POM extra questions Flashcards
What can Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) identify?
Haematoxylin stains nuclei blue
Eosin stains cytoplasm pink
What can Ziehl-Neelson identify?
Acid-fast bacteria (mainly mycobacteria).
When is Leishman stain used?
Blood smears (contains eosin and Methylene blue)
Why does fat metabolism have to be balanced with carbohydrate metabolism?
Acetyl CoA from beta oxidation can only enter the TCA cycle if oxaloacetate is present. Oxaloacetate is formed from pyruvate which in turn is formed from carbohydrate metabolism.
Function of laminins?
Interacting with cell surface receptors (e.g. integrins and dystroglycans) |AND| self-associate or bind to other types of proteins to form basement membrane matrix.
What is the maximum amount of ATP molecules generated from a single glucose molecule, under aerobic conditions?
38
Clark electrode oxygen and current relationship?
Concentration of oxygen is directly proportional to the current.
Which ATP synthase F0 subunit rotates?
C subunit.
Where is hexokinase IV?
Liver.
Hexokinase IV properties?
High Km so less sensitive to blood glucose. Less sensitive to G6P inhibiton.
Where is FOXP3 found in?
T helper and Treg cells.
Which of the following is a mitogen used in the ‘Culture and Harvest’ method for karyotyping?
Phytohemagglutinin
What does growth pattern mean in cancer?
How much does the architecture of the tumour resembles the architecture of the tissue it is derived from.
What does differentiation in cancer mean?
This means how much do the cells of the tumour resemble the cells of the tissue it is derived from.
What kind of anaemia is seen in Acute Lymphoblastic Anaemia?
Normocytic Normochromic
What mediates cytoskeletal arrangement and extension of pseudopodia in the transmigration step on neutrophil extravasation?
PECAM
Type 2 interferon?
Interferon gamma.
Which of the following plasma proteins is most positively charged?
Gamma globulins.
How are myeloblasts recognisable?
Prominent nucleoli and open chromatin pattern.
A 49-year old male presents with the Epstein-Barr virus infection. A blood film was conducted, which is found?
Purplish patina. Scalloped margins. Basophilic cytoplasm
Contact dermatitis hypersensitivity type?
Type IV.
Which marker of cardiac MI after 7 days is the best?
LDH.
What are features of hyposplenism?
Target cells and howell jolly bodies.
Cellular adaptation observed due to compensatory mechanism in one kidney upon donation of the other?
Hyperplasia
What type of communication is exhibited by growth factors released from tumour cells?
Autocrine.
Which sugar is encoded by the B-gene?
Galactose.
What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?
Targets Topoisomerase II in Gm -ve and Topoisomerase IV in Gm +ve
Which method of natural antibiotic resistance is associated with bacteriophages?
Bacterial transduction.
Patient A was diagnosed with a Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, he was administered with erythromycin, however it was soon found that the bacteria developed resistance. What is the most likely mechanism?
Methylation of 50s ribosomal target site.
Collagen specific structure?
3 Left Hand helices into 1 Right Handed Helix
Which antibiotic targets RNA polymerase, and causes orange stools?
Rifamycin
The growth pattern of a malignant tumour can be evaluated using the?
Gleason score.
What kind of tumours are Melanoma, hepatoma, and lymphomas?
Malignant.
Spread of cancer through nerves?
Perineural.
Spread of cancer across cavity?
Transcoeolmic
Deficiency in RAG genes causes what?
SCID. RAG genes encode for VDJ recombinase, enables DNA recombination
What type of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus?
Gram positive, coagulase +, catalase +
A gene active chromosomal region was subjected to Giemsa staining, what is the most likely result?
Light bands
Which aneuploidy has the greatest risk of miscariage?
Trisomy 16
What role is performed by siderophores?
Iron chelation to prevent replication
Which immunoglobulin is an indicator of a recent viral infection?
IgM.
Which immunoglobulin is the more effective antiviral?
IgG
Which viral vector is used for genetic treatments?
Lentivirus.
Name of enzyme involved in somatic hypermutation?
Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase
What is seen in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in full blood count?
Leukocytosis (flagged by analyser), Anaemia, Thrombocytopenia.
What is seen in chronic myeloid leukaemia in full blood count?
Increased neutrophils (neutrophilia), eosinophils (eosinophilia), basophils (basophilia).
Consanguineous marriage increases the relative risk of what disorders?
Auto recessive
Genome Wide Association Studies have found which group of genes the most?
Common low-risk variants. Has highest risk allele frequency
How is tetanus administered as a vaccine?
Toxoid vaccine.
What scan is typically done at 10-14 weeks of pregnancy, used as a screening test for chromosomal abnormalities?
Nuchal translucency
