pop and enviro

Question 1

costs X for a child in the UK

Answer 1

1/4 million

Question 2

Egypt pop distrubution

Answer 2

95% of the pop on 4% of the land 12 miles from the Nile

Question 3

world pop in 1800

Answer 3

1 billion

Question 4

world pop in 2019

Answer 4

7.7 billion

Question 5

when was the neolithic agragrian revolution?

Answer 5

12 000 yrs ago

Question 6

FR in Niger (highest in the world)

Answer 6

6.6

Question 7

Niger example

Answer 7

Examples - Niger, North Africa
- One of the poorest countries in the planet
- Highest fertility rate in the world – 6.6 (2023)
o Too simplistic to regard poverty alone as the explanation for the high population rate
- More than 20 years ago Niger identified population control as a priority in the fight against poverty. But birth rates are still rising.
- Climate
o 200m of rain each year – northern Niger
o SW – 600m a year – most between May and Sept
o Over the last 50 years, rainfall has been declining and droughts are common – food shortage
- Soils
o Absence of real political will to invest in irrigation systems, planting crops tend to be limited to the more fertile soils of the south bordering Lake Chad and the River Niger
o Elsewhere – subsistence farming dominates on the dry dusty and nutrient deficient soils – e.g. the nomadic herding of cattle, sheep and goats.
o However- overgrazing and loss of cattle during droughts have forced farmer to give up this faming and move to towns to find work – urbanisation.
- Human factors
o Cultural norms
 large families, polygamy (competition between wives to have larger families)- children are economic necessity as they can work on the land at a young age
 Low contraception rates- 11% in 2018- married women . Decreased from 18% in 2017. Dismally low by global standards
* About 50% of women of child bearing age use modern contraceptives in Rwanda and Zimbabwe
o Human interventions – behaviours
 Foreign funded health care centre promoting long term option like contraceptive implants
 UN Population Fund imports million of dollars of contraceptives a year
 ‘Schools for husbands’ – teaches men who traditonaly tend toobstruct women seeking birth control, about family planning
o Political behaviours
 Political will is weak – only a tiny proportion of its budget is family planning
o Public
 Only a quarter of the women express any desire to space out their births, let alone reduced their number
- Stats
o 2.5m out of 17m have no secure source of food
o When harvests fail – the number increase.
o 2012 food crisis – almost a quarter of the population went hungry ->prompted relief campaigns by international donors.

Question 8

X% of US population in 100 mile zone

Answer 8

65%

Question 9

london pop density

Answer 9

5596

Question 10

manila pop density

Answer 10

44 500

Question 11

egypt pop density

Answer 11

2000+

Question 12

when did pop start to grow exponentially from?

Answer 12

1950

Question 13

current pop

Answer 13

8.1 billion

Question 14

un prediciton by 2050

Answer 14

9.7 billion

Question 15

un prediction by 2080s

Answer 15

10.4 billion

Question 16

what stage is the world in

Answer 16

3

Question 17

X fraction of the world below replacemtn rate

Answer 17

2/3rds

Question 18

more than X of the projected increase in global pop up to 2050 in 8 countries

Answer 18

half

Question 19

Subsaharan pop future

Answer 19

growing at 2% a yr
projected to double by 2050
contribute more than half to increase anticpiated by 2050

Question 20

pop growth europe and america until 2050

Answer 20

2% increase

Question 22

asia has X of world pop

Answer 22

60%

Question 23

n africa and w asia increase -> 2050

Answer 23

46%

Question 24

X countries are expected to experince pop delcine 2022-2050

Answer 24

61

Question 25

over 65 pop by 2050

Answer 25

6% increase

Question 26

developed counties pop peak

Answer 26

2000, 800 million

Question 27

average calorie per person a day 1960s

Answer 27

2300

3030- HICs
LICs- <2000

Question 28

average calorie per day 2015

Answer 28

2874

Question 29

between 1960s and 2000s, world agriculutrcal input increased by X, driven by Y increase in Z

Answer 29

140%, 75%, asia

Question 30

average calorie intake per day now

Answer 30

2947 (2.5% increase from 2015)

