Health & Illness

Question 1

Focuses on describing and preventing disease and illness

Answer 1

public health

Question 2

People who study the frequency, patterns, and causes of health and illness

Answer 2

Epidemiologists

Question 3

Having a disease

Answer 3

Morbidity

Question 4

Another word for death

Answer 4

Mortality

Question 5

A measure of deaths during a child’s first year

Answer 5

Infant mortality rate

Question 6

Differences in health that are due to unequal social patterns

Answer 6

Health inequities

Question 7

The subjective experience of a disease, condition, or set of symptoms

Answer 7

Illness

Question 8

Illnesses and disabilities related to pregnancy or childbirth, and, in particular, the treatment of Black women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period.

Answer 8

Maternal morbidity

Question 9

Health behaviors of pregnant women during the perinatal period (the time immediately before and after birth)

Answer 9

Pre-existing conditions

Question 10

Social circumstances – the interconnected sequence and timing of socially-defined life events that unfold over a person’s life through their own actions and behaviors

Answer 10

Life course

Question 11

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease

Answer 11

Health

Question 12

The field of public health focused specifically on the health of mothers, infants, children, and adolescents

Answer 12

Maternal and child health

Question 13

A disorder

Answer 13

Disease

Question 14

A loss of function

Answer 14

Impairment

Question 15

Limitations created when an impairment isn’t accommodated in the physical and social environment

Answer 15

Disabilities

Question 16

The study of patterns in human populations, such as births, deaths, aging, and migration

Answer 16

Demography

Question 17

Studied suicide rates in France and several other European countries and showed that different countries, and even different areas within France, exhibited vastly different suicide rates. He argued against the dominant understanding that suicide was caused by mental illness or personal shortcomings. Instead, he suggested that social factors outside the individual affect suicide rates.

Answer 17

Émile Durkheim

Question 18

Published The Philadelphia Negro, a study of Black Americans in Philadelphia that included a detailed discussion of health. In 1906, he expanded this study in The Health and Physique of the Negro American. He argued that the poor health of Black Americans compared to White Americans wasn’t due to any individual biological limitations among African Americans but rather to social conditions

Answer 18

W.E.B. Du Bois

Question 19

Families of different racial or ethnic groups and different SES live in different neighborhoods of unequal quality

Answer 19

Racially and economically segregated

Question 20

A society’s efforts to influence behavior and maintain social order

Answer 20

Social control

Question 21

Argued that labeling is a form of power exerted by the medical profession that can impact the illness experience

Answer 21

Eliot Freidson

Question 22

The process of assigning a disease or medical condition to a set of symptoms

Answer 22

Labeling

Question 23

Illnesses that are disputed or questioned by medical experts

Answer 23

Contested illnesses

Question 24

Illnesses caused by mental factors such as stress or anxiety

Answer 24

Psychosomatic

Question 25

Argued about the definition of medicalization

Answer 25

Irving Zola

Question 26

The description of an aspect of cultural or social life in medical or biological terms

Answer 26

Medicalization

Question 27

A set of rights and responsibilities granted to some ill people

Answer 27

Sick role

Question 28

Described the sick role

Answer 28

Talcott Parsons

Question 29

Ways that conforms to social norms and values (ex; the illness cannot be the person’s own fault)

Answer 29

Socially legitimate

Question 30

Argued that illness is often explicitly seen as a reflection of personal shortcomings or moral weaknesses.

Answer 30

Susan Sontag

Question 31

States that women in active labor cannot be denied care regardless of their ability to pay if they are at a hospital that takes federal insurance such as Medicaid. Many hospitals do not comply with this law

Answer 31

Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)

Question 32

Include the organizations that deliver care (e.g. health care providers, hospitals) and fund that care (such as governmental programs and private insurers)

Answer 32

Health care systems

Question 33

The patient pays all health care costs personally; there is no health insurance. This model isn't used by wealthy countries

Answer 33

Out-of-pocket model

Question 34

The government pays all health care costs and funds it through taxes. Health care providers, including hospitals and doctors, can be employed by the government or have their own private practice. It is named after economist William Beveridge, who designed Great Britain's National Health service

Answer 34

Beveridge model

Question 35

Everyone is required to have health insurance, which is funded jointly by employers and employees and isn't intended to make a profit. While health insurance operates through employers, the government provides oversight of costs. Health care providers are generally private. It is name after Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who designed the German welfare state

