geography_20240525133748 Flashcards
Geographical concept of place has which 3 aspects?
Location, Locale, Sense of Place
Location
where a place is on a map, its latitude or longitude coordinates
Locale
each place is made up of a series of locales or settings where everyday life activities take place, such as an office, a park, a home or a church. These settings affect social interactions and help forge values, attitudes and behaviour- we behave in a particular way in these places, according to social rules we understand. o Geographers agree that a locale need not be tied to a particular physical location , so a vehicle or an internet chat room may be a locale that structures interactions between people
John Agnew 1987 quote on locale
‘locale means not just the mere address but where of social life and environmental transformations’
Sense of Place
this refers to the subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place. This may be completely different when looked at from another’s perspective
Glastonbury example (e.g. could use for a 4 marker)
location: country of somerset, 23 miles south of Bristol, dry point on the low-lying somerset levels
locale: home to a number of visitors attractions including Glastonbury Abbey and Glastonbury Tor- young Christ visited
o the national trust describes Glastonbury Tor as being ‘a spiritual magnet for centuries, for both Pagans and Christians’
sense of place: a place of great spiritual importance for people interested in paganism, religious or the King Arthur link
o Others: Glastonbury evokes emotions about the internationally famous music festival about the internationally famous music festival which takes place at Worthy farm in Pilton on the edge of Glastonbury
o First festival took place in June 1970, it was attend by 1500 people and cost £1 with free milk from the farm
Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz quote
‘There’s no place like home, there’s no place like home…’
Yi-Fu Tuan’s approach to place
- The depth of attachment we have for a place is influenced by the depth of our knowledge and understanding of it (attachment increases with age and with our physical ability to explore the world )
- our attraction to a place is influenced by the quality and intensity of the experience we have there
- the more enjoyable , the safe we feel, the more we feel attached to it
Topophilia
A strong attachment to a place
Yi Fu Tuan 1974 quote
‘the human love of a place… diffuse as a concept, vivid, concrete as personal experience’
Topophobia
a dread or adverse reaction to a place
Ted Relph 1976
To be human is to live in a world that is filled with significant places’
Descriptive approach
This is the idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct
A social constructionist approach
sees place as a product of a particular set of social processes occurring at a particular time.
For example, Trafalgar Square was built to commemorate a British naval victory in the 1800s and, using a social constructionist approach, could be understood as a place of empire and colonialism.
A phenomenological approach (Yi-Fu Tuan and Ted Relph)
interested in how an individual person experiences place, recognising a highly personal relationship between place and person
Ralph approach
Ralph argues that the degree of attachment, involvement and concern that a person or group has for a particular place is critical in our understanding of place.
Doreen Massey approach (Sense of place)
Places are dynamic, with multiple identities and no boundaries. They are constantly changed and moulded by the outside influences of the wider world.
E.g. The result of lived experience in a nation e.g. little Chalfont
Cultural approach - Jon Anderson
Places are given meaning by the traces that exist in them- physical traces such as
● Material traces are physical additions to the environment and include things such as buildings, signs and statues.
● Non-material traces include events, performances or emotions which occur in that place.
e.g. Glastonbury is given meaning by the Glastonbury music festival.
Example of concept of place/ changing places
Trafalgar Square, the traces are the statue of Lord Nelson and a large public square.- behind them social constructionists - commemorate Nelson’s naval victory - commemoration of British leadership and victory - can be understood as a space of Empire- a place of pride and patriotism. Today the square is still used to celebrate victory - e.g. Olympics. 4th plinth used to change place meanings - innovation and diversity. Also used for protests
Protests related to place
In London, from 2018 onwards, climate change activists, led by Extinction Rebellion, held peaceful protests centred around Parliament Square.
-the activists used the power of place to attract attention and lodge their message in people’s memories
Example of changing place- 9/11 memorial , NY
-All places are changing, but few have gone through such dramatic changes in the last 15 years as Ground Zero, the site of the former world trade centre in NY
-Different views on memorial – some say is beautiful , others its cold, stark and uncomfortable
Person-Place relationship
people define themselves through a sense of place and by living in place and carrying our a range of everyday practice there
Lived experience has 3 aspects.
-Identity, Belonging, Well-being
Identity at different scale
Localism, Regionalism, Nationalism, Globalism. A person may think of their indentity as layers, that derive from distinct aspect of their family history, upbringing and experience
Localism
an affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place.
Examples
- People have a stronger relationship with the places they are familiar with-This is the main reason why people living within a place are more likely to oppose developments within their local area than those from outside- NIMBYISM
-local newspapers, playing sport for a local team all foster a sense of local place - historically, have identified
more with their local place or community (as less travel)
Regionalism
consciousness of, and loyalty to, a distinct region with a population that shares similarities
Examples
- In Cornwall, the Mebyon Kernow party has been leading the campaign for a National Assembly for Cornwall - because Cornwall has it own distinct identity- language- and heritage - has the same right to self-rule as other parts of the UK (like Scotland and Wales)
Nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nation, which creates a sense of national consciousness. Patriotism could be considered as an example of a sense of place.
Examples- nationalism
At a national level many people identify with place through:
● a common language
● a national anthem
● a flag
● cultural and sporting events.
A resurgence in the Welsh language and culture has highlighted a stronger national identity among the Welsh in recent years.
Doreen Massey/Global sense of place/ Globalism
The economic and social geographer Doreen Massey wrote about a global sense of place, in which she questioned the idea that places are static.
She argued instead that places are dynamic, they have multiple identities and they do not have to have boundaries.
Massey argued that the character of a place can only be seen and understood by linking that place to places beyond. She concluded, ‘What we need, it seems to me, is a global sense of the local, a global sense of place.’
Examples/ globalisation dangers
- globalisation has made place homogenised (shown by increase of global chains)
-‘geography of nowhere James Kunstler - clone towns (4/10 in the UK)
- placelessness (the idea that a place could be anywhere and lacks uniqueness)
- occurs when global forces have greater influence on shaping place than local factors.
Response to Globalisation
One particular response to globalisation has been a greater focus on ‘local’ place and the promotion of local goods and services.
Example- Totnes
- 2012, Costa tried to come to Totnes - within weeks of the proposal , 3/4s of the population had signed a petition that they would boycott it (prevent it becoming a clone town). Costa dropped plans after 8 month battle. Did not want Totnes to become a clone town (8/10 shops are independent.
- Totnes in South Devon created a local currency in 2007 (ended in 2019)
Example- Bristol
- The Bristol Pound was launched in 2012 . In 2020, trying to launch an e wallet (limited success and development)
Religious identity
Religion, too, can be used to foster a sense of identity in place
At a local level, churches, mosques and synagogues are places where people from the same religious identity come together to worship. There may also be larger sacred places such as Bethlehem or Mecca where people go on pilgrimages.
Examples of changing identities
Changes in the nature of places- be they social, enviro or economic- affect people and their identity
football fans after their national team losing a match
if a major employer or injury fails, those made redundant will miss the social interactions associated with the locale of the factory or office and must re-evaluate their role in society
Sahaviriya Steel 2015
announced the closure of Redcar Steelworks in NE England with a loss of 1700 job
What did Tata do in 2016?
Announced its intention to sell its entire UK business- this would result in the loss of a further 1200 jobs in the north east and 4000 at Port Talbot in South Wales
How did this change the indentites?
result in community members increased awareness of themselves as people living in a particular place
Activism as a result of identity
-Greater consciousness of and loyalty to a place (localism, regionalism, nationalism, patriotism, eve pro-Europeanism) may lead to some form of activism
Examples
2011, Tahrir Square in Cairo was the focal point of the Egyptian revolution against former president Hosni Mubarak. Despite the banning of public protests in Egypt, the square became a symbol for the pursuit of democracy in Egypt.
Belonging
- To belong is to be part of a community.
- The extent to which one might feel a sense of belonging can be influenced by factors like age, gender, ethnicity, race, socio-economic status, religion, and level of education.
The importance of belonging in placemaking/regeneration
- Belonging is increasingly seen as one of the key factors that makes a place sustainable and successful.
- Regeneration schemes now often focus as much on the social environment as on the built environment and the work of different agencies and individuals can have a positive impact on people’s lived experience of the place in which they live
Impact of globalisation on belonging (synoptic link)
Migration has increased making places more ethnically and culturally diverse- e.g. London (largest Chinese New Year Festival outside China and other festivals).
In spite of its multicultural status, there are still minority ethnic clusters in parts of London, including Chinatown in Soho and Banglatown in and around Brick Lane. These have tended to develop, with dedicated shops and services, for mutual support and cultural preservation.- may not feel belonging? or helps them feel belonging?
The Transition Time Movement
places emphasises community involvement and has developed a clearer sense of belonging in places all over the world. Founded in 2007- in response to climate change and peak oil, now responds to globalisation (and dilution of place identity)-» over 1000 Transition initiatives worldwide
Wellbeing
Features which promote happiness and well-being in a place - depend on positionality
Manchester
In 2020, the Sunday Times deemed Altrincham in Greater Manchester as the best place to lived due to its revitalised town centre, schools and proximity to Dunham Massey - a National Trust property and park) and the tons initial response to the COVID 19 pandemic
Placemaking
Placemaking- The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life
Important of place and human experience in place making
The placemaking movement, which has expanded rapidly in recent years, places great emphasis on all three aspects (identity, belonging and wellbeing)
Examples of placemaking
● The promotion of place is crucial in the marketing of holiday destinations.
● Food items are increasingly marketed in terms of the place from which they came, and the popularity of events may be linked to the reputation of the place at which they happen. The Glastonbury Music Festival would be an example here.