Question 31

2001-2020,, X decline in undernourishment

Answer 31

29%

Question 32

drop of X % in undernourishment in sub sharan 2001-2020

Answer 32

5

Question 34

2023 nos of undernouris

Answer 34

714 million

Question 35

DRC - X calories and X% underweight children

Answer 35

1800, 50%

Question 36

X million by 2030 unourish

Answer 36

600m

Question 37

2016 , X5 of adults overwight,X % obese

Answer 37

39%, 13%

Question 38

UK has second highest share of oveweigth or obese children (1st= Aus and NZ)

Answer 38

at 11.3%

Question 39

X of all food produced is wasted

Answer 39

1/3

Question 40

UK every yr, X million tonnes wasted, worth X billion

Answer 40

18, £23

Question 41

jamie oliver backed sugary tax

Answer 41

2018

Question 42

how many of world pop are employed in food production

Answer 42

2 billion (28%)

Question 43

commercial farming exmaples

Answer 43

• Examples
  o Grain cultivation in North America, teas plantations in East Africa and cattle ranching in south America , Candain winter wheat harvest is also a large scale commercial agribusiness

Question 44

subsitsence farming example

Answer 44

• Examples
  o Nomadic pastoralism in West Africa and Slash and burn shifting cultivation in Latin America, Africa and S E Asia -> purely subsistence
  o Mainly subsistence -> Amerindian tribe sin Guiana Highlands of Venezuela
   Clear a small are of tropical equatorial rainforest, burned the dried vegetation to provide fertile ash and cultivate the plot for 3- 5 years – growth manioc , yams, peppers, beans, maize in the hot, wet conditions
   Plot eventually loses fertility
   Tribes then clear another plot, returning only when the original vegetation has regenerated naturally

Question 45

intensive

Answer 45

Intensive
- High level of inputs per unit area
- Inputs can be capital intensive or labour intensive
o Capital intensive – money invested in soil improvement, machinery, buildings, pest control, high quality seeds/ animal. Few people employed . Output high per hectare and per workers- e.g. Tomato production in the Netherland
o Labour intensive – high number of works and high output per hectare but low output per workers – e.g. rice cultivation in the Ganges Valley
- Produces high yields per hectare
- Examples
o Fruit, flower and vegetable production (horticulture) in SW England and the Netherlands
o Horticulture beginning to use hydroponics , polytunnels and glasshouses

Question 46

extensive

Answer 46

• Examples
  o Sheep ranching in Australia – small labour force but rely on sher amount of land to provide sufficient output
  o Hill sheep farming in the upland regions of the UK – Lake District and Yorkshire Deals, Snowdonia

Question 47

pastroal examples

Answer 47

• South American Pampas
  o Temperature climate, grassland biodiversity – towards end of 20th century all cattle grazed freely
  o BUT NOW ->
  o Only 20 per cent of Argentinean beef today is reared sustainably on grass — the 26 000 ha Estancia Ranch (with 20000 cattle) is one of the few remaining traditional extensive pasture-based ranches in Argentina.
  o (cattle ranchers sold their land for more profitable soy, wheat and maize production)

Question 48

over the last Y years, agriculutral produducitvey has increased by ? in developing

Answer 48

55 yrs, 2.5-3%

Question 49

sub sharan TFP growth over last 55 yrs

Answer 49

1%

Question 50

TFP growth developed

Answer 50

2-2.5%

Question 51

McCarty and Linderberg’s Optima and Limits model

Question 52

in the Uk potatoes fial if soil acidity falls to less than

Answer 52

ph 4

Question 53

wind being benefiifcal to food production

Answer 53

warm chinook which melts snow on the north american praires increasing the length of the growing season

Question 54

relief example-

Answer 54

in the UK, the upper limit for hay and potatoes is 300m and lsope sof more than 11 degrees become impratical for safe ploughing

