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Year 12 Introduction to Sociology > Health & Illness > Flashcards

Health & Illness Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Focuses on describing and preventing disease and illness

A

public health

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2
Q

People who study the frequency, patterns, and causes of health and illness

A

Epidemiologists

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3
Q

Having a disease

A

Morbidity

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4
Q

Another word for death

A

Mortality

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5
Q

A measure of deaths during a child’s first year

A

Infant mortality rate

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6
Q

Differences in health that are due to unequal social patterns

A

Health inequities

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7
Q

The subjective experience of a disease, condition, or set of symptoms

A

Illness

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8
Q

Illnesses and disabilities related to pregnancy or childbirth, and, in particular, the treatment of Black women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period.

A

Maternal morbidity

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9
Q

Health behaviors of pregnant women during the perinatal period (the time immediately before and after birth)

A

Pre-existing conditions

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10
Q

Social circumstances – the interconnected sequence and timing of socially-defined life events that unfold over a person’s life through their own actions and behaviors

A

Life course

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11
Q

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease

A

Health

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12
Q

The field of public health focused specifically on the health of mothers, infants, children, and adolescents

A

Maternal and child health

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13
Q

A disorder

A

Disease

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14
Q

A loss of function

A

Impairment

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15
Q

Limitations created when an impairment isn’t accommodated in the physical and social environment

A

Disabilities

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16
Q

The study of patterns in human populations, such as births, deaths, aging, and migration

A

Demography

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17
Q

Studied suicide rates in France and several other European countries and showed that different countries, and even different areas within France, exhibited vastly different suicide rates. He argued against the dominant understanding that suicide was caused by mental illness or personal shortcomings. Instead, he suggested that social factors outside the individual affect suicide rates.

A

Émile Durkheim

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18
Q

Published The Philadelphia Negro, a study of Black Americans in Philadelphia that included a detailed discussion of health. In 1906, he expanded this study in The Health and Physique of the Negro American. He argued that the poor health of Black Americans compared to White Americans wasn’t due to any individual biological limitations among African Americans but rather to social conditions

A

W.E.B. Du Bois

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19
Q

Families of different racial or ethnic groups and different SES live in different neighborhoods of unequal quality

A

Racially and economically segregated

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20
Q

A society’s efforts to influence behavior and maintain social order

A

Social control

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21
Q

Argued that labeling is a form of power exerted by the medical profession that can impact the illness experience

A

Eliot Freidson

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22
Q

The process of assigning a disease or medical condition to a set of symptoms

A

Labeling

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23
Q

Illnesses that are disputed or questioned by medical experts

A

Contested illnesses

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24
Q

Illnesses caused by mental factors such as stress or anxiety

A

Psychosomatic

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25
Q

Argued about the definition of medicalization

A

Irving Zola

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26
Q

The description of an aspect of cultural or social life in medical or biological terms

A

Medicalization

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27
Q

A set of rights and responsibilities granted to some ill people

A

Sick role

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28
Q

Described the sick role

A

Talcott Parsons

29
Q

Ways that conforms to social norms and values (ex; the illness cannot be the person’s own fault)

A

Socially legitimate

30
Q

Argued that illness is often explicitly seen as a reflection of personal shortcomings or moral weaknesses.

A

Susan Sontag

31
Q

States that women in active labor cannot be denied care regardless of their ability to pay if they are at a hospital that takes federal insurance such as Medicaid. Many hospitals do not comply with this law

A

Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)

32
Q

Include the organizations that deliver care (e.g. health care providers, hospitals) and fund that care (such as governmental programs and private insurers)

A

Health care systems

33
Q

The patient pays all health care costs personally; there is no health insurance. This model isn’t used by wealthy countries

A

Out-of-pocket model

34
Q

The government pays all health care costs and funds it through taxes. Health care providers, including hospitals and doctors, can be employed by the government or have their own private practice. It is named after economist William Beveridge, who designed Great Britain’s National Health service

A

Beveridge model

35
Q

Everyone is required to have health insurance, which is funded jointly by employers and employees and isn’t intended to make a profit. While health insurance operates through employers, the government provides oversight of costs. Health care providers are generally private. It is name after Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who designed the German welfare state