● People may ‘buy into’ or ‘consume’ place. For example, those who like the countryside tend to holiday in rural locations, enjoy books and television programmes about these areas, spend money on walking gear and maps and even furnish their houses in a rustic country style. Numerous products are marketed so that people can buy into the notion of the rural idyll.
Social and spatial exclusion
All places are shaped by people and understood by them in different ways
It follows that anybody whose behaviour varies from what is seen as normal may feel uncomfortable
The dominant groups, who have economic, social, and cultural power in a location or a society, may make such ‘wrongdoers’ feel out of place.
Example of people, activities and events can be seen as in place or out of place
- a business person may feel in place in Canary Wharf in London, whie a homeless person may not
Example 2- Women
Gender roles - ‘a women’s place is in the home’ - affected types of places women felt comfortable
Example 3 - Migrants
people without place- In the UK , media reports, and anti migration group use metaphors (water, blood and disease) to describe the influx of refugees.
Deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean highlight how government aren’t in charge of people not in their place as such
Presence of migrants has met with great resistance and calls from some to protect ‘our place’ and ‘our culture’ against people who do not belong here
What are geographers interested in?
interested in finding out about groups in society that are excluded not spatially but also socially, politically, or economically and the reasons for this separation. – e.g. immigrants; local nationals, but feel separate from it).
o There is a greater need to understand why people feel out of place due to the influx of immigrants from other countries
Tim Cresswell on insider and outside perspectives
argues that people, things and practices are strongly linked to particular places and when these links are broken, they are deemed to have committed something of a crime
- e.g. graffiti on historic buildings or litter in AOOB
Who may feel excluded?
ethnic minorities, immigrants, local nationals (born and brought up in a place but who feel separate from it).
Homeless people- made to feel like an outsider - anti homeless spikes in sheltered areas outside flats in Southwark, London
Insider perspectives
- People who feel like they belong in a certain place and that is their home
- Born in Country X or their parents were born there
- Permanent resident
- Holds a passport for X
- Can work, vote, claim benefits like free housing and healthcare
- Fluent in the local language
- Understand unspoken rules of the society of X
- Conforms to local norms
- Safe, secure, happy- feels at home or ‘in place’ in country
Outsider perspective
- People who feel out of place in a certain place and that they don’t belong
- Not born in X, they are an immigrant/ or their parents or grandparents were immigrants
- Temporary visitor
- Holds a foreign passport/ or limited visa to stay in X
- May not be able to work, vote, claim benefits
- May be travelling for business/ in search of work, pleasure, safety ( an asylum seeker)
- Not fluent. Does not understand local idioms
- Frequently make faux paus or misunderstand social interactions
- Homesick, in exile- feel ‘out of place’
o In the past, and often still today, this has included travellers, protestors, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans people
o Migrants are often referred to as ‘out of place’.
Sense of being an insider or an outsider
The significance that an individual or group attaches to a particular place may be influenced by feelings of belonging or alienation, a sense of being an insider or an outsider.
Relph 1976 quote
‘To be inside a place is to belong to it and identify with it, and the more profoundly inside you are the stronger is the identity with the place’
Positionality
factors such as a person’s gender, race, ethnicity, religion, politics, socioeconomic status, and sexuality may affect their perception of place.
Example of positionality affecting perspectives on place
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- to Muslims - the holiest of religious places
- to non -Muslims- viewed as a more historical and cultural place
People may feel excluded due to negative experiences that create negative perception and limited attachment or people may also have a sense of belonging and positive perception of a place because of positive experiences there- example
the expected behaviours and norms associated with expensive or exclusive hotels or restaurants may make people from disadvantaged background feel alienated (e.g. exclusionary rules like dress codes)
OR
for those familiar with the routines , rituals and traditions of a place they will feel welcomed and thoroughly in place
Example of insider/outside perspectives
Asian and Black people excluded from Rural England
- numbers of black and asian people in the national trust or the ramblers is v small
- Historically migrants went to cities so they have little connection to the rural idyll
- A project called Mosaic builds links between black and ethnic minorities and the national parks and YHA etc
- What is the rural idyll?
- after the decline of the industrial north, London became more important but very polluted- national propaganda advertised the countryside as an ideal Britain. - shown by John Constables Hay Wain
White people excluded from inner urban areas?
- for example, Tower Hamlets - % of the population who are Asian origin is larger than the percentage of the white British
- 2021- 39.4% white, 44% Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh
Xenophobia and racism
People actively compare themselves with others who live in distant places , specifically those who they feel are different, alien or exotic
‘us’ and ‘them’
- whinging poms - Australian name for the English
-On the international stage, racist ideologies have been used to justify atrocities committed in wars and by colonial powers, including the British
Different approach to ‘us’ and ‘them’
The inspiration for the international Fairtrade movement has been to reduce inequalities between us and them, approaching growers and producers, wherever they are located, with greater respect
Doreen Massey quote (approach to the other)- use in a 20 marker
‘if history is about time, Geography is about space… space is the dimension of the simultaneous.. this means that space is the dimension that presents us with the existence of the other. Space presents us with the question of ‘how are we going to live together’ – MASSEY
Near and Far places
- They could refer to the geographical distance between places
- Equally, they could describe the emotional connection with a particular place and how comfortable a person feels within that place.
- ‘near’ places today do not necessarily foster identities of familiarity and belonging due to globalised culture, travel and media-
- Far places not so far and far-off places are not automatically strange, uncomfortable, and different.
Friction of distance/ globalisation
If we use a faster method of travel or if we use the internet to maintain contact with people in distant places, perhaps this division of the world begins to break down – as the so called friction of distance is overcome
Levy 2014 quote
With the forces of globalisation, some geographers propose that space is reducing in importance and that ‘the Near is often an expanding domain’ – Levy 2014
Experienced places
Some places feel more familiar than others partly due to personal experience
Today people travel a lot. We have access to faster transport and have more leisure time
You may feel a deeper emotional attachment to a place that you have visited in person and felt you understood, than somewhere you heard about on the news
‘You had to be there’
- environmental stimuli (all sense)
Media
We cannot go everywhere, so we depend on media representations of some places to help us make sense of the world- do we really gain a sense of place?!
In the so called ‘information age’, we are bombarded with images and other forms of representation of the world
The ‘reality’ of a place can be far different to that put across by the media and this is most clearly seen through the portrayal of rural places.
Media portrayal example - rural living
o - stereotyped as a happy, healthy and close-knit community with few problems of urban life – was idyllised
o - Doc Martin
o - Postman Pat
o Reinforce the stereotypes with focusing on more nostalgic images of the countryside
o Advertising companies hides a host of problems – which disadvantage low income household sin rural areas
Unemployment and underemployment
The scarce availability of affordable housing
The reduction in public transport services
Rural homelessness
Media portrayal example - city living
o Cities are often stereotyped in a negative way – economic, social deprivation, homelessness, crime, vandalism and pollution
o However, successful regeneration of urban areas has made city living far more attractive in recent decades
Paris Syndrome
Paris syndrome is often defined as a “state of severe culture shock”.
Physical and psychological symptoms when Paris fails to live up to expectations have been known to include hallucinations, a rapid heart rate, dizziness and nausea.
Around 20 Japanese tourists are afflicted by the ailment each year.
Media/Fiction books
- Media/ Fiction books
o Researchers suggest that some of the places that are most important to us today exist only in books, films, and games and our imagination
o It is worth noting that such fictional media places may be associated with a physical location
o The place that inspired the story or the location where it was films
o E.g. fans of ‘Hobbiton’ can take a trip to the visitor attraction near Matamata, in Waikato, New Zealand
Genius loci and planning
- Town planners aim to evoke a sense of place
- The term genius loci – is often used in planning to describe the key characteristic of a place with which new developments much concur
o By landscape architects, who design public spaces. Landmarks for councils, national parks ad multi national organisation - However, the idea that every place has a true nature is a matter of some debate
- Massey, Peter Jackson and others have written about the way in which all place meanings have been socially constructed
- They assert that the most widely held meanings benefit, and are reproduced by the most powerful groups in society
- Different people notice different things about the same place and react differently to it
- A single place may create Topophilia in some people and Topophobia in others – e.g. the landscape of a National Park
- So, perhaps a direct experience of a place is not a s important as you might have first thought
Character place
Character of place- the physical and human features that help to distinguish it from another place
Many aspects of local, regional, national and international geography influence character of place
Endogenous fatcors list
Endogenous: location, topography, physical geography, land use, built environment and infrastructure, demographic and economic characteristics.
endogenous
- Character is linked to natural and cultural features in the landscape and the people in the place
- endogenous - are those that originate internally and may include aspects of the site or land on which the place is built
- Location
o urban or rural?
o Proximity to other settlements
o Main roads
o Physical features – rivers , coast
- Topography
o Hills or mountains, height, relief etc..
o Physical geography
o Relief, altitude, aspect, drainage, soil and rock type (geology)
o Example – Aberdeen (Granit City) vs village of Abbotsbury ( limestone) in Dorset
o Both areas use local stones to build houses – gives the built environment a particular colour and contributes to its character
- Land use
o Agricultural area, urban, industrial?