Question 55

Polar exmaple

Answer 55

The Polar Tundra Climate
- Location
o North America and Eurasia between southern limit of permanent ice caps in the north and northern limit of temperate coniferous softest of taiga climate in the south
o 20% of earth
- Characteristics
o Avg temp<10
o Little precipitation
o Long and intensely cold winter, falling below -40 degrees , snow and strong winds , layer of permafrost
o long hours of summer sunshine, top layer of permafrost thaws
- Relationship to human numbers
o Artic Human Development Report – polar areas approx 13.1 million spread across 8 countries ,pop density less than four people per square km
o Most live in the tundra climate area of continental north America and Eurasia
o Glacial areas are mostly devoid permanent human settlement
 But visited by nomadic hunters and oil and mineral prospectors
o 2/3rd of Artic population lives in large settlements, while indigenous people found in small, widely scattered communities
o Overtime?
o In the 2nd half of the 20th century – number of people living in the Artic region started to grow rapidly
 Why?- improved healthcare for indigenous populations , discovery of vast natural resources – led to large influx of immigrants
o Recently pop growth has slowed down and in north of Russia, total population is declining
- Human activities
o cold weather restricts human activities
o fishing, adventure tourism, mineral exploitation rather than land based agriculture
o Hunting
o indigenous people manage to survived on the harsh climate and tundra vegetation at a subsistence level
 e.g. Inuit in northern Canda and Greenland hunted caribou and seals in the winter and fished in summer
* sustainable – why?
* Low number in relation to the vast area
 E.g. Sami of northern Europe – followed seasonal movements of reindeer northwards to the treeless tundra in summer and southward to the boreal forest in winter to escape harsh polar winter
* This hunting provided most of their food and materials needed due to small population
* Reindeer have never been bred in captivity, and individuals are just tamed for milking and as draught animals.
* The reindeer is the source of everything from milk, meat and skin (clothing and tents) to antlers and the fatty marrow of the bones.
*
o Farming
 Only arable farming is artificial
 E.g. Tim Meyers farms 7 hectares of land in the Yukon- Kuskokwim Delta near Bethel, Alaska
* Developed a method for thawing the ground
* 2 year process of clearing vegetation and spreading manure, composted tundra and a slurry of salmon waster . Lake waster and dry molasses add to increase biological life
* Raised beds and high polytunnels mitigate the low temperatures and short growing season and vast underground root cellar stores – extend the lifespan of the harvest
* He grows root vegetables, brassicas, gourds, strawberries, and raises paltry and eggs
o Threats to the Polar Tundra
 Antarctica soon not be protected by Madrid Protocol – 2048
 Mining and fracking could lead to earthquakes
 Melting permafrost – landslides
 Polar nears are finding it harder to find food and so are increasingly encroaching on communities

Question 56

monsoon

Answer 56

The Monsoon Climate
- Location – focus on India and Bangladesh
o Between the tropic – south and central America, south Asia, southeast Asia, Africa- west and central Africa, Caribbean, north America, and Australia
o Called the Intertropical Convergence Zone- this and its shifts north and south (wet and dry season) – used to be predictable – but CC makes it less
- Characteristics
o Has wet and dry seasons
o Mean temp >18
o Summer wet season- May – October
 The overhead sun heats the land intensively (in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan) causing a low pressure system to from where the air above rises . Moist air is drawn from the SW that originated over the equatorial area of the Indian Ocean.
 South-west monsoon winds bring intense amounts of rainfall that is increase by the uplift of air over the Western Ghats mountain range of SW India as well as by the intense convection caused by the hot land surface
 Further uplift of this moist air over the foothills of the Himalayas brings seasonal monsoon rainfall and intense flooding to the lower Ganges valley and Bangladesh until mid-October
 Av temp - 32
o Winter dry season- Nov- April
 Winds are from north and north east- blowing outwards from central Asia (known as retreating monsoon)
 Overhead sun moved southwards causing the sea to get hotter than the land, causing a low pressure system , and the wind directions reversed – dry winds blow from Asian interior to the sea with any moisture having been lost over the Himalayas before descending to the coast
 Avg temp -18
- Wettest place in the world is Mawsynram in India – a 1500m plateau in the Khasi Hills overlooking the plains of Bangladesh – mean annual rainfall 11871 mm
- Human activities and numbers
- Pop change
o Over half the worlds population live in over 21 Asian countries affected by seasonal monsoon winds
o Included 6 of the most populated nations – China, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Japan and Indonesia
o High density
- Subsistence farming
o Common, income levels low
o Survival depends on seasonal nature of the tropical monsoon climate as rice is cultivate during the monsoon season
o Rice
 Staple food , waste is used as fodder for naimls, kindling for fires and woven into hats, mats etc..
 As long as there is sufficient water for irrigation, even the paddies can be reused during the dry season for second rice crops, or for beans, lentils and wheat.
 Relief- can be grown on flat land or hilly
 Best suited for lowland flood plains with deep fertile alluvial soils – e.g. Ganges Valley ‘wet rice varieties’
 But can be grown in terraces cut into the slope so f hilly areas where flood water are retained by earth bunds – e.g. ‘dry rice varieties’ in Indonesia
 Labour intensive – large, cheap labour force using simple tools
 Economics
* Economy gains due to rice industry
* In good years, the surpluses produced have enabled India to become a leading exporter of both rice and wheat, from which the economy gains.
* On the other hand, weak monsoon rains result in crop failure, which affects the economy in a negative manner due to lower production.
* This translates into rising prices, fewer exports, less food security and rising debts for farmers, leading to increases in suicide among farmers in some regions.
- Threats
o Climate change
 Causing more fluctuations in timings and amount of rainfall – difficult for farmers to plan – can lead to crop failure
 Drive in the Indian government increase the amount of land that is irrigated – extensification
 More efficient methods to produce rice
 Less water intensive methods of cultivation
* ClimaRice is a Norwegian project is currently researching in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu India where wate shortage are already – how rice cultivation can be adapted to become less water intensive
 Example of threat -Nepal
* Unusually dry monsoon conditions have led to crop failures cause food and income shortage
* Driven some farmers to defy COVID-19 travel bans and seek work in India
* CC is declining precipitation which is worsening drought conditions
* ongoing projects like the Sikta Irrigation Project aim to provide relief in the future.
 Example of threat – Vietnam
* 60% of the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam highly vulnerable to flooding if sea levels rise – rise in salinity reduces rice production – limited growing seasons from 3 to 1
* This would an economic loss of $17 billion
* Flooding from wet season + sea level rise combined – v dangerous + localised land subsistence by human activities- dam construction and water extraction

