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Human Geo > ModelsFlashcardsAssignment > Flashcards

ModelsFlashcardsAssignment

1
Q

Core-Periphery Model

A

A model that describes that economic, political, and cultural power is distributed between dominant core regions and dependent peripheral regions (the area around the core, or the periphery, is dependent on the core in the middle).

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2
Q

Peters Projection (Gall-Peters)

A

A map that maintains area but distorts shape.

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3
Q

Mercator Projection

A

A map in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitudes are horizontal lines.

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4
Q

Goodes-Homosline Projection

A

A map that maintains area but divides oceans, distorting distance.

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5
Q

Robinson Projection

A

A map that equally distorts shape, area, distance, and direction.

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6
Q

Scale

A

A direct connection between a unit of measurement on a map and actual distance on Earth. Small scales show large areas whereas large scales show small areas (1:1).

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7
Q

Isoline Map

A

A map that includes lines that connect points of equal value (looks like map of jet streams).

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8
Q

Cartogram

A

A map in which size on the map equals value (such as the map where countries are redrawn based on population).

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9
Q

Dot Density Map

A

A map that uses dots which communicate the frequency of data or population.

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10
Q

Proportional Symbol Map

A

A map in which symbol sizes are proportional to data values.

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11
Q

Chloropleth Map

A

A map in which colors and shading represent information within boundaries (think of maps showing democratic/republican party in US).

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12
Q

Malthus Population Catastrophe

A

Belief that the population is growing much too fast for the agricultural land/food supply we have to sustain/feed the population. Eventually, theoretically, all will starve.

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13
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

Accepted the basic tenants of Mathus’ theories but focused more on regional growth rather than international.

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14
Q

Boserup’s Hypothesis of Population (anti-Malthusian)

A

Anti-Malthusian belief that population growth pushes farmers to discover more effective and productive farming techniques to cater to more customers and produce more profit, thereby producing enough food to take care of the growing population.

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15
Q

Population Pyramid Components

A

A bar graph used to display the age and gender distributions in a population that is broken into percentages of each gender and age group of five years.

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16
Q

Population Pyramid Example Shapes

A

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17
Q

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A

A model used to explain and predict population. Based on the assumption that all countries pass through four stages, Stage 1 countries have a high death rate, a high birth rate, and a low total population; Stage 2 countries have a high birth rate, a declining death rate, and an increasing population; Stage 3 countries have a quickly declining birth rate, a declining death rate, and an increasing population; Stage 4 countries have a low birth rate, low death rate, and high/increasing total population; and the hypothetical Stage 5 includes a stabilizing population with a low death rate and an even lower birth rate.

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18
Q

DTM Visual

A

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19
Q

Epidemiologic Transition Model

A

A DTM for death at each stage (Stage 1, famine and infectious disease; Stage 2, epidemic diseases and overcrowding; Stage 3 and 4, human created diseases and diseases of the elderly).

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20
Q

ETM Visual

A

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21
Q

Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction

A

The model that states that most migrants go short distances unless a large city or population center is the ultimate destination (they are more willing to travel longer distances). The model compares the population of two cities and their distance to figure out the “pull”. Population 1 * Population 2 (in millions) /Distance.

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22
Q

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A

Laws that state that migration patterns are still based on basic principles: migrants go short distances (distance decay); long distance migration usually involves a large city (gravity model); rural populations are likely to move to urban areas; individuals are more likely to migrate than families; and every migration causes a counterstream. This applies to reasons, distance, and characteristics of migrants.

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23
Q

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

A

Migration patterns based on the DTM (Stage 1, season or cyclic movement and no migration; Stage 2, most migration, from farms to cities and internationally to higher stage nations; Stage 3 and 4, internal migration or within nation migration from cities to suburbs).

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24
Q

MTM Visual

A

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25
Q

Indo-European Language

A

A family that includes the Germanic, Romance, Baltic-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian branches.

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26
Q

I-E Language Diffusion Theories (Agriculture, Conquest)

A

Agriculture language diffusion theory dictates that the first euro speakers lived in present day Turkey and through the trading of food and agricultural technology, they spread their language over many other areas. Conquest language diffusion theory claims that the reason language diffused over other areas was because many groups conquested each other, and the conquested groups were forced to learn the new language of the invader (Romans, Greeks, etc.).

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27
Q

Domino Theory

A

A foreign policy theory that speculated that if one land in a region came under an influence, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect, suggesting that a small change in one place will cause another one nearby. This was used mainly with communism.

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28
Q

Heartland Theory

A

A geopolitical theory by Sir Halford Mackinder that affirms that the Eurasian landmass was the center of world domination over the last 200 years.

29
Q

Rimland Theory

A

A geopolitical theory by Nicholas Spykman that states that the area around the rim of Eurasia and the oceans were the key to political powers for the last 200 years. This area holds plentiful industrial development, natural resources, and population which is why it is so prominent.

30
Q

Rank Size Rule

A

A pattern of settlement in a country such that the nth largest city in a country is 1/n the population of the largest city.

31
Q

World Systems Theory (Wailerstein)

A

A theory that outlines a three tier structure in which social change in the developing world links to the economic activities of the developed world. The core is the more developed/industrial part of the world, while the periphery is the poorer part of the world with many raw materials. The core exploits the periphery taking cheap labor and raw materials, and sends high profit consumption goods back to the periphery.

32
Q

WST Visual

A

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33
Q

Von Thunen’s Agricultural Model

A

A model that predicts agricultural land use patterns in a state by varying transportation cost. More intensive rural land uses cluster closer to the marketplace while more extensive rural land uses cluster farther from the city’s marketplace. Essentially, industries cluster around marketplaces in ring-shaped zones, which can be affected by local water transportation, highway transportation, etc.