- Built environment
o Age of type of housing – Georgian Edwardian, Victorina etc
o Building density
o Building materials – example
o ‘Derbyshire is rugged. Dorset is quaint’
o Dorset- thatched homes, Peak District – ‘robust and simple’ ‘plain’ housing
- Infrastructure
o Motorways or single track lanes
o Rail connections
o Distance to airport
- Demographic
o Pop size and structure – ageing or youthful pop, ethnicity?
o Age, employment status, education, home ownership – census data
- Economic characteristics
o Primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary industries
o Employment opportunities
o Educational attainment and opportunities
o Income
o Mobility of the population to work
- Others - endoegnous
- Social
o Health
o Crime rates
o Local clubs and societies
o Amenities - Cultural factors
o Heritage, religion, language
o Dialects- ‘Ay up mi duck’ – Derbyshire
o Vary greatly in the UK – sense of place
o But also prompt a stereotyping of local people- hiding diversity - Political – role and strength of local councils or resident groups
Changing influences- endogenous to exogenous
- Some places may have an industrial story- others may have developed as agricultural places pr tourist resorts – had one distinct function (good defensive position, a bridging point, availability of natural resources, routes, trading centres)
- As they have developed, exogenous factors become more important- initial functions diminish as tech advances
exogenous
EXOGENOUS FACTORS – . are those that have an external cause or origin/ relationship with other places.
list of flows - exogenous
People, Resources, Money and Investment, Ideas
People
o For example a village may supply workers to a nearby town or a town may be the source of day-trippers for a tourist destination
o Migration
UK became a multicultural society- problems- conflict, housing stress- changing character of the place
When in the EU, the UK welcomed immigrants from the other 27 member countries
Flows of people to the UK form the EU peaked at 1.5 million between 2004-2009
New cultures, food, music, ways of life-> change of character
Fish industries and farms benefitted from influx of chape labour
New shops on highstreets
Schools struggle to cope with number roc children with English as their second language
The pattern of migration in the UK (mostly into cities)
Also emigration – 2009 saw more national from the 8 central and eastern European state sleave the country than arrive – money department
Brexit
* Decline in immigrants will leave British industries previously dependant on the immigrant workforce having to pay more to attract British nationals – falling profits, jobs losses etc…, high prices- British exports less competitive and too pricey for Brits- failure of companies and more importing
o New comers into a inner city- can led to gentrification- new character
flows of people to the UK peaked at X million between what years
1.5 million, 2004-2009
- Resources
o Outsourcing resources- impacts mines in UK?
- Money and investment
o Deindustrialization, unemployment, economic restructuring, urban decline of traditional industrial cities – manufacturing as more overseas (shit I investment)
o mining, steel and shipbuilding towns- changing character due to deindustrialisation
Demographic characteristics of places shaped by flows
Demographic - age, gender, education, religion, birth rates, ethnicity, pop size
- People
o Local
o global
- Money and Investment
o Local
o National
For example, the economic rise and fall of British industrial cities in the nineteenth and twentieth century and the impact this had on their population and environment.
o Global
British seaside resorts have also undergone significant change in the last sixty years as they have had to adapt to increasing numbers of British people travelling abroad for their holidays.
- Resources
o Local
o Global
- Ideas
o Local
o National
The Government One Child Policy in China , implemented in 1980 and ended in 2016 to reduce growh rate
Incentives were offered to families ocmplyign with the policy- financia perks, greater employment options
Impact
* FR and BR decreased
* Natural increase declined
* 400 million births prevented by the policy
* Overall sex ratio skewed toward males – preference of sons- more abortions for females , andoning or orphans
* Even after the one-child policy was rescinded, China’s birth and fertility rates remained low, leaving the country with a population that was aging too rapidly as well as a shrinking workforce.
* by 2050, older adults will account for more than one-third of the total population.
*
o Global
Socio-economic characteristics
- People
o Local
o global - Money and Investment
o Local
HS2 impacting Great Missenden and causing rising house prices
Wembley regeneration project - Vision
o New stadium
o Community focus
o National regional and local leisure destination
o Londen Convention centre
o Centre or work
o Cultural and educational centre
o High quality retail
o Mixture of housing types and tenures - Brent has been able to secure over £2 billion of commercial investment into Wembley
- Brent in2Work has supported on average 1000 Brent residents a year into work
- The Council has secured planning consent for 500 new homes and work is underway on site
o
o National
o Global
World Bank running 24 development projects in Haiti - Resources
o Local
o Global - Ideas
o Local
o National – Iran’s media ban
Internet has been shut off in parts of Tehran and Kurdistans-> regional
Blocked access to Instagram and WhatApp to cubr the goriwng portets movement that relied on social media to document dissent
“internet shutdowns must be understood as an extension of the violence and repression that is happening in physical space” – Azadeh Akbari (researched of cybersurveillance)
Iranian government and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps persistently block social media
often block Blogger, HBO, YouTube, Netflix
by 2008, Iran had blocked access to over 5,000,000 websites as content deemed immoral and anti-social
impact on character… - little or specified perception externally because people can’t see what’s actually happening
Cultural characteristics
- People
o Local
o Global
The British rule in India also led to the flow of British people to the subcontinent - This led to change in the demographic, which was mainly Hindu and Muslim, but now included Christians
- The demographic also changed as more, Indians attended universities and attained qualification – this led to an increase in Indian professional and established an Indian Middle class
- Money and Investment
o Local
o National
o Global
Coca Cola now the second most recognised word in the world
KFC has westernised Japan and KFC on Christmas day is now a tradition after the 1974 campaign - Resources
o Local
o Global - Ideas
o Local
o National
One child policy left an impact that chnaged the culture- notion of what makes a women successful had chnaged
1970s policy in Germany (as part of democratisation process) – ‘culutre for eveyone’ - Encouraged more culture – arts made accessible for all members,
- Litertaure, art, beer, suagues, pilioshoy
o Global
India, a predominantly Hindu country, has seen an increase of Christianity in the last decade
Flow of the idea of westernisation to India due to British empire - English become the language used in courts and education and Christian English was taught
- However, change is not always liked- native Indians felt forced into this ‘alien culture;
- There was increasing resentment as Britain showed little respect for their religious sensitive and this led to the Indian Mutiny of 1857
external forces - individuals - royal family
o Royal family – King Charles
Poundbury, Dorset- more philanthropic
* Charles was patron as its on the dutchy of Cornwall land
* The foundation stone for this urban extension of 2500 dwelling to the west of Dorchester was laid by Charles in 1993
He is very outspoken on British architecture
* 1984- new wing of national gallery – ‘monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much loved and elegant friend’
* National Theatre- ‘clever way of building a ncuealr power station in the middle of Lodnon without anyone objecting’
Principles
* Development must respect the land. They must not be intrusive, they should be designed to fit within the landscape they occupy
* Material also matter
* The pedestrian must be at the centre of the design process, streets must be reclaimed from the car
external forces- individual- aristocrats
Joseph Damer – owner of Milton Abbey
Brown (influential landscape architect) – style of open grassland
In the 1770s- Brown helped Jospeh to create a place for the residents of Milton town to move into – moved the WHOLE TOWN – ‘spoiled the view’
With an act of Parliament he moved the grammar school to Blandford
He convinced the community of Milton to leave - he closed d roads to disrupt trade to force people to leave, flooded a property
Then the buildings were demolished and the town was moved south eats to create the village of Milton Abbas
o The examples of Milton Abbas and Poundbury demonstrate that individuals within the aristocracy have, historically, wielded considerable power in the place-making process and, to some extent , Britain’s royal family still dose
- Local community groups
o Community or local groups may take an active role in managing and improving the perception of their place to attract investment and improve opportunities and services within the area.
o Regeneration and rebranding strategies have increasingly involved local people, since they have the ‘insider’ experience of place and will be the people most affected by any changes.
o Residents’ associations and heritage associations play an important role and social media is increasingly being employed to engage and involve local people in planning and place-making schemes
New Era Estate
o New Era Estate
The growing investment in London property by transnational corporations, like Westbrook Partners, and wealthy foreign individuals is recognised as fuelling a dramatic rise in house prices
Rents rising- gentrification
Local groups have become a force for change in housing policy in London – protested, social media, celebrities to further their cause
* Protestors from the new era estate outside the offices of US investment company Westbrook Partners, which threatened to increase their rents in 2014
local and national gov
- Local gov- British own currency
- National gov- see policies in demographic/socio-economic/cultural
o May have introduced affordable housing- local people can remain in the are keeping close family links
o Regeneration have cause gentrification, forcing out local people
o Migration policies- cause different ethnic groups to move in – arrival of shops, religious buildings, traditions
o Regeneration of Salford Quays and the policy of decentralisation have led to the relocation of the BBC at Media city – helped shape the present economic and demographic charter of Salford Quays
- Regional- external forces
- Regional- EU investment in an area may have built a new road – cut down commuting time, increased employment opportunity
- National Institutions
o National Trust – retaining past connections in character
5.37 million members- more than pop of Costa Rica
o reinforces notion of permanence and longevity
o What may appear to be a permanent or unchanging feature of a place, may in fact be a land use created by the economic power of aristocracy – due to social processes not acceptable today
- International Institutions
o Investments of the WB in some slims areas- for example, Dkibouti Vile
o Major Sporting events - these can transform communities and places, for example the East London 2012 Olympic Games had both positive and negative legacy effects, transforming one of the poorest districts of London but also forcing up rents and forcing out some of the poorest members of those communities.
o World Bank
In 2020, the World Bank was running 24 development projects in Haiti
Impact: Post-earthquake and hurricane reconstruction and reaction to COVID-19
o UN
Sustainable Development Goals
for example, the UN try to coordinate responses to disaster events such as post-earthquake reconstruction of both homes and communities, with a varied level of success around the world. This can have a direct impact on the character of places.
- TNCs- decision of TNCs
o Major local impacts
Large companies have completely transformed places such as Shenzhen which has grown into an enormous city due to the relocation of manufacturing industries there
Similarly a loss of a TNC can have can change economic or demographic character
* Job losses, factories converted into housing
o E.g.
