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BRS/POM MOCKS > POM MOCK 5 - cancer genetics, creatine kinase, epithelial cells, immune response, anaphylaxis > Flashcards

POM MOCK 5 - cancer genetics, creatine kinase, epithelial cells, immune response, anaphylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What is tumour heterogenity?

A

Different tumour cells can show distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles.

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2
Q

What are passenger mutations?

A

Mutations that don’t drive cancer initiation or cancer progression.

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3
Q

What are driver mutations?

A

Mutations that driver cancer initiation and progression.

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4
Q

What are cancer risk genes?

A

Genes in which driver mutations can happen. These genes normally correct DNA damage that naturally happens when a cell divides.

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5
Q

What are the two classes of genes where driver mutations can take place?

A

Proto-oncogene and tumour supressor genes.

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6
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Genes that produce proteins that promote cell growth and cell proliferation.

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7
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Genes that produce proteins that limit cell growth and proliferation.

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8
Q

If a driver mutation occurs in a proto-oncogene what is that gene called?

A

An oncogene.

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9
Q

What is the knudson hypothesis?

A

Both alleles for tumour suppressor gene need to be inactivated for phenotypic change.

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10
Q

What are senescent cells?

A

Senescent cells are unique in that they eventually stop multiplying but don’t die off when they should.

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11
Q

What are germline mutations?

A

Mutation in reproductive cells. Passed onto offspring.

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12
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A

Mutation is any cell of the body apart from germ cells. Not passed onto offspring.

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13
Q

A mutation in BRCA gene increases your risk of what?

A

Breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Prostate cancer in men.

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14
Q

What kind of gene is BRCA?

A

Tumour supressor gene.

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15
Q

Creatine kinase structure?

A

Creatine kinase is a dimer. - Made up of two monomers.

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16
Q

What creatine kinase form can be found in the brain?

A

BB.

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17
Q

What creatine kinase form can be found in the muscles?

A

MM.

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18
Q

What creatine kinase form can be found in the cardiac muscle fibres?

A

BM.

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19
Q

What serum markers can be used for a cardiac infarction?

A

Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT)
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Cardiac troponin T
Creatine kinase.

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20
Q

Neural cell cancer?

A

Neuroblastoma.

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21
Q

Glial cell cancer?

A

Glioma

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22
Q

Where may you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

Lung alveolar. Thin allows short diffusion path.

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23
Q

Where may you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Ducts such as kidney ducts.

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24
Q

Where may you find simple columnar epithelium?

A

Found in surfaces involved in absorption and secretion such as enterocytes.

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25
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells which seem to be arranged in layers but have surface cells that are attached to basal lamina.

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26
Q

In transporting epithelium how is the basal membrane adapted?

A

Membrane infolds result in greater surface area to pump molecules across basal membrane. Mitochondria for active transport.

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27
Q

What kind of transport occurs at apical domain?

A

Passive transport with ion channels while on basolateral domain active transport occurs. This ensures directionality.

28
Q

How do chemotherapy drugs damage intestinal epithelium?

A

Inhibition of the proliferation of stem cells in intestinal crypts results in loss of intestinal villi and flattening of intestinal mucosa.

29
Q

What virus results in hyperproliferation of epithelial cells?

A

Papilloma virus.

30
Q

What are the 4 pathogen niches?

A

Extracellular(staphylococcus, streptococcus), intracellular but vacuolar(salmonella and chlamydia), surface adherent(E coli) and intracellular but cytosolic (viruses).

31
Q

What are the first cells to respond to infection?

A

Neutrophils followed by macrophages.

32
Q

If macrophages aren’t controlled what can happen?

A

Formation of granulomas.

33
Q

What is the macrophage t cell interaction that leads to macrophage activation?

A

Macrophages releases IL-12. T helper cell responds by releasing IF gamma and this activates macrophage. Macrophage phagocytoses pathogen.

34
Q

What does IL-12 do to a T cell?

A

Promotes T cell replication.

35
Q

What cells predominantly produces type 1 interferons such as IF-alpha and IF-beta?

A

Virally infected cells.

36
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Promote transcription of anti viral genes. Enhances t cell response by higher MHC expression and tissue repair.

37
Q

What do anti viral genes promoted by interferons code for?

A

Nucleases, viral entry/exit inhibitors, viral uncoating inhibitors, protein translation inhibitors.

38
Q

What interferon is produced for viruses?

A

Alpha and beta.

39
Q

What interferon is produced for bacteria?

A

Gamma.

40
Q

Virus-infected cells are killed by what immune cells?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or Natural Killer (NK) cells.

41
Q

How does killing of cells prevent spread of pathogens?

A

Viral replication need cells to replicate. Kills viruses inside. Apoptosis is controlled inflammation.

42
Q

What can triggers expression of genes that activate cellular effector mechanisms that kill intracellular pathogen?

A

Binding of complement protein or cytokine to cell surface.

43
Q

What are the two cellular effector mechanisms that can kill intracellular pathogens?

A

Reactive Oxygen and Nitric oxide. Acidification and digestion within phagosomes.

44
Q

What soluble molecules can inhibit microbes?

A

Complement mediated bacterial destruction. Lectin binding to neutralise cell attachment or entry.

45
Q

What cell does Th1 primarily activate

A

Macrophages by interferon gamma.

46
Q

What cell does Th2 primarily activate?

A

Eosinophils.

47
Q

What cell does Th17 primarily activate?

A

Neutrophils.

48
Q

What activates innate immune cells?

A

Detection of microbial ligands (PAMPS). Gene expression changes driven by specific combination of cytokines

49
Q

What immune cells would you expect to see 3-5 days after infection?

A

Plasma cells and effector T cells.

50
Q

T lymphocyte count as we age?

A

Naive T cell count decreases due to thymic involution but memory T cell count increases.

51
Q

In a protozoa infection what T cell would be produced?

A

Th1 cells.

52
Q

In a fungi infection what T cell would be produced?

A

Th17 cells.

53
Q

In a viral infection what T cell would be produced?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

54
Q

In a helminth infection what T cell would be produced?

A

Th2 cells.

55
Q

What immune cell count can be reduced if you get infected by HIV?

A

Reduced CD4 T helper cells.

56
Q

In X-linked agammaglobulinaemia what would be reduced in the blood?

A

Decreased serum IgG of all types.

57
Q

In Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) what would be reduced in the blood?

A

Low lymphocyte count.

58
Q

What occurs in chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Loss of reactive oxygen species production and so neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages can’t destroy certain microbes.

59
Q

What occurs in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Compromised lysosomes.

60
Q

What is the main molecule that leads to anaphylaxis and how does it do it?

A

Histamine. Contraction of airway smooth muscle leads to constriction of airways. Dilation of blood vessels with increased blood flow to the surface. Increases movement of fluid out of bloodstream. This can lead to hypotension which can lead to shock.

61
Q

What causes release of granules in anaphylaxis?

A

IgE mast cell crosslinking with allergen

62
Q

What cells are responsible for IgE production in type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Activation of CD4+ T helper cells (TH2) causes a switch to IgE production. B cells produce IgE.

63
Q

In anaphylaxis what causes hives (urticaria)?

A

Stimulation of connective tissue mast cells causes vasodilatation leading to the red colour of the skin rash, and oedema leading to its raised appearance.

64
Q

If an allergen is inhaled such as in hayfever what changes would occur?

A

Oedema in the epithelia lining the nose. Stimulation of mucus secretion. If the allergen reaches the bronchioles of the lungs then there will be contraction of smooth muscle reducing the diameter of the airways, as well as inflammation and increased mucus production.

65
Q

If an allergen is ingested what would occur?

A

Mucosal mast cells in the intestinal tract stimulate smooth muscle leading to vomiting and diarrhoea.

66
Q

What can inhaled allergens like hayfever result in?

A

Asthma.

67
Q

How can you treat anaphylaxis?

A

Use of antihistamines and corticosteroids.

BRS/POM MOCKS (23 decks)

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