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geog > global patterns of health, mortality and morbidity > Flashcards

global patterns of health, mortality and morbidity Flashcards

1
Q

non communicable deaths a yr

A

41 million (74% of deaths) WHO 2023

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2
Q

2016 WHO, X% between 30-65 age and Y % of NCD occur in low an dmiddle incoem ocuntries

A

36.5, 77

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3
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

cause of 1million deaths in 2016 but now outside top 10 causes of deaths (changin to NCD)

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4
Q

covid deaths

A

7 million

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5
Q

most unhealthiest city in UK

A

Peterborough

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6
Q

england LE

A

78.8 Male

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7
Q

norfloko study

A

1990-2008, 45% increase int akeway outlets
biggest expnasion in poorer areas - 58% of increase

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8
Q

4 million die a yr from undernourishment where?

A

subshara

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9
Q

who created theETM

A

Abdal Omran 1971

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10
Q

phases of the epdiemology transiton model

A

the age of infection and famine
the age of receding pandemics
age of degenrtave and man made deiseases

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11
Q

WHo added 4th stage

A

Olshansky and Ault- age of delaye ddegenrtaive diesease

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12
Q

possible fifth stages

A

age of reemergence of indefectious and paratsic disease (2002 Martens)

age of inactivyt and obesity
age of helahty lviing

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13
Q

malrai was nealry erdaicte din the mid X century bys praying DDT in infeste areas, but retruned in X - eolved ot be rsistant

A

20th cenutry, 1963

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14
Q

Flood

A

2004 flood Bnagldesh 17000 pateints

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15
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

oubreaks assoicated iwth wet weather - encourage growth of coccidiodes and then dry which increases transmission of the spores - inhaled to cause the disease

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16
Q

2018 unplanned flooding reposnbile for X % of all detahs from naturla diasters

A

24%

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17
Q

glasgow effect

A
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18
Q

X die from air pollution - indoor and outsoor

A

7 million a yr

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19
Q

X% of the world lives in places with air quality exceeds WHO guidelines

A

71%

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20
Q

delhi level of pollution

A

153 ug/m3- WHO guidlines 10

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21
Q

every X minutes someone dies in India

A

2

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22
Q

air pollution X% in 2017

A

9
2%- HICs
15%- south and east asia

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23
Q

greenpeace report

A
  • A Greenpeace report published in 2019 analysed air pollution readings from 3,000 cities around the world and found that 22 of the 30 most polluted were in India, with Delhi ranked as the most polluted capital
  • Every city in Africa and the Middle East measured in the report exceeded the WHO health guidelines for air pollution, as well as 99 per cent of cities in south Asia and 89 per cent in east Asia.
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24
Q

x% of outdoor pollution deaths in developing countries

A

91

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25
Q

indoor pollution deaths

A

2.3 million 2019

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26
Q

X% of premature deaths due to pnemouina among under 5s - cause by inhalign soot from household air polltuion

A

50

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27
Q

X many wihtout access to safe drinkign water

A

785 million

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28
Q

deaths from poor water quality

A

1.5 million 2019 WHO

29
Q

diarrheaol cases a yr

A

829 000

30
Q

x suffered from schistosmiasis

A

240 million

31
Q

between 2000 and 2017, X gained access to imporved dirnkign water supply

A

1.6 billion

32
Q

malaria cases 2022

A

249 million

33
Q

number of deaths malaria 2022

A

608 000 (2000 down from 2021)

34
Q

africa - X% of cases and X% of deaths

A

2022

94% , 95%

35
Q

limits of tranmission

A

> 1500m alitide
<1000mm of rain

36
Q

temp and humidity needed for malaria

A

16-32 degrees
60%

37
Q

X of malria burden in in X poorest

A

2/3rd , 20%

38
Q

study in Malawi

A

net ownerhsip largely absent in housholds with hea dof household not primary educated

39
Q

malria accounts for X5 of public health expenditues in west and central africa

A

40%

40
Q

global direct costs of malria

A

15-18 billion a yr

41
Q

2001 - 2015 - malria stats

A

1.2 b fewer cases, 6.2 billion fewer deaths

42
Q

the global fund to figths AIDs, TB and Malria provides X% of all fund to malria programs

A

65

43
Q

gate sofundation

A

140 million for 4 yrs

44
Q

bed nets can reduce transmiison by

A

90%

45
Q

2018, X of people at risk were portected by ITNs

A

half

46
Q

who got nobel peace prise in 2015 for discovering arteminism

A

Tu Youyou of China

47
Q

new vaccine

A

Mosquirix
prevnted 4/10 cases in 4 yr period

48
Q

2008 - in Kbale, Afro Alpine Pharma

A

hired 500 local famers to grow low cost drugs

49
Q

number of CHD deaths a yr

A

9.4 million (leading cause worlwide)

50
Q

number of CHD deaths UK a yr

A

94 000

51
Q

since X more popel have died from CHD than anythign else

A

1990

52
Q

opt temp for low CHD deaths

A

london 19.3-22.3 degrees

53
Q

X-X% of those who died had at leats one major risk fatcir

A

75-85

54
Q

how many deaths due to smoking a yr in developed

A

20 000

55
Q

glasgow deaths

A

138 / 100 000

56
Q

hart, hampshire

A

39/ 100 000

57
Q

x% of detahs due to hypertension

A

47%

58
Q

inactivyt accounts x% of chd deaths in us

A

35

59
Q

ethincity uk

A

south asian more likley to die than white europeans

60
Q

CHD cost uk x a yr

A

7.4 bn a yr

overall - 15.8 bn a yr

61
Q

us cost of chd a yr

A

220 bn a yr

62
Q

world heart day

A

29th sept

63
Q

NZ

A
  • NZ- using labels for healthier foods forces many food companies to reformulate products to be applicable for these lable s- lead to a large decrease in the slat content of processed foods
64
Q

Mauritus

A
  • In Mauritius, cholesterol reduction was achieved by a government led effort to switch the main source of cooking oil from palm oil to soya bean oil which contains significantly less cholesterol.
65
Q

japan

A
  • In Japan, government led health campaigns have greatly reduced general salt consumption in the diet of the Japanese people. Coupled with increased blood pressure treatment, the blood pressure of the population has been reduced nation-wide.
66
Q

who

A
  • WHO , established 1948
  • Role is direct and coordinate international health with the UN system
  • Top priorities in 1948 were
     Combat communicable disease – influenza, malaria, TB and venereal disease
     Address mother s and children’s health to help them survive to be healthy
     Improve nutritional levels and environmental snatiation
    o Now also provides advice and support in non communicable disease such as cancer and CVDs
    o Recently its attention on HIV/AIDs and Ebola and COVID
    o 194 member states and 6 regional offices
    o It is responsible for
     The international classification of diseases- the worldwide standard for clinical and epidemiological purposes
     Advises national ministries of health
     Advises on prevention and treatment on both communcibale and non -communcable dises
     Works with other UN agencies, NGOs on health issues and crisi
    o Crticism
     Overbureacratic and lacking the practical front line application to health issues
  • However the organisation’s ability to focus, promote and co-ordinate efforts to tackle health problems on an international scale, using international experts and collating the most recent research, has achieved undeniable progress and success. Most notably
     1970S- eradicted small pox – the only major infectious diesases ot every be compelty eraidcted
     1988- lauhce dits global polio eradication itiave , by 2006 the number of cases reduced by more than 99%
     Adoption of the MDGs in 200
     WHOs strategy for women and childrens health – and the ‘every women, every child’ movement saved 16 million women and children
  • 2016- expanded to adolsecents
    o Continuing challenges
     Antimicrobial resistance
     Promoting universal health coverga e]comabtign neglected tropical disease
67
Q

other un agencies

A

Other UN bodies engaged
- Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDs
 UNAIDs – tries to achiev universal access to HIV prevntin, treatment care and support
 Form edin 1994
- the UN Population fund – in support for reproductive, adolescent and maternal health
- UN Children’s Fund – UNICEF
o Prioties include
 Reducing child mrotlaity
 Ending preventable maternal ,newborn and child deaths by scaling up immunisation programmes
 Supporting pneumonia, diarrhoea and malrai services
 Tackling health emrgencie sin places with conflcist, natural diaster, migrnats, or political or economic instability
 Helping to develop resilient health system that can withstand
- World Bank – vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries – investment in health
 Has a $34 billion global health protfoloio of 240 porjects
 Committed to helping governments to achive universal health coverge by 2030 – all people can obtain health services without suffering financial hardship

68
Q

EXAMPLE – Medecins San Frotniers – Docotrs without bordeers

A

EXAMPLE – Medecins San Frotniers – Docotrs without bordeers
- Since 1971, MSF has cared for millions caught up in crises- natural diaster, conflict, fmaines, refugee exodus and people elxcued from healthcare
- employs 35 000
- 90% recruited locally by European manager ]majority are local doctors, nursers and othe rmidecial special – also recruit logistic experts and water and sanistion engineers
- Work in over 74 countries
What DOES It do?
- Tackle COVID, Cholera, Ebola, malaria, meningitis and HIV
- Also trats malnutrition with ready to use therapeutic food- RUTF – includes all the nutrients chidlrne need – mainly peanut buter paste
 Has revoltuionsed treatment of serve malnutrition – can be stored for long epriods and ina variety of settings
o Invaluable field research to genrst evidence to improve effecitness and quality of clinical care they provide
 Researching mulit-drug resistant TB, HIV/AIDS, neglected tropical disease – Chagas and kalaazar and mental health
o A watchdog to protect public health againt corpate interest
o Initated ‘Campiagn for Access to Essential Medcicines’ – since been joined by other NGOs
 Lobbies ogvernments and pharmeitical – challenging the high cost of medicine and abcne of tratemnt for many of the diseases affecting pateints in developing countries
 Pushed for price cuts and encourages proddcution of more afrorabel generic products
Funding
- 2019- 96.2% of funding came from 6. 5 million indivudal donours aorudn the world – ensures operational inderpeandce and fleixbity – remaing funds come from governments and IAs
- MSF does not accept codnitbutes from companies in industries who comprosie their ability rto provide indepdnt health care
 E.g. tobacco, mining and pahrmacetucial idnsutries
 Since 2016, it has resufed funding from the EY
 In proets at the UEs reluctance to accept more migrnats fleeing sfrom conflicts in the Middles Eats and te EU ‘s deal with Turky to hold more refugees there

geog (10 decks)

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