A new factory can cause a multiplier effect and created regeneration and more opprunties
e.g. when Honda first came to Swidnon
In 2019 Honda announced the closure of its Swindon factory to move production to China, Japan and the USA
* Job losses for employees and in the supply chain
* Uncertain future for the 380-acre factory site
* Left in 2021
In 2019, Tata Steel announced the closure of its site in Newport, South Wales due to competition from Chinese producers
* Job losses for Newport; steel production has been a major characteristic of the town since the 19th century
o Growth of airline TNCs- put British seaside resorts out of business – more travelling abroad
o ‘McDonaldisation of the world’
Conflict can arise when people resist changes forced upon their place
- e.g. The redevelopment of areas of East London for the 2012 Olympic Games was not welcomed by everybody and this can be seen with other redevelopment projects currently planned or taking place in London.
- Proposed housing estates, landfill sites, wind farms and bypasses can all create tensions between different stakeholders.
past and present processes -local scale
- London
o 2012- BBC in collaboration with the Open University researched past and present condition of 6 London streets – used poverty maps of Charles Booth as a base and investigated the changing social and economic conditions of the residents who lived their
o Portland Road, Notting Hill, considered in 2012, ‘the most gentrified street in the UK’ and home to some of London’s wealthier residents, was in 1899 the worst slum in London. In contrast, Deptford High Street has gone from being the ‘Oxford Street of South London’ to ‘one of the poorest shopping streets in London, marooned amid 1970s housing blocks.’
past and present processes- port sunlight
The examples look at changing places on a progressively larger scale.
They illustrate how the characteristics of places can be shaped by a very different range of factors, including people, resources, money and investment.
They also serve to show how past and present connections within and beyond localities can help shape places and the lives of the people who live there
Port Sunlight , The Wirral
- Shaped entirely by ideas of Wiliam Hesketh Lever
- Built as a garden village (‘garden city movement) from 1888 mon the western bank of the River Mersey
- He acuqeuired the site to build a new factory (shifting flows of money) for expanding his soap business with an adjing model village for his workers
- He championed the businedd model of ‘prosperoty sharing’ and instead of sharing the profits directly with his employees he provided them with high quality, sanitary, and spacious housing with social amntites and welfare prvosision in picturesque surroudnings
- Arts and carfts designed houses
- Community allotments
- Provided church, hospital, post office, fire statsion, schools, clubs, dinig halls and neo-clasical Lady Lever Art Gallery
- Present
o Lever Brothers became Unilever ando ve the last 100 years has grown into a gkobal gaint prodcuign a huge range of goods – 95.52 billion value
- Past
o Port Sunlight chnaged very little
o No longer primarily home of unilever emppyees, but great efforts are made ot maintain its original appearance and community feel
o In 1966 almost 1,000 houses and most of the public buildings became Grade II listed and in 1978 the village was designated a Conservation Area.
o Unilever still has an interest in maintaining the character of Port Sunlight, and in 1999 they set up the Port Sunlight Village Trust (PSVT).
o Whilst Ellesmere Port and Liverpool, across the River Mersey, have experienced huge amounts of change from deindustrialisation to regeneration, the PSVT and the residents have gone to great efforts to maintain a self-sustaining village that is still true to the original ideals of William Lever
Devonport, Plymouth
Devonport , Plymouth
- In contrast to Port Sunlight it has chnaged ocnsiderdbly due to external forces
- Originally a naval dockyard due to its location on the deep water natural habour Plymouth sound
- By 18th century one of the fastes rowing tows in the ocuntry
- However, in 1952, the Navy requisitioned the town cenre as as torgae enclave and enclosed it with a 3m high wall – the community was split in two and displaced residents were rehoused in flats illsuited for family living
- Naval josb then continued to delcien- socio economic prorblmes
- On the up?
o Shifting money and investment
o From 2001–11, Devonport benefited from the New Deal for Communities initiative which provided funding to improve some of the most deprived areas of the UK.
o The scheme specified place-related outcomes such as addressing crime, community and housing, and people-related outcomes such as education, health and employment.
o Community groups such as the Pembroke Street Estate Management Board were heavily involved.
o The dividing naval wall was removed, inter-war housing and flats demolished, and historical landmarks incorporated into the redevelopment of the area
o The regeneration has also tried to attract a wider range of people with options for private or shared ownership and the availability of social housing.
o The construction of Georgian-inspired homes in the ‘Village by the sea’ development has attracted people from higher socio-economic groups to Devonport
o There are still pockets of deprivation within Devonport, but both quantitative and qualitative data show that the New Deal programme and other redevelopment projects have significantly changed and improved the area, with benefits to local residents.
o A major redevelopment of Devonport’s docks was announced in 2020 to create 600 jobs and future-proof the economy by allowing it to refit the latest nuclear submarines.
Medellin, Columbia
Medellin, Columbia
- The city was associated with drugs and violence for a long time ‘most dangerous sicty in the world’
- The notorious drug lord Pablo Escobar wielded encomours power until he died in 1993
- Unemployment, crime, poverty widespread- social inequality
- BUT TODAY- Present connections
o Has become a model for urban regernation and sustianbel city planning through long term investment sin infrastructure \nd education
o City panners reocngsied the need to make the city equally accesbile to all citizens
o Its long divided social classes are now more able to intrgetae in everyday eocnomci and educational acticies
- The city’s poorest, many of whom reside in shanty houses in the Aburra Valley, can now access the city’s booming economic centre courtesy of a series of outdoor escalators and a gondola system that carries people up and down the valley
- Additional innovations include:
- ● a bus rapid transit system named Metroplus, with dedicated bus lanes
- ● an extensive above-ground tram system
- ● a city-wide ride-sharing program.
Emission-free transport has been promoted, and this has been helped by the EnCicla initiative, a free bike-sharing programme that offers an integrated alternative to the city’s public and mass transportation systems.
Education, social programmes and the public arts and culture budgets have all been increased to transform the lives of the most underprivileged residents in this city.
- There are still problems in Medellin. Poverty rates have fallen but inequality between rich and poor has increased and cultural and geographic barriers continue to limit social integration.
o Crime rates and gang violence remain high.
o However, change takes time and there is a great feeling of optimism within the city.
Meaning
Meaning – Meaning relates to individual or collective perceptions of place.
Representation
Representation – Representation is how a place is portrayed or ‘seen’ in society
Sense of place/ attachment to place
- For children, emotional attachment to place is the most important factor shaping place meaning and this is why ‘home’ is often their most important place
- Why is the way humans perceive , engage with and form attachment to places important?
o - connecting to ones’ surrounding environment establishes knowledge of and appreciation of its resources
o Sense of place supports the development of personal identity
o A strong sense of place can inspire stewardship and understanding, and nurture empathy - Experiences develop our sense of place
o Positive experience and enjoyment- can lead to a positive understanding of a place
o Perceptions of a place depends on experience so are subjective - Media can develop attachment to place
- Sense of place affects out perspectives and identity
Perception of place
Perception of place – This is the way in which place is viewed or regarded by people. This can be influenced by media representation or personal experience.
- Our perception of place is shaped by
o Advertisements or tourist agency material
o Local exhibitions of art, film and photography
o Poetry
o Song
o Example
Dartmoor National Park is colosley linked with nature, weilderness in different artsitc and literay works- Arthur Conan Doyle- Houdn of the Bskivilles
o Experiences
o Media= perceptions of international places tend to be influenced more by the media than personal and direct experiences
o Historical and political relationships or trading links
Example- Belfast
- Economic powerhouse, industrial city
- Was once the largest producer of linen in the world
- 30 years of conflict- The Troubles but since has undergone a sustained period of calm and substantial economic and commercial growth
- Large scale redevelopment- different parts rebranded as ‘quarters’ and empahsie their unique hsitroy
- Titanic Qaurter (where titanic was built) one of the largest browfiled redevelopment sites in Europe – more than 100 companies there- Microsoft etc..
o Home to the Titianic Belfate Cntre visted by 4 million people from 145 counties
o Home to the set of Game of Thrones – filmed in a former shipyard paint hall - Tourism- 2018- vsiitors contributed £4000 million to local economy
- Therefore- Belfats managed to represent it self and change its international image and visitors are not put off by events that have gone before
- Representation – City Council and Tourits Board
- Representation- peace lines and walls that segregated protestants and catholic apart now feature murals , tourism , it is hoped that the walls will be taken down as community relations strengthen
Agents of change
These are the people who impact on a place whether through living, working or trying to improve that place. Examples would include residents, community groups, corporate entities, central and local government and the media.
- Individual- Banksy
o Example
Based in a derelict seafront lido and billed as a ‘bemusement park’, Banksy’s Dismaland featured artworks on themes including the apocalypse, anti-consumerism and celebrity culture.
Unlike other British seaside resorts like Margate in Kent, which has built up a more positive representation following the opening of the Turner art gallery, WestonSuper-Mare relies on its beaches and traditional seaside attractions for visitors.
Banksy’s work brought significant benefits to a resort which has experienced significant decline in the last few decades. It is estimated that an additional 150,000 people visited the town as a result of the attraction and they added £20 million to the local economy. More importantly, local tourist chiefs were delighted that it helped to put the place of Weston Super-Mare more firmly on the map.