Question 57

for more than X yrs, northern higher latitudes hsowing isgns of CC with wamring up to X degree

Answer 57

30 yrs, 2 degree

Question 58

sub sahran example

Answer 58

60% work on farms
agriuclutre produce accoutns for 23% of economy
pop to increase by 1 billion by 2050

Question 59

CSA

Answer 59

Synoptic LINK – GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- FAO introduced the concept of climate Smart agriculture
- This is an integrated approach to address the interlinked challenges related to food security and climate change through
o increased productivity (economic) – to improve food and nutrition security and to boost the incomes of the world’s rural poor who are reliant on agriculture for their living
o enhanced resilience (social) – to reduce vulnerability to drought, pests and disease and improve capacity to adapt to challenges such as shortened seasons or erratic weather patterns
o reduced emissions (environmental) – to pursue lower emissions for each unit of food produced and reduce/remove greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, including avoiding deforestation.
- considering both the synergies and trade-offs that exist between productivity, adaptation and mitigation.
- Progress?
o Welcomed by many global organisations – World Bank – has committed to supporting countries or specific project stop deliver CSA
o Currently 455 member of the Global Alliance for CSA (GACSA)- many are inter-governmental groups, NGOs, research institutions, private sector organization
o However, very few state members are from regions most at risk – only 8 african countries currently
o There is also concern in civil society groups that GACSA’s promotion of CSA is greenwashing a plan to produce more with less
o

Question 60

soil sustains X% of food production

Answer 60

95

Question 61

X type sof soil in england and wales

Answer 61

700

Question 62

5 functions of soil

Answer 62

• cycles nutrients
• regulates wtaer
• sustains plant and animla life
• filters polluentents
• physical staility and supprot