34
Q

Von Thunen Visual

A

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35
Q

First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

A

A period marked by the development of agriculture and animal raising in the farming process 12,000 years ago (the use of seeds as well)

36
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

A period in Europe in the 17th century before the Industrial Revolution when agricultural practices changed dramatically: new innovations came about such as fertilizers, plows, etc.; enclosure systems became more popular; and crop production yielded more on small plots of land with the cotton gin, crop rotation, tractors, and more innovations.

37
Q

Third Agricultural Revolution

A

Otherwise known as the Green Revolution, a period in the mid-/late 1900s in which agricultural practices changed so that there was enough yield of food to feed the world. This happened because crops became stronger, biotechnology became more advanced and popular, and fertilizers were more numerous.

38
Q

Liberal Models of Development (self-sufficiency/international trade)

A

Developed by Walter Rostow, the liberal models of development indicate that all countries are capable of development, but the key to it is the creation of a self-sufficient system and a developed international trade system. This model also claims that poor economic conditions are the result of inefficiency in the short term.

39
Q

Structuralist Model of Development (dependency theory)

A

A model that claims that the possibilities of development in developing countries is limited by political and economic systems set in place by developed countries because they are so well set that they seem permanent and developing countries are so dependent on the systems.

40
Q

New International Division of Labor

A

The transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers from more developed to developing countries (like outsourcing).

41
Q

Rostow’s Stages of Growth (Modernization Model)

A

A model of economic development that describes a country’s progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed countries to most-developed countries and includes: 1 - Traditional Society, 2 - Transitional Stage, 3 - Take Off, 4 - Drive to Maturity, 5 - High Mass Consumption.

42
Q

Fordism

A

Mass production in assembly lines in which workers are assigned one specific task to perform over and over (like Taylorism).

43
Q

Post-Fordism

A

New working systems by companies that include more flexible work rules and grouping of workers so that they work in groups on a task, rather than individually.

44
Q

Locational Interdependence Theory (Hotelling)

A

Theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to limit each other’s consumer base/territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate next to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

45
Q

Weber Model of Industrial Location (Least Cost Theory)

A

A theory that shows that industries locate where it can minimize its costs, and therefore maximize its profits. To do this, the industry would need to be concerned with minimizing costs in transportation, labor, and agglomeration.

46
Q

Weber Visual

A

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47
Q

Profit Maximization (Losch’s Zone of Maximization)

A

Losch’s theory that states that the correct location of an industry lies where the net profit is greatest, and a number of places may produce this outcome because reducing the cost in one area may increase a different cost. The Margin of Profitability (the margin within profit can be managed) develops from lines connecting these points.

48
Q

Bid-Rent Theory (Land Rent)

A

A theory that refers to how the price and demand on land plots changes as one moves closer and farther away from the CBD.

49
Q

Bid-Rent Visual

A

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50
Q

Borchet’s Model of Urban Evolution

A

A model of urban evolution that refers to four distinct times in American urbanization that are each characterized by the impact of a new form of transportation per time on the rates of growth in American cities.

51
Q

Central Place Theory (Christaller)

A

A theory that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to the populations in the periphery. Essentially, the CBD serves as the centers of market areas, and suburb settlements are located around the outside and travel in to the CBD to use its services.

52
Q

CPT Visual

A

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53
Q

Concentric Circle (Burgess)

A

A model in which an urban area is arranged in a series of rings with different social groups in them. From the center of the circle outwards, the groups are structured as follows: CBD, transition, working class homes, middle class homes, wealthy homes/commuter zone.

54
Q

Concentric Model Visual

A

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55
Q

Sector Model (Hoyt)

A

A model of urban area situation that states that an urban area develops in a series of sectors around the center CBD, each extending like wedges from the center.

56
Q

Sector Model Visual

A

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57
Q

Peripheral Model

A

A model of urban area situation in North American urban areas that states that an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential areas and business areas tied together by a ring of road or railroad.

58
Q

Peripheral Model Visual

A

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59
Q

Multiple-Nuclei Model

A

A model of urban area situation that states that an urban area develops by spreading from several nodes, each of the individual nodes catering to a specific need or serving as a special function which expands as the urban area expands.

60
Q

Multiple-Nuclei Visual

A

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61
Q

Urban Realms Model

A

A model of urban area situation that states that an urban area is made up of spatial components, each with a separate economic, social, and political entity. All of these components link together to form the larger urban area.

62
Q

Urban Realms Visual

A

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63
Q

Latin American Cities Model

A

Also known as the Griffin-Ford model, it is a model that combines concentric ring zones and sector zones that includes a CBD in the middle with a commercial spine reaching out into the periphery. The quality of land/houses decreases as one moves away from the CBD and commercial spine. The wealthiest homes are located along the spine.

64
Q

Latin American Cities Visual

A

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65
Q

SE Asian Cities Model

A

Also known as the McGhee Model, this model related Southeast Asian cities by their common focal points (colonial port zones) and the common characteristic of an absent CBD: rather, the CBD is found in little separate clusters around the colonial port.

66
Q

SE Asian Cities Visual

A

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67
Q

African Cities Model

A

A model that relates African cities by a trend of three CBDs (post-colonial CBD, informal market zone, business/commercial center with storefronts). The post-colonial CBD is growing upwards with tall buildings, the business/commercial center has one story buildings, and informal markets are often just that: informal. Neighborhoods lie close to manufacturing centers, and a ring of squatter settlements lies around everything.

68
Q

African Cities Visual

A

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69
Q

Fuller Projection

A

A map that maintains shape and area but loses direction

Human Geo (6 decks)

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