A

Bismarck model

36
Q

Combines the Beveridge and Bismarck models. The government provides insurance funded through taxes or premiums, but supplemental private insurance may be needed. Health care providers are generally private

A

National Health Insurance model

37
Q

All parts of the health care system are controlled by the government. This model was developed in the Soviet Union and is still used, in some form, by countries in eastern Europe

A

Semashko model

38
Q

Covers certain health care costs for Americans aged 65 and older

A

Medicare

39
Q

Covers certain health care costs for low-income Americans

A

Medicaid

40
Q

(PPACA; commonly known as ACA or Obamacare) was signed into law. The goal was to make health care more affordable and accessible for more Americans, particularly those who couldn’t easily cover the costs themselves

A

Affordable Care Act

41
Q

Health care coverage for everyone

A

Universal coverage

42
Q

A broad category of factors, including “a society’s past and present economic, political, and legal systems [and] its material and technological resources…”, that drive social patterns in health.

A

Social determinants of health

43
Q

According to this model, a person is embedded within their social networks and relationships, which are then embedded within their neighborhoods and communities, which are embedded within larger socio-political contexts

A

Socio-ecological model

44
Q

Result in health inequities due to the unequal distribution of resources such as adequate housing or food and also through stigma and stress

A

Fundamental causes of health

45
Q

A set of beliefs and ideologies and the social structure that they create based on the idea that a specific racial group is biologically or culturally superior to other groups

A

Structural racism

46
Q

A set of beliefs and ideologies, and the social structure that they create through policies and institutions, based on the idea that men are superior to women; it is distinct from, and perhaps more important for health than, sex discrimination by individuals

A

Structural sexism

47
Q

Showed that college-educated adults had lower mortality than adults with less education

A

Evelyn Kitagawa and Phillip Hauser

48
Q

Some jobs have more social prestige than others, giving people with that job higher social standing

A

Occupational prestige

49
Q

A structure of socially interrelated people

A

Social network

50
Q

Opportunities for social engagement, money, and access to information on jobs or health care that can ultimately lead to better health.

A

Social support

51
Q

The social elements of your work, school, or neighborhood

A

Social environment

52
Q

Includes built features of the neighborhood such as housing, green spaces such as parks, services and amenities such as grocery stores, and toxic substances like air pollution.

A

Physical environment

53
Q

Wrote about the stigma of mental illness

A

Erving Goffman

54
Q

A mark or label that discredits a person as a form of social control

A

Stigma

55
Q

A widely-shared perception about the characteristics or abilities of members of a particular group

A

Stereotype

56
Q

Bearing the mark of a stigmatized group, even without sharing the underlying characteristics, can impact health

A

Spillover effect

57
Q

Unfair treatment of one person by another

A

Interpersonal discrimination

58
Q

Described stress proliferation

A

Leonard Pearlin

59
Q

When one stressful event leads to a series of other stressful events and situations

A

Stress proliferation

60
Q

Helped us understand the stressful experiences of Black men and women as they negotiate everyday American life

A

Joe Feagin and Philomena Essed

61
Q

Includes the anticipation and worry stress that comes with membership in a socially marginalized and stigmatized group.

A

Vigilance

62
Q

In this framework, the individual is placed within their interpersonal, community, and societal contexts

A

Socio-ecological framework

63
Q

Our social experiences and health are interrelated throughout our lives

A

Life course perspective

64
Q

Outlined a theory of the life course related to child development, and many sociologists have adapted this perspective to the study of health

A

Glen Elder

65
Q

An outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area and that is of high prevalence, generally affecting a significant proportion of the world’s population, usually over the course of several months.

A

Pandemic

66
Q

Outbreaks of disease confined to one part of the world, such as a single country

A

Epidemics

67
Q

In which sociologists and other social scientists work with geneticists to understand how the social world might alter the structure and function of our genome and affect social patterns in health

A

Social genomics

68
Q

Focuses on how social control operates through the medical profession, both directly and indirectly

A

Medical sociology

69
Q

A measure of social and economic standing

A

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Year 12 Introduction to Sociology (15 decks)

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