Migration Flashcards
acculturation
The process of gradually losing an original culture, often through migration
brain drain
A lack of education in home nations and the emigration of a nation’s most intelligent people to pursue higher/better education
chain migration/immigration waves
Migration caused by waves following families and shared ethnic groups that have previously made the trek
circulation (cyclic, seasonal, transhumance)
Short-term, regular movement. Cyclic movement occurs on a daily or weekly basis within the territory near a person’s home. Seasonal movement occurs when people move with specific reasons or at specific times. Transhumance movement is the movement of livestock based on the availability of food (hillside to pastures)
colonization
Migration in which one nation establishes ownership in a different territory
commuting
Movement to school, work, church, etc.
counterurbanization
The movement seen with flourishing economies in which people move from urban to rural places to pursue a less frantic pace, retirement options, factory and agricultural work, suburbs, and connection away from cities but through time-space compression
eco-migration
Migration caused by environmental push/pull factors based on the “Too”s (too much/little): water, sunshine, allergens, etc.
emigration
Migration from a location (out-migration)
external migration (international or intercontinental)
Movement from one nation or continent to another
forced migration
Migration caused by pushing because of cultural factors (political discord, war, racism, etc.)
global-scale migration
Movement from one nation or continent to another on a global scale. This is less frequent because it requires many more resources
gravity model of spatial interaction
The model that states that most migrants go short distances unless a large city or population center is the ultimate destination (they are more willing to travel longer distances). The model compares the population of two cities and their distance to figure out the “pull”. Population 1 * Population 2 (in millions) /Distance
guest workers (time-contract workers)
Workers who have special documentation for a temporary time to obtain jobs (guaranteed minimum wage and take jobs that citizens don’t want)
immigration
Migration to a location (in-migration)
immigration laws
Laws created by nations to limit movement into the country
infrastructure
The basic structure or features of the migration system
internal migration (inter or intra regional)
Migration within the borders of a country or region that is most frequent
internally displaced person (dislocation)
People that are forced from their home regions due to conflict
intervening obstacle
Environmental or cultural reasons why migrants don’t make it to their original goal (mountains, racism, etc.)
intervening opportunity
An opportunity that gets in the way of the migrant’s original goal (a good job, societal acceptance, etc.)
migrant labor
Periodic movement involving millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment
migration
Permanent movement across boundaries
migration counterstreams
Movement out of point B back to point A or to another location
migration patterns
Patterns that help predict future demographic patterns based on the demographic equation
migration selectivity
The prediction about which type of people will migrate (male (although number of females rising due to changing gender roles), single, young adults, seeking work)
migration streams
A trend of movement of people from point A to point B (largest streams: Asia-Europe, Asia-North America, Latin America-North America)
Migration Transition Model (Zelinsky)
Migration patterns based on the DTM (Stage 1, season or cyclic movement and no migration; Stage 2, most migration, from farms to cities and internationally to higher stage nations; Stage 3 and 4, internal migration or within nation migration from cities to suburbs)
mobility
Movement from one place to another
net-in/net-out migration
Net-In migration means more people have moved to a place (North America, Oceania, Europe). Net-Out migration means more people have moved from a place (Asia, Africa, Latin America)
net migration
The difference between immigration and emigration
place desirability/utility
The opportunities offered by an area in comparison to others
pull factor
A reason to move to a location
push factor
A reason to leave a location
Quotas (US Act of 1921)
Limitations in immigrants established in the 20th century to slow the immigration of Europeans and restrict poor immigrants from Asia/Latin America
Raventstein’s Laws of Migration
Laws that state that migration patterns are still based on basic principles: migrants go short distances (distance decay); long distance migration usually involves a large city (gravity model); rural populations are likely to move to urban areas; individuals are more likely to migrate than families; and every migration causes a counterstream. This applies to reasons, distance, and characteristics of migrants
refugee
People that are forced from their home nation to avoid persecution
remittance
Money sent back to families by immigrants to help sustain the family. This involves using coyotes (people that are paid for transportation) across borders
rural-urban movement
Urbanization caused by migration from rural to urban areas
step migration
Migration through multiple stages
undocumented immigrants
People who enter a country without proper documentation, or illegal aliens
voluntary migration
Migration based on better opportunities and free choice
cluster migration
Migration by following families and shared ethnic groups
critical distance
The distance beyond which an average migrant cannot afford, survive, or plan travel (money, effort, means)
