Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS/POM MOCKS > BRS MOCK 5 - Large bowel, hepatobiliary system > Flashcards

BRS MOCK 5 - Large bowel, hepatobiliary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longitudinal muscle in colon called?

A

Taeniae coli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the pouched segments in colon called?

A

Haustra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes haustra?

A

Taenia coli are short.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What ion moves passively into the colon?

A

Potassium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is the rectum different to the colon?

A

Rectum has transverse rectal folds in its submucosa and doesn’t have taenia coli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What kind of muscle is present in the internal sphincter on the anal canal?

A

Circular muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of muscle is present in the external sphincter on the anal canal?

A

Striated muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cells are present in the large bowel?

A

Enterocytes and goblet cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is mucosa in large bowel different?

A

No villi present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cell is dominant in the crypts of large bowel?

A

Goblet cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What stimulates goblet cell secretion?

A

Acetylcholine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are on the apical domain of goblet cells?

A

Mucus-filled secretion granules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cells are present in small intestine but not large bowel?

A

Paneth cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the surface of microvilli covered with?

A

Glycocalyx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structure of taenia coli?

A

Three bands of longitudinal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What part of the large bowel don’t have haustra?

A

Rectum and anal canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s important about haustra?

A

Can contract individually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What motility occurs in the proximal colon?

A

Antipropulsive patterns dominate to retain chyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are colonic contractions like? Why is it like this?

A

Minimally propulsive to allow for absorption of electrolytes and water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What contractions occur in transverse and descending colon?

A

Segmental contractions of circular muscle called haustral contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What kind of contractions occur in mass movement?

A

Peristalsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During mass movement what helps rapid transport through colon?

A

Fibre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does defecation occur?

A

Distension of walls of rectum. Pressure receptors send signals via myenteric plexus to initiate peristaltic waves in descending, sigmoid colon and rectum. Internal anal sphincter inhibited. External anal sphincter under voluntary control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does intestinal flora do?

A

Synthesize and excrete vitamins. Prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for space or essential nutrients.Production of substances which inhibit or kill pathogenic bacteria. Stimulate development of lymphatic tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why can antibodies produced against components of the normal flora be beneficial?

A

Can crossreact with certain related pathogens, and thereby prevent infection or invasion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fibre broken down by colonic bacteria results in what?

A

Produces short chain fatty acids which can regulate gut hormone release, or be absorbed to be used as an energy source.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What kind of bacteria are bacteroides?

A

Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What kind of bacteria are Bifidobacteria?

A

Gram positive, anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria.

29
Q

What bacteria part of gut flora are involved in colitis and colon cancer?

A

Bacteroides.

30
Q

What is the function of the branch of hepatic artery that arrives at the portal triad?

A

Bring oxygen rich blood to the liver.

31
Q

What is the function of the branch of portal vein that arrives at the portal triad?

A

To bring nutrients, bacteria and toxins from GI tract and waste products from spleen.

32
Q

Where does bile produced by hepatocytes drain into?

A

Bile canaliculi.

33
Q

Where does blood enter the hepatic acinus from?

A

Portal triads.

34
Q

Where does blood drain from the hepatic acinus?

A

Central veins.

35
Q

Structure of sinusoidal endothelial cells?

A

No basement membrane, discontinuous.

36
Q

What cells are attached to the sinusoidal endothelial cells?

A

Kupffer cells.

37
Q

What are kupffer cells?

A

Sinusoidal macrophage cells. Eliminate and detoxify substances arriving to the liver from portal circulation.

38
Q

Where are hepatic stellate cells located?

A

Space of disse (space in between sinusoid and hepatocytes).

39
Q

What do hepatic stellate cells do?

A

Exist in dormant state. Store vitamin A in liver cytosolic droplets.

40
Q

What activates hepatic stellate cells and what occurs once activated?

A

Activated in response to liver damage. Once activated they act as fibroblasts and deposit collagen in ECM.