Question 63

podosol

Answer 63

Podosol – draw layers in a question
Distribution
- The zonal soil of the taiga- the vast continuous belt of subarctic climatic across North America and Eurasia – between tundra in the north and temperature grasslands to the south
- Found in other areas with cool climate s- e.g. heathland and moors if the UK and in areas of sandy soil such as fluvioglacial outwash plains
Characteristics
- Climate - Prolonged harsh winters and cool summers restrict the vegetation to boreal coniferous forest – spruce, fir, pine
- Areas of boreal forest do not receive heavy rainfall (but considerable snowfall- leading to spring snow melt) but the podsolisation process required a general downward movement of water through the soil
o However , precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration because of low temperatures
o Coniferous trees also shelter the ground from drying winds – so soil stays moist – therefore moderate precipitation provides a surplus and allows downward infiltration and percolation
- Relief- mountain sides – up to 350m – so a lot of drainage – leads to rapid leaching of iron and aluminon from A horizon (rich is silicon and ahs grey) to B horizon which contract to form a iron pan which impedes drainage and cause waterlogging
- Poor nutrient cycle – coniferous evergreens do not take up elements like calcium, Mg, potassium and so the nutrients are not returned to the soil when leaves fall as thin acidic humus (mor) – lead to soil heavy with aluminium and iron – acidic
- Cold - the climate has a strong influence here, ie. Lack of warmth limits soil biota activity restricts mixing of soil and causes humus to decay slowly; and leaching of iron and aluminium, as spring snow melts , and humus causes an iron pan to develop
- most notable characteristics
o Accumulation of a hard pan of iron beneath the zone of leaching which marks the highest point of the water table
o Clear differentiation of horizons indicating (in contrast to tropical red latosols) that there may be fewer mixing agents such as earthworms an ants- this is due to the cold climate – little activity / soil biota
Exemplify relationship between soils and human activities especially agriculture.
- UK- damage to podsols
o Podosols in the UK most associated with upland sheep farming and heather moorland managed with controlled burning for the breeding of grouse for shooting
o Small areas of surface heather are burnt off in 10-15 year rotations – resulting in a patchwork quilt pattern of heather at various stages of regrowth
o This provides feeding areas for grouse, with unburnt nesting cover nearby
o Grouse shooting employs 2500 people and generates $150 million – important to UK rural economy
- Also damage to Northern American and Eurasian taiga due to hunting of moose, caribou and brown bear –it is now no longer sustainable without legal protection due to the diminishing of wildlife habitat through deforestation
- Logging in North America is now managed but, since the fall of the Soviet Union, commercially lucrative logging has been encouraged - the taiga is slowly disappearing.
Arable farming is very difficult because:
- The acidity and lack of nutrients means few crops can grow
- Formation of the hard pan, can prevent water from draining and lead to waterlogging

Question 64

brown earth soils

Answer 64

Distribution
- Located between 35- 55 degrees north of the equator
- Cover largest expanses of western and central Europe, western Russia, east coast of America, eastern Asia
- Cover 45% of land in England and Wales
Characteristics
- Climate
- moderate humid temperate climate
- rainfall below 76cm a year
- temp range 4-18 degrees
- good conditions for veg growth/soil biota
- Relief and drainage
- Lowland area – below 1000 feet on permeable parent material
- Veg types are deciduous woodland and grassland -> a lot of leaf litter resulting in deep humus which is only slightly acidic
- Soil Biota
- Warmer temp encourage soil biota activity – which makes horizon less distinct – leaf litter is more rapidly decomposed
Exemplify relationship between soils and human activities especially agriculture.
- Soil is fertile so higher population here
- Often cultivated due to deep nature of the soils, free drainage and fertile
- Easy to work throughout the whole year

Question 65

2012 world economic forum

Answer 65

• soil being lost 10-40 times the rate at which it can be naturally replenished
• 40% of soil used for agriculture is classed as either degraded or seriously degraded
• Without soil management, food production would decline by 30% in the next 30-50 years

Question 66

how long to form 1cm of top soil

Answer 66

• Soil is very important but take 1000 years for just 1 cm of topsoil to form – so hard to manage it after degradation

Question 67

X billion tonnes of topsoil lost a yr due to water erosion and deforestation

Answer 67

36

Question 68

X-Y million hectates of productive land lost a yr

Answer 68

5-7

Question 69

X billion of top soil lost each yr in total, equivalent to X million hectare sof producitve land lsot

Answer 69

76, 9

Question 70

increasing plant cover to about X per cent gives fields dqeuate protection from wind eorison

Answer 70

50

Question 71

wind stats

Answer 71

• planting lines of trees or hedgerows as windbreaks cuts wind speed which reduces both evaporation (by up to 20 per cent) and wind erosion.
• A tree line has a wind speed reduction effect for up to 12 times the height of that tree line, both before and after the barrier. This means that the cropped area between windbreaks can be as wide as 100 m if the trees are over 5 m high.
• EXAMPLE- This can be done on a large scale and is one of the reasons for the Great Green Wall project across the Sahel in Africa, to prevent further desertification of the region.