Answer 35

Bismarck model

Question 36

Combines the Beveridge and Bismarck models. The government provides insurance funded through taxes or premiums, but supplemental private insurance may be needed. Health care providers are generally private

Answer 36

National Health Insurance model

Question 37

All parts of the health care system are controlled by the government. This model was developed in the Soviet Union and is still used, in some form, by countries in eastern Europe

Answer 37

Semashko model

Question 38

Covers certain health care costs for Americans aged 65 and older

Answer 38

Medicare

Question 39

Covers certain health care costs for low-income Americans

Answer 39

Medicaid

Question 40

(PPACA; commonly known as ACA or Obamacare) was signed into law. The goal was to make health care more affordable and accessible for more Americans, particularly those who couldn’t easily cover the costs themselves

Answer 40

Affordable Care Act

Question 41

Health care coverage for everyone

Answer 41

Universal coverage

Question 42

A broad category of factors, including “a society’s past and present economic, political, and legal systems [and] its material and technological resources...”, that drive social patterns in health.

Answer 42

Social determinants of health

Question 43

According to this model, a person is embedded within their social networks and relationships, which are then embedded within their neighborhoods and communities, which are embedded within larger socio-political contexts

Answer 43

Socio-ecological model

Question 44

Result in health inequities due to the unequal distribution of resources such as adequate housing or food and also through stigma and stress

Answer 44

Fundamental causes of health

Question 45

A set of beliefs and ideologies and the social structure that they create based on the idea that a specific racial group is biologically or culturally superior to other groups

Answer 45

Structural racism

Question 46

A set of beliefs and ideologies, and the social structure that they create through policies and institutions, based on the idea that men are superior to women; it is distinct from, and perhaps more important for health than, sex discrimination by individuals

Answer 46

Structural sexism

Question 47

Showed that college-educated adults had lower mortality than adults with less education

Answer 47

Evelyn Kitagawa and Phillip Hauser

Question 48

Some jobs have more social prestige than others, giving people with that job higher social standing

Answer 48

Occupational prestige

Question 49

A structure of socially interrelated people

Answer 49

Social network

Question 50

Opportunities for social engagement, money, and access to information on jobs or health care that can ultimately lead to better health.

Answer 50

Social support

Question 51

The social elements of your work, school, or neighborhood

Answer 51

Social environment

Question 52

Includes built features of the neighborhood such as housing, green spaces such as parks, services and amenities such as grocery stores, and toxic substances like air pollution.

Answer 52

Physical environment

Question 53

Wrote about the stigma of mental illness

Answer 53

Erving Goffman

Question 54

A mark or label that discredits a person as a form of social control

Answer 54

Stigma

Question 55

A widely-shared perception about the characteristics or abilities of members of a particular group

Answer 55

Stereotype

Question 56

Bearing the mark of a stigmatized group, even without sharing the underlying characteristics, can impact health

Answer 56

Spillover effect

Question 57

Unfair treatment of one person by another

Answer 57

Interpersonal discrimination

Question 58

Described stress proliferation

Answer 58

Leonard Pearlin

Question 59

When one stressful event leads to a series of other stressful events and situations

Answer 59

Stress proliferation

Question 60

Helped us understand the stressful experiences of Black men and women as they negotiate everyday American life

Answer 60

Joe Feagin and Philomena Essed

Question 61

Includes the anticipation and worry stress that comes with membership in a socially marginalized and stigmatized group.

Answer 61

Vigilance

Question 62

In this framework, the individual is placed within their interpersonal, community, and societal contexts

Answer 62

Socio-ecological framework

Question 63

Our social experiences and health are interrelated throughout our lives

Answer 63

Life course perspective

Question 64

Outlined a theory of the life course related to child development, and many sociologists have adapted this perspective to the study of health

Answer 64

Glen Elder

Question 65

An outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographical area and that is of high prevalence, generally affecting a significant proportion of the world’s population, usually over the course of several months.

Answer 65

Pandemic

Question 66

Outbreaks of disease confined to one part of the world, such as a single country

Answer 66

Epidemics

Question 67

In which sociologists and other social scientists work with geneticists to understand how the social world might alter the structure and function of our genome and affect social patterns in health

Answer 67

Social genomics

Question 68

Focuses on how social control operates through the medical profession, both directly and indirectly

Answer 68

Medical sociology

Question 69

A measure of social and economic standing

Answer 69

Socioeconomic status (SES)