41
Q

How are amino acids from muscle converted to glucose via the glucose alanine cycle?

A

Glutamate from muscle breakdown. Glutamate undergoes transamination with pyruvate in the muscle cell to produce alanine. Alanine moves to liver where along with alpha keto glutarate undergoes transamination again to produce glutamate and pyruvate. Pyruvate converted to glucose. Glutamate undergoes deamination.

42
Q

How are lipoproteins synthesised in the liver?

A

Uptake of glucose. Glucose converted to pyruvate which is converted to acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA converted to cholesterol and fatty acids. Fatty acids added to glycerol to produce triacylglycerol. Triacylglycerol + cholesterol + apoprotein + phospholipids = lipoprotein.

43
Q

What minerals/vitamins do hepatocytes store?

A

Vitamins B12, A,D,E,K. Iron and copper.

44
Q

What are the 2 phases of detoxification?

A

Modification and conjugation.

45
Q

What occurs in phase one of detoxification? What enzymes drives this phase?

A

Make molecule more hydrophillic. Cytochrome P450 enzymes.

46
Q

What occurs in phase two of detoxification?

A

Attach water soluble side chain to make less reactive.

47
Q

What is excreted in bile?

A

Xenobiotics, cholesterol metabolites, alkaline phosphatase.

48
Q

How do cholangiocytes alter bile?

A

Raise pH. Bicarbonate and chloride actively pumped into bile by CFTR. Water drawn into bile by osmosis via paracellular junctions. Luminal glucose and organic acids reabsorbed.

49
Q

What surface of the hepatocyte are bile salt uptake channels located on?

A

Basolateral membrane (facing sinusoids).

50
Q

What surface of the hepatocyte are bile salt export channels located on?

A

Apical surface facing bile canaliculi.

51
Q

What bile salt uptake channels are present in hepatocytes?

A

organic anion transporting peptides (OATPs) and Na+ taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP).

52
Q

What bile salt export channels are present in hepatocytes?

A

Bile salt excretory pump (BSEP)
MDR (multi drug resistant) related proteins
MDR1 and MDR3

53
Q

What do MDR (multi drug resistant) related proteins like MRP2 and MRP3 export into bile?

A

Negatively charged metabolites.

54
Q

What do MDR1 channels export into bile?

A

Excretion of neutral and positive xenobiotics.

55
Q

What do MDR3 channels export into bile?

A

Phospatidylcholine.

56
Q

What are primary bile acids produced from?

A

Cholesterol.

57
Q

What are the primary bile acids?

A

Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.

58
Q

Where does formation of secondary bile acids occur? What converts primary bile acids to secondary bile acids?

A

In colon by gut bacteria.

59
Q

What are the secondary bile acids?

A

Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid.

60
Q

What amino acids are bile salts normally conjugated to?

A

Glycine or taurine.

61
Q

Where are bile salts reabsorbed?

A

Terminal ileum.

62
Q

What reabsorbs bile salts?

A

Bile salt co transport Na K+ ATPase system.

63
Q

What secondary bile salt is excreted in stool?

A

Lithocolic acid.

64
Q

What transports free bilirubin in the blood?

A

Albumin.

65
Q

What happens when bilirubin from the blood arrives in the liver?

A

Conjugated with 2 molecules of UDP-glucuronate to produce bilirubin diglucuronide. Secreted across concentration gradient into biliary canaliculi where it makes its way to GI tract for excretion.

66
Q

Where is most bilirubin excreted? Where else is it excreted?

A

Mostly excreted in faeces. Small amount excreted by kidneys.

67
Q

What is bilirubin converted to before it is excreted?

A

Urobillin and stercobillin.

68
Q

What happens to bilirubin that is not excreted?

A

Enters enterohepatic circulation and goes back to liver.

69
Q

Posthepatic jaundice causes?

A

Gallstone, tumours.

BRS/POM MOCKS (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions