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Year 12 Introduction to Sociology > Political Sociology > Flashcards

Political Sociology Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ability of people, or groups, to gain access to government and use its power to influence society

A

Politics

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2
Q

Countries where people share a national language or culture

A

Nation states

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3
Q

People can directly vote for their representatives and, in some cases, can even vote on specific rules or policies

A

Democratic states

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4
Q

Permits citizens to contact elected leaders to argue for what they want

A

Lobbying

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5
Q

Believe that states aren’t listening to them and that “normal” forms of influence are inadequate or illegitimate

A

Activists

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6
Q

Groups of people organized for social change and who act in contentious ways

A

Social (or protest) movements

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7
Q

Challenging the state so effectively that the state collapses

A

Revolutionary social movements

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8
Q

The “ultimate authority” within some geographical territory. They tend to have courts, police officers, and legislatures.

A

States

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9
Q

Using the force of government to collect funds that are used to pay for services like the police, schools, and healthcare

A

Taxation

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10
Q

States where a large part of their budget is spent on social services, such as retirement benefits and healthcare.

A

Welfare states

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11
Q

Includes rules of behavior that the state creates, like laws, as well as the services that governments provide for people

A

Policy

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12
Q

The way states are made, acquire power, and use power to further their goals by creating and enforcing policy

A

Axis of politics

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13
Q

Governments that control a single city and the surrounding area

A

City states

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14
Q

People influence the state and its policies by voting for representatives, who then decide which policies to approve

A

Representative democracy

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15
Q

Where people can directly vote on government policies

A

Direct democracies

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16
Q

Eligible voters get to say “yes” or “no” on a specific proposed law

A

Referendum

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17
Q

Where people have a genuine option to vote for alternative candidates

A

Competitive democracies

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18
Q

Kings and queens who inherit their kingdoms

A

Aristocracy

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19
Q

Policies written down in law

A

formal policies

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20
Q

Less like formal organizations and more like vast, amoeba-like networks of people and organizations. Includes the Republicans and Democrats.

A

Political parties

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21
Q

Policies that are not written down in law

A

Informal policy

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22
Q

Democratic government tend to offer policies that reflect the voter who is exactly in the middle (the median) of voter preferences

A

Median voter model

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23
Q

People really care about an issue

A

Salience

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24
Q

Some individuals or groups have high social status, and the government listens to these people more than others

A

Elite theory

25
Q

Policy doesn’t always directly reflect the median voter or elites. Rather, it reflects the balance of interests around an issue

A

Pluralism theory

26
Q

Each state gets a fixed number of votes equal to its number of Senators and Representatives combined. The winner of each state’s popular vote (that is, the vote by the state’s eligible voters) gets its electoral votes.

A

Electoral college system

27
Q

The right to vote in political elections

A

Suffrage

28
Q

The group of people allowed to vote

A

Electorate

29
Q

In which most adults are eligible to vote

A

Universal suffrage

30
Q

The period after the Civil War when the federal government re-integrated the Southern states into the Union

A

Reconstruction

31
Q

Charging a fee for voting

A

Poll tax

32
Q

Having to take a test on reading to vote

A

Literacy test

33
Q

You can only vote if your grandfather could vote

A

Grandfather clause

34
Q

Barred African Americans from holding certain jobs

A

Black codes

35
Q

Saw the establishment of racial segregation as the outcome of a failed political struggle where Northern Whites and Southern Blacks joined together to create a multi-racial society but failed

A

W.E.B. DuBois

36
Q

Best remembered for her research documenting how lynching- mob killings of Blacks and other minorities- was concentrated in the South and was used to strike fear into African Americans

A

Ida B. Wells

37
Q

One of the main goals of the movement was to attack rules that allowed only Whites to have voting privileges

A

Civil Rights Movement

38
Q

The law that made discrimination in housing and employment illegal

A

Civil Rights Act of 1964

39
Q

The Court held that having separate schools for African American students was inherently damaging and that schools must be desegregated

A

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

40
Q

These voters think governments should collect a lot of taxes so they can support social programs like education, state-subsidized health care, and retirement benefits for older people

A

Liberal

41
Q

These voters want the state to affirm religious values and what they see as traditional social roles

A

Social conservatives

42
Q

Systems of ideas

A

Ideologies

43
Q

Democratic governments that have less regulated markets and provide lower levels of social services

A

Liberal states

44
Q

Where various functions- such as business owners and labor leaders- are part of state entities that determine social policy

A

Corporatist states

45
Q

Relatively high taxes that are used to pay for generous social services

A

Social democratic states

46
Q

Tries to improve the status of women and reduce discrimination

A

Feminist movement

47
Q

The practice in which peasants were tied to specific estates and served the landowning nobility

A

Serfdom

48
Q

Tendencies to be prejudiced for or against something

A

Biases

49
Q

Attempts to be fact-based and as objective as possible

A

Positive sociology

50
Q

Trying to judge what is good or bad

A

Normative analysis

51
Q

The process by which people assert influence in official and sanctioned ways

A

Institutional politics

52
Q

The process by which people work outside the system and challenge the very legitimacy of some government policy or social behavior

A

Contentious politics

53
Q

People can set up a chapter of a movement in their town and don’t need permission from the leadership to do it

A

Grassroots

54
Q

The individuals and organizations that spend their time organizing protests, challenging authority, and changing public opinion

A

Social movement sector

55
Q

What is the effect of the movement on the individual who participates, and what factors contribute to movement success or failure?

A

Social movement outcomes

56
Q

States that, in the Supreme Court’s view, there is no Constitutional right to an abortion, but it could be made legal, or illegal, by state governments

A

Dobbs v. Jackson

57
Q

A style of government that relies on obedience to leaders

A

Authoritarianism

58
Q

The belief that government should put national interests first by closing borders and waging trade wars

A

Nationalism

59
Q

Prohibited states from passing laws that discriminated against Black voters

A

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Year 12 Introduction to Sociology (15 decks)

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