- Government
o Keen to attract trade and investment into their countries so a postive place perception is therefore important at an international level
People more likely to live or work in a place with a good reputuaiton an positive image
o Marketing or public rleations PR companies may be employed by national and local government ot improve or create postive perceptions of place
Aim to sell a place
Advertising cmagins, websites, social media, newsletters, logo, billboards .promotion of event
- Corporate bodies
o Institutions, business, non -proft enterprise, government agencies
o Example- Llandudo - New business like The Looking Glass ice cream Parlour created jobs (attracted investment) due to Alice in Wonderland place perception
o Example- Visit Britian- (non departmental public body funded by the Department for Digtial, Culture, Media and Sport)
2015 social media campign to give chinese name landmark across the country boosted torusit numbers
Visit Britain estimates that the campaign, on the Weibo and WeChat social media platform, reached nearly 300 million potential Chinese tourists
for every 22 additional Chinese visitors to Britain one additional UK job in tourism is created
o Example – airline and trian companies – artwork at statsion emerged ta the beginning of 20h century as companesi comissed posters , sometime sby famous artists, to sell the dleights of British coats and countryside and boost train passneegrs
o - CHANGING INDIVUDALs behaviour
- Local Gov
o Example
o Rebrand of Llandudno in North Wales as Alice Town
Were alice in wonderland was based
On the 60th anniversity of the birth of Alice Liddel (the girl it was based on), the Conwy County Council commissioned 4 large wooden sculptures of characters from the book
Alice town trail
o 2012- Pembrokeshire coast National Park authority – vintage inspired designed at the cardiff airports, UK railways and across London underground to increase tourism , very successful in attracting more poel to the area
Community
- Community
o Community or local groups may take an active role in managing and improving the perception of their place to attract investment and improve opportunities and services within the area.
o Regeneration and rebranding strategies have increasingly involved local people, since they have the ‘insider’ experience of place and will be the people most affected by any changes
o Residents’ associations and heritage associations play an important role and social media is increasingly being employed to engage and involve local people in planning and place-making schemes
o Example
The Alice liddle innovative community enterpirse Ltd was founded with the eths ‘to firmly etsbalsih and market the Alcie in Wonderlan connection worlwide’
All profts form trail linekd maps a nd apps were reinvested into community projects
An annual Alice Day
o Example- #theafricathemedianevershowsyou- crowdsource cmapig – to show lived experienced - Monarchy plays a pivatol role in promoting international rleations for the UK
How they try to influence or create specific place meanigs to shape the actiosn of and behaviours of indivudals, grousp, businesses and isnitutions
- Reimagining- Re-imaging disassociates a place from bad pre-existing images in relation to poor housing, social deprivation, high levels of crime, environmental pollution and industrial dereliction- place and generate a new, positive set of ideas, feelings and attitudes of people to that place
- This may include the revival of a pre-existing but outdated place image.
- More commonly, it seeks to change a poor pre-existing image of a place.
- o It can then attract new investment (change behaviour of businesses) , retailing (businesses behaviour), tourists and residents- change in individual behaviour
- Rebranding- Rebranding is the way or ways in which a place is redeveloped and marketed so that it gains a new identity. It can then attract new investment, retailing, tourists and residents. It may involve both re-imaging and regeneration
o Many argue that rebranding must start from the inside and involve local residents with insider experiences – e.g. Relp and Tuan - Regeneration - Regeneration is a long term process involving redevelopment and the use of social, economic and environmental action to reverse urban decline and create sustainable communities
- The people behind the catchy slogan, hashtag, or map of a heritage landscape have a particular task- to change our perception
How successful ?
o Problems
Different stakeholders- pre-existing residents, local businesses, potential investors, local government and potential homeowners or visitors and it is a challenge to satisfy as many of these groups as possible
Resident-s want to portect and project their lcoa distinctiveness
Development agencies want to estbalsih a place bran base don government incentievs, avaibel tech and an areas international links
o Some schemes have actually driven out locals they ogrinally intended to help – gentrification
General examples - rebranding
- Example- 2013- People Make Glasgow new brand name – from a crowdsourcing media campaign
- Example- Amsterdam
o Reputation as a major internal cultural centre threatened by a number of factors
Greater competition from other cities both within and outside of the Netherlands
Socioeconomic decline in some areas
Liberl towards soft drugs and positions – inapprotoate for tatarctign new investors
A fiale dbi to host the Olympocs
o Stregeties
I Am Amerstdam slogan- 3D letters in front of the city’s famous Rijksmusuem in 2005 and now has been phtogrpahedover 800 times a day
Social media – spread image across the world
Amertsdam becam eoen of the msot successful destination brands on social media
Re-imaging too successful- ‘over tousim’
Before COVID, tourist numbers predicted to rise to over 20 million per year
Slough
o Example- Slough
Butt of jokes for years
Betjeman- ‘come friendly bombs and fall on Slough/It isn’t fit for humans now’
Jimmy Carr- ‘if you want to kwn what Slough was like int h 1970s go there now’
Ricky Gervais – needed a ‘middle earnign , middle aged and middle management’ set
Trevor Lambert- rebranding team- Betjeman has a lot to answer fo- he never actually came to Slouhh
‘Proud ot tbe Slugh’ logo
UK’s third msot producitv etown outside London
Has europe’s largest privalty owned insutrial
- Tourist agency material
- Tourist agency material
o E.g. Vsisit Britian , National Parks, Rialway companies,
o Brochures, vdieos, websites, magazine ads, slogans, logos to adopt a unique selling point
o Songs, stories, photos, film , art
Studentification – established by Smith in 2002
Influence social and economic charteritsi , present meanings
- However, in many ways, studentification remains distinct from gentrification, as the former typically contributes to a long-term decline in the physical environment and tenurial transformation toward renting (Smith, 2005).
Social
- Less owner occupied family housing, more shared private-rented housing and in shrot term rented tenancies – Houses of Multiple Occupancy
- Bars and fast food outlets replace primary schools
- Street blight- porptiesl ie unkempt and desertes outside of term time
- Perception of studnt snes eof place
- High levels of burglary and crime
Economic
- Escalation of proptey prices
- Proliferation of to let boards
- Closure of public and private services between July and Septmenerb
Urbanisation
- Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared ot rural areas
- Happens as a country industrialises – employment in new factories , terraced housing for workers
- 90% of the UK live in towns and cities
- Social impacts
o Greater poverty, local governments undbale to provide service for everyone
o Concentrated energy use leads to greater pollution – impact on human health
o Large volumes of uncollected waste creates hazards
o Can a=magnigy the risk of enviro hazards- flooding flashy - Economic impacts
Suburbanisation
- Outward growth of urban development on outlying areas of the city – so close enough for city to be accessible
- Social
- Economic
o Increase rsouec consumption – use more land, use more reousces to commute
Counter urbanisation
Counter urbanisation
- More an dmore people choosing to live on the edge of urban areas with many going to the countryside
- Why?
o Able to commute
o Online shopping
o Safe
o More value fo money in housing
o Less congestion
o Work form home
- Social
o Better housing
o Finally, socially it has both negative and positive effects because it could cause an increase in a community feel however with people buying the homes as holiday homes, some of the homes are empty for long periods during the year
- Economic
o Economically it is strong for the local towns because they are receiving more people who will spend money at the local shops and also pay taxes
o The industrial sector continue to delcien and there is a rise in the service sector
o Second homes – uncoopried for majoirty of year- local businesses cannot compete
Gentrification – revival of an urban area that has been subject to enviro and socioeocnomci decline
- Social
o Urban areas become renovated, refurbish and improved at little cost to authorities
o Increasing social division as existin communities feel powerfless ot influence changes - Economic
o Increased customers for inner city business and retailers , libraries,schools, etc..
o House proces increase rapidly, pricing out less affueltn local people
o High rents
Burgess Ubrna Land use Model
- In 1925, Burgess proposed a descriptive urban land use model that divided cities into concentric circles expanding from downtown to the suburbs. This representation was built from Burgess’s observations of several American cities, notably Chicago, for which he provided empirical evidence. The model assumes a relationship between the socio-economic status (mainly income) of households and the distance from the Central Business District (CBD). The further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing, but the longer the commuting time. Thus, accessing better housing is done at the expense of longer commuting times (and costs).
Quantitative data, including the use of geospatial data, must be used to investigate and present place characteristics
Stats-
- census – age, gender structure ethnicity, economic deprivation level
o produced by the Office of National Statistics and stats are at national, regional and local levels
o every 10 years
- IMD
o Criticism
Ranks and deciles are relative – they show that oen area is more deprived than another but not by how much
o when interpreting maps the eyes drawn to last swaths of colour. This may be misleading as a geographically large local authority district may have a smaller population than a smaller geographical district
o the neighbourhood level indices provided description of areas but not of individuals with within those areas
o the indices identify aspects of deprivation, not affluence
the rich are aren’t mapped
- Criticisms
o The use of quantifiable data such as statistics is not as objective as it may first appear. This is because people selectively choose the data they wish to use for their particular purpose. Their use therefore becomes subjective. Another criticism of using statistics when studying place is that they tell us very little about the human experience of a place and what it is like to live there
Geospatial
- Dtat about pele is often geolocated – insight into the way we lvie and how geographic comunites differ
- Concerns have been raised by some groups of people about the idea that our every move or browse online can be monitored and is tractable using big data
Qualitative
- Maps
o Maps can include hidden bias and influence
Early world maps such as the Mappaundi c13-0 depicte the world as a flat disk with the Holy Land at the centre
During colonial epxnaion, maps exeafferaed area size and resources
In fact, Google Maps, like any search engine filters place – directing people towards businesses that have engineered their appearance on the first page of a Google search.
Mercator projection - Northern landmasses look much bigger
- Map is Eurocentric
- Biomapping or emotional cartography
o E.g. 2015 in the series Coast- presenter Nichloas Crane was mapped by geographer Jon Anderson – his stress levels measure when in Lodnon and on the Coast and mapped - Oral
o Interviews
Generated detailed isghts about a persons sense of place
Allow reposndents to raise issues the itnerviwer may not have anticipated - E.g. GM- issues of immirgtaion after WW2 came up
Can be used ot collect primary data that gives a depth of undertsanign about peoples lives and thie rlived experiences, opinions and feelings
Disadvantges - Bias may affect reposnes of interview by using leading questions
- People may not be hoenst as they like to present themselves in a favourbale light
- Time consuming
- Lack of objecitity comapred with other approaches
o Questionnare
Psuh reposndents into answers which may not fir their access to experiences
Little oppruntiy for eexplantion - Media
o TV,Film,Photos, art, books, newpsapers, internt
o Increasingly reaching a alrger global audeicne so very important ins apign wider perceptions
o Phtos
Disdvanatges - Easily htoshooped and filietred to make them appear different
- Can be selective in what they show
o Marketing images tend to focus on the natural beatury of landscape without disturbance from humans - Who took it?
o Textual sources
Novels evoe a sense of place - Thoams Hardy’s dosert
- Bronte country in Wets Yorkshire and East Lanchsire
News- can be negative- e.g. media portrayal of city Liverpool – unemployment,e conomid eprivation
o Poetry
William Wordsworth is linked to the Lake District
Seamus Heaney has written extensively about his Irish roots
William Blake famously described the poverty and despair of industrial London.
o Music
Evokes a sense of place
Different types of music with different areas – e.g. reggae with Jamaiza
* In 2010, Newport rapper Alex Warren and singer Terema Wainwright gained online fame with a parody of Jay-Z and Alicia Keys’ “Empire State of Mind” called “Newport State of Mind.” Their video, shot in black and white like the original, showcases Welsh landmarks instead of New York’s. Wainwright sings with a thick Welsh accent, referencing local culture and landmarks. The parody quickly garnered nearly 200,000 views on YouTube within two days. Similar parodies for various UK locations have since appeared on the platform.
o TV
Places are pivotal in storytelling, often associated with specific types of narratives, like haunted houses in horror or futuristic cities in sci-fi. However, media also shapes our perceptions of places, with both positive and negative effects.
For instance, the 2015 TV adaptation of Poldark boosted tourism in Cornwall
* The 2015 television dramatisation of the Poldark novels had a positive impact on the Cornish tourist trade as viewers, inspired by the shots of the dramatic coastline and beautiful beaches, flocked to the county to soak up the atmosphere.
* Hits on Visit Cornwall’s website soared by 65 per cent after the first episode alone and the property website Rightmove reported that househunting enquiries more than doubled.
* It is anticipated that the ‘Poldark effect’ will be felt well into the 2020s.
Similarly, Game of Thrones transformed Northern Ireland’s image, attracting thousands of tourists annually and significantly boosting the economy
* Brought over £250 million into the economy since 2010
* Replaced image of the troubles .
These two examples have shown how TV and film can represent place in a positive way. The reverse can also be true. Many crime dramas are located in urban areas, but not all crime occurs in cities. Equally, the sites chosen for filming can portray the same place in very different lights. Compare, for example, the representation of London in EastEnders (BBC, 1985–present) with the more glamourous skylines and buildings of The Apprentice (BBC, 2005–present) or the settings for the crime dramas Sherlock (BBC, 2011–2017) and Killing Eve (BBC, 2018–present).
o Art
Long been used to repsent place
* Gainsborough and Constable (Figure 8.28) are known for their landscapes of Suffolk, now sometimes referred to as ‘Constable Country’
* French artist Paul Cezanne painted Provence in southern France
* Japanese artist Hiroshi Yoshida is famous for his iconic wood block prints of Japanese landscapes.
The common criticism of such paintings was that they were pastoral fantasies giving the impression of a rural idyll, which did not exist for the majority of people living in the countryside at that time.
Paintings may be considered less reliable than photographs because there is more scope for individual interpretation and selection.
However, they can also show a deeper understanding of place because they allow the painter to show more of the character of what is there- lived experience
These paintings reflected a romantic vision which still shapes many people’s mental images of the countryside and is perpetuated through tourist brochures, chocolate boxes and jigsaw puzzles. Such constructs of rural places are powerful because they shape views on what the countryside is actually like and what it should be like.
o Scultptues
E.g. Kelpies scultputre near Falkirk in Scotland
Graffit
- It has traditionally been associated with youth cultures claiming ownership of a place but the famous UK graffiti artist Banksy argues that the importance of graffiti is also to give a voice to people who aren’t normally heard in the mainstream
- Many consider graffiti as a type of vandalism and authorities are keen to remove it from public areas. Increasingly however, graffiti is being accepted into mainstream culture and art galleries may now stock graffiti images. In these places, graffiti is seen not as being ‘out of place’ but as something which can be bought and sold. It is also being used as a type of street art in the regeneration of places
Location - GM
- Large village in Bucks, in SE England
- Connections: 49 mins NW of London by train and 6 miles N of major town High Wycombe
Physical geography
- In the Chiltern Hills- AONB- awarded in 1965
- Chalk escarpment at the head of the Melbourne valley
- Northern edge of the village is Mob well pond- source of the Melbourne- a chalk fed river
- The upper part of this river flows intermittently after winter rains and dries up using the summer- a winterbourne.
- Some of the rarest species living in chalk streams, such as brown trout and the water vole have adapted.
- geology – chalk, with soil made from silt deposits leading to large vegetation growth, Chiltern valleys were formed by melting glaciers half a million year ago
- The church of St Peter and St Paul made from local chalk rocks and Portland Limestone Dorset rock
This all adds to place meaning because this is the landscape that residents are fighting so hard to protect from the disturbance of HS2, this is what unites them.
- Chiltern hills general
o 2/3rds is ancient woodland – have the highest proportion of ancient woodland in the country
o in 2010, the Chiltern Conservation Board undertook assessment of the ecological value of local woodland- the report affirmed the importance of the area and argued that the impact of ‘fragmentation of habitats and colonies of flora and fauna’ that would come from HS2 should be evaluated as part of any environment impact assessment.
o The hedgerows in the Chilterns function as corridors for wildlife, aiding the dispersal of species and are important habitats for bird nesting and feeding, there are around 4000 km of hedgerow in the AONB.
Built environment
- Flint churches
- Roald Dahl Museum
- Missenden Abbey
- Highstreet
- 60 buildings in GM are listed and date from the medieval period
Place meaning and representation
Past
- Great Missenden has had a variety of place meanings over the past millennium. Historically, in Saxon times, Great Missenden lay on the route between the Royal estates of King Harold in High Wycombe and Queen Elgiva of Chesham (individuals)
- Later, in 1133, an Augustinian Monastery was established at Missenden Abbey, and remained until the dissolution of monasteries by Henry 8th in 1538. -gov policy?
o King Henry II was a frequent visitor of the abbey – on the way from London to Brill
o At the dissolution of the monastery, land was forfeited to the crown and left to Princess Elisabeth – drastically changed the role of the abbey and the town - In the 15th century, the high street was part of the route between London and the Midlands, the led to several inns being established on the Highstreet (the George Inn -1430-and Court House date from this period).
- As the village grew to cater for more travellers, so further coaching inns appeared and, in Victorian times (1837) , there were 12 inns along the High Street and Church Street.
- The community was reliant of the exogenous factor of travellers to invest in the town
Present- GM
- Now , GM place meaning revolves mostly around well known Roald Dahl – who lived there for 36 years
o Numerous shops and services on the high street geared to the author- ‘the Roald dahl museum a, Café Twit and Matilda’s
o Also a Roald dahl trail – discover how the village and surrounding countryside inspired many of his books - Abbey – remains important to the town and hosts many events throughout the year
o Has been owned by Buck New Uni since the 1990s and has remained a training facility ever since
Evaluation
– this change of place meaning is reflected in the conversion of a coaching inn into the Roald DAHL Museum – Displaying how the high street has altered
- This change from a abbey to a university facility marks a change in the place meaning of Great Missenden, from one of royal importance to a much smaller role as a training CENTRE
Representation - GM
- ITV Midsummer murders
- 1980- horror film by Hammer Film producers
- Denholm Elliot played an estate agent trapped in a recurring nightmare in barbers
- ‘Matilda’ day – fore ne Matilda film
Demographic change
Past
-GM
- Pop size and structure
o Pop increased from 1576 in 1811 to 10138 in 2011 (543% increase )and 9960 in 2021
o Migration of polish people WW2 - Employment
o great M has had a significant service sector, focused in and around the High Street, including its original 12 pubs
o Until 1920s and 1930s – it was a market town and agricultural hub
o Employment type changed from agricultural in 1811 to professional in 2011
o 2 Prime Ministers among its residents – Clement Attlee and Harold Wilson
o Light industries played an important role after WW2
o it also had a thriving manufacturing sector including Gerhard’s -an electroplating and stove enamelling factory, owned by family who had fled Russia in the early 20th century
the Gerhadis move their business from the South Coast of England to great mrd in 1940 and supplied the aircraft industry during the war.
