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BRS/POM MOCKS > BRS MOCK 7 - Brainstem, Pancreas, HNS 1,2 > Flashcards

BRS MOCK 7 - Brainstem, Pancreas, HNS 1,2 Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain?

A

Cranial nerves III and IV emerge at this level.

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2
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the pons?

A

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII & VIII.

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3
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the medulla?

A

Cranial nerves IX, X & XII emerge from medulla.

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4
Q

What tract are cranial nerves part of?

A

Corticobulbar.

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5
Q

Where does corticobulbar tract teminate?

A

Medulla.

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6
Q

What makes up the cerebral peduncles?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tract.

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7
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles?

A

Anterior portion of midbrain.

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8
Q

What do cranial nerves do once they emerge from corticobulbar tract?

A

Synapse with nuclei. Neurones from nuclei then go on and innervate structure in head, face, tongue and neck.

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9
Q

Which motor pathway has fibres which cross in the medulla? Where in the medulla does it cross?

A

Corticospinal. Cross over at pyramidal decussation.

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10
Q

Where are the descendings tracts in the medulla?

A

Medullary pyramids (anterior surface of medulla).

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11
Q

Anterior CNS blood supply?

A

Internal carotid system

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12
Q

Posterior CNS blood supply?

A

Vertebrobasilar

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13
Q

General somatic afferent nerve fibres function?

A

Fibres carry general sensation from skin, muscles, joints of head and neck.

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14
Q

General somatic efferent nerve fibres function?

A

Fibres innervate skeletal muscles.

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15
Q

General visceral afferent nerves fibres function?

A

Fibres carry sensation from viscera of head, neck, thorax and abdomen.

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16
Q

General visceral efferent nerves fibres function?

A

Fibres are the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to cranial, thoracic and abdominal viscera.

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17
Q

Special somatic afferent nerve fibres function?

A

Fibres carry special senses of hearing and balance

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18
Q

Special visceral afferent nerve fibres function?

A

Fibres carry taste sensation.

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19
Q

Special visceral efferent nerve fibres function?

A

Innervate skeletal muscles of the jaw, face, larynx and pharynx.

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20
Q

Abdominal accessory organs start out as?

A

Foregut outgrowths.

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21
Q

What do acini in the pancreas do?

A

Secrete pro enzymes into ducts.

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22
Q

What do duct and centroacinar cells secrete into the pancreatic juice?

A

Bicarbonate ions.

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23
Q

What does bicarbonate in the pancreatic juice do?

A

Neutralises acid chyme from stomach which prevents damage to duodenal mucosa. Raises pH to optimum range for pancreatic enzymes to work.

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24
Q

What structures also produce bicarbonate instead of bicarbonate present in pancreatic juice?

A

Bile from liver and alkaline fluid from brunners glands.

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25
Q

How is bicarbonate secrete from pancreatic duct cells?

A

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses reaction of carbon dioxide with water to produce bicarbonate and H+ ions. Bicarbonate exchanged for chloride ion; bicarbonate enters lumen of duct while chloride enters duct cell. Sodium from blood enters duct cell while H+ enters blood.

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26
Q

How is high sodium in the blood maintained?

A

Na+/K+ exchange pump driven by ATP. Potassium into duct cell while sodium pumped into blood.

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27
Q

What drives water into lumen of pancreatic duct?

A

Sodium moves into lumen of duct down gradient from blood via paracellular junctions and water follows.

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28
Q

What channel drives chloride ions return to the lumen of the pancretic duct?

A

CFTR channel (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator).

29
Q

Why is pancreatic venous blood acidic but gastric venous blood is alkaline?

A

In pancreas H+ ions are released into blood. In stomach bicarbonate ions are released into blood.

30
Q

Digestive enzymes in acinar cells are stored in what?

A

Zymogen granules.

31
Q

What ensures that enzymes produced in pancreas are only activated once they enter the duodenum?

A

Trypsin inhibitor and enzymes are secreted as inactive pro enzymes.

32
Q

What is the main enzyme that activates other proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes in the duodenum?

A

Trypsin.

33
Q

What protein results in conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin? Where is this protein found?

A

Enterokinase secreted by duodenal mucosa. Found on the duodenal brush border.

34
Q

What does lipase require for action?

A

Colipase and bile salts.

35
Q

During cephalic and gastric phase what is mainly secreted in the pancreatic juices?

A

Enzyme rich juice. Lacks carbonate.

36
Q

What is the gastric phase of pancreatic juice secretion?

A

Pancreatic juice secretion due to food arriving in the stomach.

37
Q

What is the intestinal phase of pancreatic juice secretion? How is it different from the gastric and cephalic phase?

A

Hormone mediated when gastric chyme enters the duodenum. Both enzymes and carbonate released.

38
Q

What stimulates enzyme secretion in pancreatic juice?

A

Acetylcholine from vagus nerve and cholecystokinin from duodenal I cells.

39
Q

What stimulates release of cholecystokinin?

A

CCK releasing peptide due to increase in amino acid and fatty acids in lumen of duodenum. Gastrin releasing peptide.

40
Q

What inhibits release of CCK?

A

Trypsin.

41
Q

What triggers release of secretin from S cells?

A

Drop in pH in duodenum.

42
Q

When does CCK affect bicarbonate secretion?

A

When paired with secretin it can cause a large increase in bicarbonate secretion. On its own has no effect on bicarbonate secretion.

43
Q

What is held within the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobe.

44
Q

What is held within the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes.

45
Q

What is held within the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cerebellum and brainstem.

46
Q

What connects the orbit to the middle cranial fossa? What is present in this canal?

A

Optic canal. Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery.

47
Q

What does the superior orbital fissure contain?

A

Ophthalmic divison of trigeminal nerve (V1), oculomotor nerve (III), Trochlear nerve (IV), Abducent nerve (VI), Superior ophthalmic vein.

48
Q

What does foramen rotundum contain?

A

Maxilary division of trigeminal nerve (V2).

49
Q

What does the foramen ovale contain?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3).

50
Q

What does the foramen spinosum contain?

A

Middle meningeal artery.

51
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply with oxygen?

A

Dura mater.

52
Q

What does the internal acoustic meatus contain?

A

Facial nerve (VII) and Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).

53
Q

What does the jugular foramen contain?

A

Glossopharayngeal nerve (IX), Vagus nerve (X), Accessory nerve (XI).

54
Q

What does the hypoglossal canal contain?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII).

55
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Tongue muscles.

56
Q

What vein runs over the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

External jugular vein.

57
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura?

A

Periosteal and meningeal.

58
Q

What is the largest dural venous sinus?

A

Superior sagittal sinus.

59
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

A

Internal jugular vein, common carotid artery and vagus nerve.

60
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle.

61
Q

What nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Accessory nerve.

62
Q

What does contraction of posterior crico-arytenoid muscles do?

A

Open/abduct vocal folds.

63
Q

What does contraction of lateral crico-arytenoid muscles do?

A

Close/adduct vocal folds

64
Q

What does contraction of cricothyroid muscle do?

A

Tense vocal folds and change pitch.

65
Q

What are the divisions of the vagus nerve that innervate the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve.

66
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into?

A

Internal and external laryngeal nerve.

67
Q

A lesion to the internal laryngeal nerve causes what?

A

Loss of sensation above vocal folds.

68
Q

A lesion to the external laryngeal nerve causes what?

A

Paralysis of cricothyroid muscle.

69
Q

A lesion to recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?

A

Paralysis in all muscle of larynx except cricothyroid and loss of sensation below vocal folds.

BRS/POM MOCKS (23 decks)

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