Environmental Sociology

Question 1

The variety of species in an ecosystem

Answer 1

Biodiversity

Question 2

Assumes that humans are inherently different from other living beings (was made by sociologist Frederick Buttel)

Answer 2

Exemptionalist perspective

Question 3

Focused on how people in rural areas, many living on farms and working in the agricultural sector, were directly connected to the environment and relied on natural resources

Answer 3

Rural sociology

Question 4

Largely looks at the social organization of urban communities

Answer 4

Human ecology

Question 5

Required federal agencies to consider the environmental effects of all policies and legislation

Answer 5

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Question 6

Called for a new paradigm for thinking about the society-environment relationship

Answer 6

William Catton and Riley Dunlap

Question 7

Prioritizes economic growth, prosperity, and individualism

Answer 7

Human exemptionalist paradigm

Question 8

This perspective considers potential limits to economic growth and encourages developing a stable economy that is balanced with nature

Answer 8

New Environmental Paradigm (New Ecological Paradigm)

Question 9

Society affects the quality of the natural environment, and environmental change (degradation and protection) also has a clear effect on the quality and scope of society

Answer 9

Conjoint constitution

Question 10

People working individually or collectively through community groups and social movements

Answer 10

Civil society

Question 11

Suggests that any society driven by economic expansion is stuck in a conflict with nature.

Answer 11

Treadmill of production theory

Question 12

Those with mature trees that have been relatively undisturbed by human activity

Answer 12

Old growth forests

Question 13

The focus of this view is on the interchange of matter and energy between human societies and the larger environment, describing it as a form of metabolism (just as the human body converts what you eat and drink into energy)

Answer 13

Metabolic rift perspective

Question 14

Necessity for continual economic growth

Answer 14

Growth imperative

Question 15

The exchange of resources and material between society and the environment

Answer 15

Social metabolism

Question 16

Focuses on unequal resource exchanges and ecological interdependencies within the global economy

Answer 16

Ecologically unequal exchange theory

Question 17

Governments will begin to include environmental protection “as a basic state responsibility.”

Answer 17

Environmental state

Question 18

Non-profit groups that work independently of governments

Answer 18

Nongovernmental organizations

Question 19

Argues that the dynamic nature of capitalism allows economic growth and related technologies to be directed toward environmental reforms.

Answer 19

Ecological modernization theory

Question 20

Looks to global institutional structures to shape social change and bring about environmental protection.

Answer 20

World society theory

Question 21

Focuses on development as a process through which environmental protection becomes more common.

Answer 21

Reflexive modernization

Question 22

Involves a universalization of risk, spreading it across the globe and throughout society, which leads to a breakdown in the general functions of society.

Answer 22

Risk society

Question 23

Proposed policies in line with a just transition to address climate change and racial inequalities

Answer 23

Green New Deal

Question 24

Proposes that the society-environment relationship is a dynamic system determined by how governments, the market, and civil society interact and how much they prioritize environmental issues by regulating environmental “bads” and protecting environmental “goods.”

Answer 24

Anthro-shift

Question 25

Actual and perceived exposure to environmental dangers and natural disasters

Answer 25

Risk

Question 26

Warming of the Earth and increases in extreme weather events

Answer 26

Climate change

Question 27

Focus on the scale of environmental damage: how much carbon, collectively, are we adding to the atmosphere each year?

Answer 27

Total emissions

Question 28

The amount of emissions per person

Answer 28

Per capita emissions

Question 29

A resource available to everyone

Answer 29

Commons

Question 30

Widely used to quantify relative levels of carbon efficiency, since we can compare how much carbon each nation emits to create the same amount of economic value.

Answer 30

Emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Production (GDP)

Question 31

A global climate effort that was negotiated in 2015 and committed all countries to take steps to address climate change

Answer 31

The Paris Agreement

Question 32

When fertile land becomes a desert

Answer 32

Desertification

Question 33

Intentionally promoting scientific misinformation about climate change

Answer 33

Climate denial

Question 34

Groups of ideologically similar policy actors who amplify and distort climate misinformation.

Answer 34

Echo chambers

Question 35

Highlights the ways that many common pool resources – those available to everyone, like air or water – are being polluted due to self-interest, or what some scholars have called the “free-rider problem.”

Answer 35

Tragedy of the commons

Question 36

Inequalities in the production of environmental harms

Answer 36

Disproportionality

Question 37

Discusses hyperpolluters that contribute to climate change

Answer 37

Don Grant

Question 38

Pollution across a range of industries and sectors that are disproportionately responsible for environmental harms

Answer 38

Hyperpolluters

Question 39

Scientific consensus of amount of global warming societies can adapt to

Answer 39

1.5 degrees Celsius (34.7 degrees Fahrenheit)

Question 40

The original event, held in 1970, turned out 20 million Americans to protest environmental pollution and celebrate the planet, and the anniversary event was expected to engage people across the U.S. and around the world in teach-ins, climate strikes, and concerts.

Answer 40

Earth Day

Question 41

Focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental harms and environmental goods by race and class

Answer 41

Environmental justice movement

Question 42

Those that experience environmental pollution and harm first and most severely

Answer 42

Frontline communities

Question 43

Participated in the first-ever climate strike. Inspired by the national school walkout against gun violence in the U.S. that was organized after the Parkland School Shooting in Florida, the 15-year-old decided to spend her Fridays sitting with a handwritten sign in front of the Swedish parliament.

Answer 43

Greta Thunberg

Question 44

The group coordinating this tactic of skipping school on Fridays to protest inaction on climate change

Answer 44

Fridays for Future