There is now housing where the factory once stood behind the High Street
o Wright’s yard a major business in the local construction industry, employed almost 250 people before the Second World War and continued up into the 1980s
o Today, the only business with the name Wright on the High Street is a funeral directors.
o This local manufacturing sector has been lost to the economy which has in turn affected the job prospects for some young people in GM
o - Infrastructure
- Met line arrived in 1894- connection to London- became a commuter village, since been replaced with Chiltern line (led to more professionals)
Present
- 2021 pop- 9960
- OLD
o Elderly outnumber young dependants by 2.5%
o Working age is 10.2% lower than average (52.3%)
o Reflected by number of pension services and funeral services – bult enviro
o Reflected by geospatial tat-> 42.9% e-veterans (internet used as a utility rather than entertainment
o a new project ‘the CLsiters tha is creating homes fin GM ‘exlsuively for over 60s’ - WHITE
o 96% white – 16.8% higher than pop
o Only 47 people are ethnic
o 85.6% born in England - XIAN
o 69.9% Xian- 10.6% higher than national average
o Reflected din the environment- 4 churches within walking distance and 27 within driving distances
o Easter and Xmas dates in Missenden Abbey - DETACHED HOUSING
o 40.52% DETACHED - Owned/mortgage houses
o 76.6% PROPERTIES OWNED BY RESIDENTS- 13% HIGHER THN NATIONAL AVERAGE - Average house price- £751 000)- $450 000 more than UK avg
- Income
o > £43 000 – above bucks and UK average - Educated
o 46.4% aged 17 to 74 had higher level qualifications (5.4% higher than UK average) - Not deprived
o GM Ward is one of the 10% least deprived neighbourhoods in the country - PROFESSIONALS
o Professional occupations – 23%
o Managerial positions – 24%
o All higher than UK average
Future? - Interview data shows a significance % of young people on reaching employment age can no longer afford to stay
Overall Chiltern demographics
- 80 000 pop and 10 million within a us drive 2770 jobs are supported by visitors
- 55 million leisure visits a year
Cultural Change
Past
- High street gone from a busy travel oriented street -> quieter area with small independent artisan shops
Present
- Easter Bank holiday – GM Food Festival – attracts visitors – boots economy
- Last Sunday of every month – Roald Museums ‘scoff n’stroll’ a historic walk with tales of his books and surrounding are that inspire his stories
- 45/50 shops independently owned
- Restaurants and coffee shops , beauticians most common – showing a high disposable income- non essential activities
- Minyulite cultural restarts surprisingly
o Great Missenden New Akash Curry house chef voted best in bucks in 2022 in Eurasia awards
- Chiltern hills- walkers, cyclists, day trippers etc…
- Rolad Dahl -> Metidas , Café twist, musuem etc. (2016- 93 000 vistos post BFG film)
o ‘Matilda day’ for new Matilda film
- Abbey
Lived experience
Strong sense of localism from insiders
- Protesting HS2 and conservation of 400 year old ancient woodland
- E.g. Dirty Mavis ‘oak tree lament (Stop HS2)’ – 2011
o ‘this morning strangers came with axe and saw
- Protesting against homogenisation and blandness of corporation shops
- Residents fight to save 200 yr old oak tree (Ilona- supports 25000 species ) at risk of being felled by HS2
o Supported by MP Saharah green
o There were successful
o ‘HS2 now revving their plans’
- ‘save leather lane oaks’
o Been able to retain >40% of trees on leather lane
- HS2 dominates the representation of GM
o Concerns over value of houses and impact on local businesses
o Peter Delow in 2011 stated that Philip Hammond - S of S for transport- thought that the Chilterns was ‘an inferior AON and could be trashed with impunity’
Young people forced to leave due to lack of money and high price houses – so elderly left as a dying breed
o Regeneration needed to appeal to a younger population
E.g. housing near the station – travel to London or work
Outsider perspectives
- Philip Hammond – S of S for transport
- ‘but some oppose the line purely on aesthetic grounds…. Scar on landscape… despoiling AONB’
- ‘have you looked ta the route?’
- ‘between Great Missenden and HS2 are the A413 and the Chiltern railway and a lien of pylons so this is no some constable country
Agents of change
Individual
- Opposition from Dirty Massive and Peter Delo - though that Philip Hammond thought the Chilterns were an inferior AONB
Local community
- Community opposition to HS2
- Managed to save more than 40% of oak trees on leather lane
- Chiltern conservatism board and Chiltern district council declared opposition on grounds of enviro impact and how it would dissect the AONB
- Opposition to Tesco coming to the arwa- successful (but then coop came)
- Oppsotion to coasta- unsuccessful
Local gov/council
National
- First high speed rail In UK was HS1 – the channel tunnel
- 2009- first proposal for HS2
o Why?
o Would address capacity issues on Westcoast, reduce travel time to Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Edinburgh
o Bridge north/south economic divide – allow business people to reach key cities sin the north
- 2010- announced HS2 would go through GM and Chilterns (less than a mile from the village)
- Boris Johnson said those who oppose HS2 are pretending to have environment objections when they are just NIMBY’s
- Work began in 2018
Global
- Concept of high speed rail has been expanding in Europe since 1980s
- In 2007, the first HS rails launched din China
Impact of HS2
- Traffic disruption
- Excavation
- Tree clearance
- Businesses and homeowners affected by falling property prices (Oct 2022 – fall of 33% over the last 12 months) , decline in business- e.g. Annie Bailey’s restaurant closed in 2013
Future? – falling prices may attract younger again and boost economy
‘how far do you gre with the view that local and regional powers and processes determine the rate of change in a place more thn national and international infleunce’?
- Local and regional power and processes are not as detrimental in determining rat eof change in a place, for example GM failures to stop HS3
- Instead, international and national influence hold this pwer as shown in the declien ad deprivation in Balckpool and the UK’s governemtns pwoower in caryoutng out HS2
-
Economic change
Past
- Reliant on travellers staying in the inns from 15th century to the 19th century
Present
- NOW: ‘a self-supporting, more or less closed world’ – ONE Hundred Years of Great Missenden- Valerie Eaton Griffith.
Quantitative
Quantitative
- stastical and cartographic sources far more useful
- e.g. land use surveys sho w geogrpahers hwo land use of GM has flcuatuated over years, indicating a change it character
- the highstreet used to lie on the route between Lodnon ad Milands in the 15th century
- this exogenous factor led to a change in ladn use with the higshtreet becoming home to 12 coachign inns in victroian times
- ladn use - introudciton o the railway in 1892- this land used combined with statsical data showed a trend of GM becming a commuter sttelemt as people travlle dinto Lodnon for work – change in character as money tat would be incvetse dinto the town – e.g. during lunch breaks- was now beign investe dint the city- perhaps damaging the economy and traffic congestion could have increased
- stast- chage of charcter due to changing emplpyemnt types
- stast- demograohcus give insight into the ageing structure – several pensioner services and a new project ‘the CLsiters tha is creating homes fin GM ‘exlsuively for over 60s’
- stats- hous e prices- avg £751000- 450 000 more than natonal avg
- 10% least deprived
- This suggests GM is exlusleivy home to rich families
- And is posha dn affuelnt
- Alo shown by 45/50 of the highstreet ebign a indpednt – strong sense of localism
- The most common shops were restuarents and coffee shops and barbers/beauticans showing that lcoals have a high levek of disposable income which theys pend on nonessential actviies – boosts economy
- - downsides of census data etc…
Qualitative
Qualitative
- Artistic sources can give a good idea of charcter of GM ucrrnelty, but perhaps articis sources give a more vague picture of the changing character rof GM
- Twitterposts/pthogrpahy give a goo idea oftthe character rof GM
- Most posts with #great miseenden convey local oppsiton to HS2 which is just a mile from the village , alongside multiple pucture of protestrs cmapgingin against its contrsuion
o For exmapel, many protested - e.g. swampy- in order to save many fot he 100 year old trees in GM
o This charcte rof strong localism is also illustrate dby Dirty Mavis song called ‘oak tree lament’ with lyrice ‘this morning stranger scame with axe and saw’
- RICHMONDsausge advert filemd in GM and displayed as a ‘cholcate box’ British village
- This charcte rof beign a quientessial british village with rolling countryside was added to the Roald Dahl book made film ‘fantastic Mr Fox’
- These effectvley shown outsiders the experience of GM’s sense of place
- Both thtese artistic sources dipaly the carcte rof GM by highlights attitdes of locals0 however fial to effecvitley present how the attided and hcarter of GM has change dover time
- Better shown by statsical and cartographic sources – e.g. conversion of a coaching inn into the Roald Dahl museum – reflects change in place meaning from a place that epopel travel through to place people travel to – further relfcted Café Twit and Matlida’s coffeshops
- However, a mixture of sources is still needed to give a geographer the best estimate of a places charcter and locale
- Downsides of music.. in ore detail
Endogenous- BP
Endogenous
Location
- Located in the North West of England and on the Fylde Coast Peninsula, Blackpool covers an area of around 35km², with 11.2km (7miles) of seafront.
- 27 miles of Liverpool and 40 miles NW of Manchester
Topography
Physical geography
- Climate - mixed weather , rainy (cannot compete with resorts elsewhere)
- Coastal
Land use
Built enviro
- Oversupply of HMOs which are unsuitable for families
- >50% housing in inner areas is rented
infrastructure
- For a coastal town, Blackpool has good strategic transport links.
- 1846- railway built - provided trade and long distance cheap travel for working classes
Demographic change - BP
Past
- Pop structure
o Pop in 1800- 473
o Exponential from 1861- from 3000 to 153000 to 1961 (peak)
- Deprivation as a result of budget airlines taking investment (TNCs)
- Employment type
o Unassuming fishing village
o Tourism sector/ service sector
Present
- Key stats
- Pop size and structure
o Pop- 141036 2021
o pop decreased and counter urbanisation to surbs Fylde and Prestwood
o Majority 50-64 yrs (ageing population )old – 21.9%
o 94.7% white
o 50.8% Xian
o 88% born in the UK
o 3% ethnic minorities
- Employment
o 6.2 % unemployed (compared to 3.8% UK)
o 31.4% worked in distribution, hotels and restaurants sector in 2006
o Most hold 2 or 3 part time jobs for low pay, with shirt term contracts
o GSCE attainment below average
- Deprivation
o Has the 6th highest proportion of LSOAs ranked 105 most deprived in the UK 39/94 LSOAs
o 46% of pupils live in 10% most deprived neighbourhoods
o Blackpool has one of the highest rates of young people claiming Universal Credit in the country
- Crime- most dangerous town in Lancashire – 86% higher crime rate then age Lancashire and 91% than UK avg
- Health
o -UNHEALTHIEST ARE IN ENGLAND
o 5 year LE gap with the rets of England
o In yr 6 24% classified as obese
o 27 yr gap in LE between man in Kensington compared to BP
Future?