Question 72

managing wind erosion example- Burkino Faso

Answer 72

• EXAMPLE- In Burkina Faso, millet and sorghum stubble is left at one metre high so that it stabilises the soil and also where it traps dust and leaves blown by tornadoes; this material eventually adds to soil depth and fertility

Question 73

as much as X per cent of all irrrigate dland may suffer from waterlogging

Answer 73

10

Question 74

salinstasion stats

Answer 74

• In general, if the salts are alkaline and soil pH rises to above 11.0, plants become infertile. If the salts are acidic and soil pH falls below 4.0, plants cannot absorb nutrients. Either way, crops fail.
• Salinisation of soils is a problem in more than one hundred countries worldwide and irrigation is often a major contributing factor
• 10 per cent of all arable land is affected, but this rises to about 25 per cent of all irrigated land being salt-affected.
• ## The cost of irrigation-induced salinity is equivalent to an estimated US$11 billion per year.

Question 75

slaisnatio example

Answer 75

• EXAMPLE- flushing the soil in the Lower Colorado River valley, the river become too slaty downstream for the Mexican farmers to use for irrigation
• The Mexican government force the USA to construct a desalination plant near the Mexican border so the water could useable

Question 76

food secuirty defintion

Answer 76

Food security - FOOD SECURITY exists when all people , at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’ WORLD FOOD SUMMIT 1996

Question 77

food secuirty depneds on

Answer 77

access
stbality
utlisation
avaibility

Question 78

example of food crisis

Answer 78

somalia 2014- 3 million affected

Question 79

examples of green revolution

Answer 79

• During the 1960s, countries – UK, Italy, The Philippines and Mexico , hybridisation experiments were generating publicity by developing new varieties of crops
• Example- Mexico – hybrid wheat and maize strains were developed to withstand heavy rain, strong wind and disease – maize yields then doubled , while wheat tripled
• Example- Rice varieties in the Philippine such as IR8 led to 6 fold increase in yield from its first harvest and before long 10% of India’s padi fields were planted with it – but such HYVs proved to be vulnerable to pest and news diseases – so development continues

Question 80

example sof agrochemicals

Answer 80

• EXAMPLE- crop spraying in Punjab has helped India double its farm yields in 50 years – but the chemical shave infiltrated into the increasingly scarce water source ocntaimnatin both soil and food – 34 000 detahs from canceer 2008-2013 may ber elate dto this

Question 81

exmaple of irrgation

Answer 81

• And development of large scale muilti purpose river projects – e.g. Egypt’s Aswan High Dam

Question 82

example of gov policy

Answer 82

Eu – 1960S AND 1980S- THE Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) encouraged farmers to increase food production by offering grants, subsidies and guaranteed price

Question 83

GAFSP

Answer 83

Launched in 2007
The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) believes that global food production needs to increase by 56% by 2050 to feed everyone
Synoptic link to globalisation->
GAFSP provides an intermediary fund hosted within the WB to complement and reinforce exisitn international efforts to tackle food security . Particularly wants to help agricultural system sin LICs- investing in smallholder farmers and communities – helps with SDG 2 – Zero Hunger
Receives donation from wealthy governments and from the Gates Foundation – allocated funding where it is most needed
By 2018 – GAFSP allocated $1.7 billion to project to tackle hunger and malnutrition and improve food security across 45 countries – supporting over 13 million small holder farmers
Examples of projects
- Increase fish supplies – Blue Revolution
- Development of aquaculture in LDEs where the creation and stocking of pools with fast breeding species such as tilapia can increase food and nutrition supply in a sustainable way
- Selective breeding to improve growth rate sof fish
- Improve feed and disease control
- Using water recirculation and other pollution controls
- This ‘Blue Revolution’ is not without its challenges – competes with agricultural land for food production – places a high demand on freshwater supplies and required wild fish to be caught to feed the farmed fish
- Increase livestock and pasture productivity.
- How?-Improve pasture fertilisation, feed quality and vet care, raising improved breeds and using rotational grazing – which will increase yields without agricultural land expansion
- Improve crop and livestock breeding- Biotech/Gene Revolution
- Use of biotech to develop through hybridisation, high yielding variety seeds (HYVs)– suited to what enviro condition – e.g. sub saharan Africa
- Offer a great promise for additional yield gains – making it chap and faster to genetically code plants and purify crop strains
- GM may be dismissed by enviro protestors in Europe, but may provide a solution to hunger in Africa
- Plat existing cropland more frequently
- Food production can be boosted by reducing fallow land or increasing double cropping – puts pressure on land fertility, but carefully managed crop rotation and research should close some of the production gap
Adapt to CC – CSA

Question 84

gene revoltuion

Answer 84

• GM involves taking genetic DNA from one plant and introducing it to another to make it more resistant to drought , pests or diseases
• By 2014, 18 million farmers in 28 countries were growing crop son 181 million hectares
• Concerns – implications for human health
• No GM crops are being grown commercially in the UK and nearly 40 countries have banned their cultivation
• But we do import GM commodity-s especially soy – for animal feed and some food products

Question 85

crop wild relatives

Answer 85

• These wild ocusins of crops are vital to food security because they contain greater amounts of genetic diversity – making them more reislent in the face of CC, waterlogging, slainsation, pests and diessease
• Projects – Adapting Agriculutre to CC project, Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, London
• Kew aims to safeguard wild relative sof food crops before they disappear – in Kews Millennium Seed Bank

Question 86

aerophonics example

Answer 86

• No fertiliser runoff into waterways, used 95% less water than outdoor farming,
• Jordan - the countries farms take 52% of the water supply – one farmer – Bajhat Sawalmeh is implanting aeroponics at Faisal Farm
• Also implemented in New Jersy since 2004 by Aerofarms

Question 87

uganda example- aflastoxins

Answer 87

• Most serious of food related health risk is constant threat of food poisoning caused by aflatoxin contamination – aflatoxins are naturally occurring , highly carcinogenic poisons produced by a fungus which I prominent in maize – develop when produce comes into contact with soil during harvesting, threshing and drying

Question 88

FAO built more than X metal storgae silos in X dvelping countries

Answer 88

45 000, 16

Question 89

UK- X food thrown out was incorretcly periceved to be out of date

Answer 89

1/5

Question 90

Eu aim

Answer 90

reduced food loss and waster by 50% by 2050

Question 91

consumption of beef, lamb and goast projected to by 2050

Answer 91

double

Question 92

FAO estimates that X million people prevented worlwide from fallign int oextrem epoverty due to social proetcion

Answer 92

150

Question 93

X of world poor still do not have acess to regular form sof soical support

Answer 93

2/3rds

Question 94

MDG

Answer 94

• Achievements
• 1990- 50% of developing countries lived on less than $1.25 a day, as of 2015- dropped to 14%
• 1990- 1.9 billion in extreme poverty, 836 million in 2015 - reduce dby more than 50%
• 1991-2015- living on more than $4 (working middle class) – tripled – 50% of world population
• Proportion of undernourished peoples in the developed dropped by almost 50% since 1990
• Hampered by
• Challenging economic conditions – not least 2008 – financial crisis
• Extreme weather events , natural disasters, political instability and civil strife
• Hunger areas in countries with crises were 3 times higher then elsewhere
• The near achievement of the MDGs hunger targets show that elimination of hunger in our lifetimes is not unrealistic
   improved agricultural productivity is key, real and constantly evolving. Consequently, in North Africa, for example, severe food insecurity is close to being eradicated. Indeed there is now growing concern in the region, about a rising prevalence of overweight and obesity!

Question 95

Lesotho

Answer 95

• In response to the 2012 food insecurity crisis in Lesotho, FAO and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) designed a three-year cycle programme to assist 18 500 households with agricultural inputs and know-how on agricultural technologies helping communities to adapt to climate change, building their resilience to better withstand future shocks.
• The programme in all ten districts of Lesotho. ..
• promotes conservation agriculture
• improves home gardening and nutrition
• Soil erosion is a major problem in Lesotho affecting both the quality and quantity of harvests.
• By adopting conservation agriculture, farmers not only ensure better harvests but also contribute to the improvement of soil quality and its preservation.