the world, hypothesizing about possible low, high, and medium growth. Medium growth is the most accepted scenario
United Nations Population Conferences
Each decade the UN holds a conference and makes suggestions for international improvements (teaching contraception, suggesting one-child policies, suggesting economic equality between men and women)
zero population growth (ZPG)
A state in which the population fails to meet a total fertility rate of 2, not accounting for migration, which assumes that as each family has less than two children, the population will decline.