- Deprivation being reduced do to government levelling up policy
social inequalties- BP
Inequalities within BP
- LE is 12.3 years lower for men and 10.1 yrs lower for women in the most deprived areas than the least
- Bloomfield
o high pop density -overcrowded
o highest % of no qualification in BP-39%
o Ward with the highest % of adults claiming unemployment benefits
o -In Bloomfield alone there is an off-licence for every 250 people, each trying to undercut the other. In the town centre, all-night drinking is legendary, with some clubs not closing their doors until 7am
o Bloomfield is the unhealthiest district in England’s unhealthiest town, Blackpool. More than half of the local population smokes, the highest rate in the country. One in three pregnant women, even up to the point they go into hospital to give birth, are still smoking. Alcoholism is rife, while deaths from drug abuse rival those of the worst estates in London or Glasgow.
Cultural Change
Past
- Wealthy workers go on holiday to BP, spend income etc.., largely beach culture, but also music, and key places
- Became a place for stag and hen does
Now
- Culture coming back? B side of the seaside
Evidence of external agencies
- Individuals
o North pier- where sooty began by Harvy Corbet
o ‘Oh blackpoll song’ by the Beautiful South
o First music festival held there in 1901- hosted Beatles and Rolling stones Music
o Winter gardens 1878- rolling stones, oasis, frank Sinatra have performed
o Blackpool Pleasure beech 1896 – home to the grand national roller coaster- constructed by American engineer Charles Paide in 1935- now one of 2 surviving wooden Mobius Loop roller coaster in the world
- Local council
o Blackpool illuminations 1879
o Comedy carpet – one of the largest public art ever commissioned - The £2.6m Comedy Carpet was commissioned by Blackpool Council as part of the multi-million-pound regeneration of the seafront including vital sea-defence works.- Referring to the work of more than 1,000 comedians and comedy writers, the carpet gives visual form to jokes, songs and catchphrases dating from the early days of variety to the present
- National
o Blackpool Tower- 1894- were Strictly is
o Bhaji on the Beach 1993- BP seen as a form of escapism from racial and sexist discrimination
Made by British film company
- TNCs
o 2010- (present connections)
o Merlin Entertainment take son operations for Blackpool attractions including the Tower in partnership with the council
o 2010- Blackpool tower eye opens
o 2011- Blackpool Dungeon open
o 2023- Gruffalo and Friends clubhouse opens (also has a Peter Rabbit attraction)
o Madame Tussauds
o Blackpool
o Tower eye
o Blackpool Towe circus
o Blackpool tower ballroom
- Globa institution
o Blackpool piers are all in the World’s monuments watch list
economic
Past
- Was one of the UK’s mass tourist destinations
- 3x as many visitors as its rivals
- Visitors peaked at 17 million
- Between 1979 and 88- lost 39 million visitor nights
Present
- Visitor numbers fell from 17 million to 11 million in 2000
- overly reliant on tourism and had no alternative industry
- now known for stag does and hen does – downmarket drift to young people who spend less / de-multiplier effect
- Blackpool is the largest seaside resort anywhere in Europe, attracting round 17 million visitors annually who spend a huge £545 million a year. This tourism provides over 29,000 people with employment
Evidence of external forces
- National gov
o Workers given annual holidays in the 1870s
o Regeneration – government announced in 2022 a levelling up investment of £300 million for Blackpool Central- just off famous Golden Mile
Will create 1000 jobs and attract 600 000 more visitors each year – massive boost to local economy . boost annual spend in the town by around 75m
Blackpool Central will be the largest single investment in Blackpool for over a century – transform into a year round leisure destination, home to new entertainment centres hotels and a new public square and Heritage Quarter
o Previous intervention by the government includes cracking down on rogue landlords, finding new opportunities for regeneration and delivering new homes and jobs for the community
- TNCs
o Merlin entertainment leads partnership to create job opportunities for young people in Blackpool- provides placements over summer and autumn tourism season - 6 months placements . Receive industry linked NVQ training and a one to one kickstart coach to support them find their next job
Linked with the council and Blackpool and The Fylde college
o Budget airlines /package holidays reduced visitors and impacted the tourism sector – which Blackpool was reliant on q
o Foreign travel grew in 1960s and 70s – more reliable sunny
Meaning and representation
Now
- Insider perspective
o ‘nothing ever gets fixed’,’ little opportunities for children’
- Outsider
o ‘best avoided’, ‘overpriced’’ past its sell by date’
o Seen as place to go on holiday if you couldn’t afford better
o ‘I think it is improving slowly’
o There are 800 homeless in Blackpool this group may feel like outsiders due to their extreme poverty that limits them from taking in the fundamental cultural activities in Blackpool such as going to the pleasure beach – entry can be £40 +) and theme parks
o Also only 3% ethnic monitories , compared to 88% who were born in the UK
Evidence of external forces
- Local
o Beside campaign – see the B side of the seaside – aim to change visitor perceptions and expectations of Blackpool and urging them to explore other areas not just the beach – explore arts, architecture, music, exhibitions
- 4 years after unveiling £100 million improvements, a new plan called Destination Blackpool aims to tackle the ‘deep-rooted negative perceptions of the town’
- The resort wants to become a quality year-round place for families- like the Lakes- once it shrugs off its bawdy stag and hen party reputation
- National
o BBC- Strictly represented Blackpool Tower ballroom –
- Gov
o Regeneration
o -heritage quarter- reimaging but going back to positive past place meanings
o -The Grade II Listed former King Edward VII Picture House will be transformed into a new ‘Artisan Food Hall’, which spills out onto new outdoor space for ‘al fresco’ dining.
o -The locally listed King Edward VII pub will be refurbished into a new pub and hotel, creating a modern, family friendly environment offering quality food and beverages.
o -The King Edward VII apartment building will be renovated into a high-quality ‘Aparthotel’ keeping its original character.
Quantitative
Census
- Blackpool’s population has decreased since 1961 – 1530 00 to 141,100 in 2021- decrease in the popularity of the town and suggest increasing social problems have pushed people out
- Also shows deprivation
- 2011- 9.2% of the population was unemployment and now in 2021- 6.2% unemployment (national UK average- 3.8%)- decrease in unemployment , perhaps showing how the £300 million rejuvenation is combating economic problems in Blackpool/ providing jobs
- (though census data can be fed lies and manipulation by the public , some may also not have filled it out and this can make a narrow set of results)
IMAD
- 39/94 LSOAs are in 10% most deprived
shifts
Shift of people
- When it was going through the Butler’s tourist model, tourist numbers rose, stagnate and then decline
- When people started to leave/ go on holiday abroad, money left too , less revenue in tourism sector
- However 2010- Merlin Entertainment began investing in attractions
- Government invested in regeneration schemes
Shift of ideas
- Going abroad/ budget holiday, idea of self catering etc.. appealing – sunny European holidays
Essays
To what extent has the character of the place been affected by external agencies
- Budget airlines and companies that offer package holidays
o Introduced cheap air travel in the 1960s and changed Blackpool’s character
o Tourists now attracted to better climates
o Led to BP to stagnate and decline – 2000- 17 million to 11 million
Became a place of hen and stag does – attracting younger people who spent less – cases accommodation to be abandoned
- However, this external agency did not remove Blackpool deep seaside culture and the end factor that it is a coastal town . It is still one of the most visited seaside resorts in the UK
Qualitative
Media
o -Positive
o Bhaji on the Beach 1994- BP seen as a form of escapism from racial and sexist discrimination
o Strictly
o Coronation street
o Negatively
o
- Music
o ‘h blackpoll song’
- Art
o Comedy carpet – one of the largest public art ever commissioned
X% of earths water is oceanic
97.5%
X many himalyan glaciers
15 000 form unique reservoir which supports perennial rivers - lifelines to many S.Asian countries
canada has how mnay lakes?
2 million
groundwater is defined as water stored in subsurface geology in pore spaces no deeper than
4000m
water has been disocvered at depth X km underground where?
13km undergound at Kola Peninsual in Northern Russia -hot mineralised water found
new discovery of water between upper and lower mantle
found a resviour of water ine artsh mantle 3x as big as all the world oceans - thos suppots th theory that oceans oozedo ut of th einterior ratherthan arrving from ice comets in space
- help in a layer of rock between upper and lowe rmantl ecalled ringwoodite
also thought to have large masses of water under volcanoes- eg. Uturunco, Bolviia
residence times of water in various stores
groundwater shallow - 100-200 yrs
groundwater deep- 10 000 yrs
Lakes- 50-100 yrs
Glaciers- 20-100 yrs
Rivers- 2-6 months
Soil water -1 to 2 months
seasonal snow cover -2-6 months
scientists have found layers of ice X yrs old
400 000 yrs old
over the past X years, X of these glacial intergalcial cycles have occured
740 000 yrs, 8
at the peak of the last ice age how much land covered by glaciers and ice sheets
1/3
in glacial periods, sea levels have been Xm lower than today
120m
in interglacial periods, sea levels have been Xm higher than today
50m
. Studies show that
forests made up of needle-leaf trees captured
X per cent of the rainfall, while broad-leaf
deciduous forests intercepted Y per cent. This
difference may be due to the density of the
vegetation cover rather than the structure of the
leaves. Some tropical rainforests intercept as much
as Z per cent of the rainfall
. Studies show that
forests made up of needle-leaf trees captured
22 per cent of the rainfall, while broad-leaf
deciduous forests intercepted 19 per cent. This
difference may be due to the density of the
vegetation cover rather than the structure of the
leaves. Some tropical rainforests intercept as much
as 58 per cent of the rainfall
