Political Patterns and Processes Part 2

Question 1

Administered Boundary

Answer 1

Enforcement of a boundary by government or people.

Question 2

Allocational Boundary Dispute (Resource Dispute)

Answer 2

A dispute over the right to resources. An allocational dispute arises from both natural resources, such as water from a common source, and commercial resources, such as oil from beneath bordering land.

Question 3

Contiguous Zone

Answer 3

An area seaward of the territorial sea in which the Coastal State may exercise the control necessary to prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws.

Question 4

Controlled Borders

Answer 4

Measures are taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state.

Question 5

Defined Boundary

Answer 5

Established by a legal document. Could range from a piece of property to an entire country.

Question 6

Delimited Boundary

Answer 6

A line drawn on a map to show the limits of space.

Question 7

Demarcated Boundary

Answer 7

Identified by physical objects placed on the landscape such as signs, walls, fences, etc.

Question 8

Definitional Boundary Dispute

Answer 8

Two or more disagree over how to interpret the legal docs or maps of the boundary.

Question 9

Exclaves

Answer 9

A country or part of a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.

Question 10

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Answer 10

A sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. The country that controls the EEZ has rights to the fishing, whaling, etc., as well as the raw material resources.

Question 11

High Seas

Answer 11

Refers to the area of the sea beyond the national jurisdiction of any state.

Question 12

Irredentism

Answer 12

A political movement that is strongly tied to nationalism. It is a political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory. This was a particularly powerful force in European history from 1850 to 1945, during the height of European nationalist fervor.

Question 13

Locational Boundary Disputes (Territorial Disputes)

Answer 13

A boundary dispute over the physical location.

Question 14

Operational Boundary Dispute (Functional Dispute)

Answer 14

Focuses on the function of the boundary. Boundaries viewed as barriers to keep people out.

Question 15

Political Enclaves

Answer 15

A territory, or a part of a territory, that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state.

Question 16

Shatterbelt

Answer 16

A geographical region that is endangered by local conflicts within the states or between countries in the region, as well as the involvement of the opposing great powers outside the region.

Question 17

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

Answer 17

A group of developing countries that are small island countries which tend to share similar sustainable development challenges.

Question 18

Territorial Sea

Answer 18

A belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state.

Question 19

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Answer 19

It was adopted in 1982. It lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.

Question 20

Census

Answer 20

Counts the population of a nation, state, or other geographic region. It records information about the population’s characteristics, such as age, sex, and occupation.

Question 21

Cracking

Answer 21

When legislatures disperse a group into several districts in order to prevent a majority.

Question 22

Electoral Geography

Answer 22

The analysis of the methods, the behavior, and the results of elections in the context of geographic space and using geographical techniques.

Question 23

Electorate

Answer 23

All the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election.

Question 24

Gerrymandering

Answer 24

Refers to the process wherein political officials redraw electoral districts to favor a certain political party, ethnic group, coalition, or social class.

Question 25

Hijacking

Answer 25

Involves redrawing districts to force two representatives in the same party to run against each other.

Question 26

Internal Boundaries

Answer 26

Borders within a country. For example, borders between US states are internal borders.

Question 27

Kidnapping

Answer 27

Moving an area where there is an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support.

Question 28

Packing

Answer 28

Combines similar voters into one district to prevent them affecting another district. This is what we see in Louisiana.

Question 29

Reapportionment

Answer 29

The process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census. -US assigns certain number of seats in Congress to each state based on total population.

Question 30

Redistricting

Answer 30

The drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.

Question 31

Stacking

Answer 31

When minority voting groups are “stacked” together, but alongside higher turnout majority groups which dilute their power.

Question 32

Voting Districts

Answer 32

Include a wide variety of small polling areas (election districts, precincts, or wards). State and local governments create these for the purpose of administering elections.

Question 33

Annexation

Answer 33

To incorporate (territory) into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city. This often occurs when combining two or more specific boundaries to create a larger state.

Question 34

Federal State

Answer 34

A country where governmental authority is shared among a central government and various other smaller, regional authorities. Sometimes referred to as federalism.

Question 35

Unitary State

Answer 35

A country where governmental authority is held primarily by the central government.

Question 36

Ethnic Separatism

Answer 36

Occurs when minority groups fight for independence. In Spain, the Basques & Catalans are two such groups that have a unique culture/language and desire to be independent from Spain.

Question 37

Ethnic Cleansing

Answer 37

When a people group commits mass expulsion or mass killing of a particular ethnic group whom they do not want to exist either in a particular region or in the world as a whole. A “Genocide” can be an “Ethnic Cleansing” but it can also be a mass killing for reasons other than ethnicity.

Question 38

Terrorism

Answer 38

The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes.

Question 39

African Union

Answer 39

An organization of African states that aims to encourage economic development and political stability through increased cooperation between its members.

Question 40

Arctic Council

Answer 40

The leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic Indigenous peoples and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues, in particular on issues of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic.

Question 41

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Answer 41

An organization of countries in southeast Asia set up to promote cultural, economic and political development in the region. ASEAN was officially formed in 1967 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration.

Question 42

Autonomous Region

Answer 42

An area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority.

Question 43

Balkanization

Answer 43

The fragmentation of a region into smaller, often hostile, political units. The term comes from the Balkan Peninsula of Europe, a region that has balkanized may time, and is still undergoing balkanization.

Question 44

Democratization

Answer 44

The spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative.

Question 45

European Union (EU)

Answer 45

A politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states.

Question 46

Globalization

Answer 46

Can be defined as the increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world. It provides an opportunity to diffuse ideas, as well as learn about other places (including the cultural landscape).

Question 47

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Answer 47

To unify and strengthen the Western Allies’ military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.

Question 48

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Answer 48

A supranational organization that controls the price of oil and petroleum. Many of these countries have an abundance of crude oil that is sold throughout the world and refined in refineries like in Houston, TX.

Question 49

Subnationalism

Answer 49

The feeling that one has primary allegiance to a traditional group or nation rather than to the state they are within.

Question 50

Supranationalism

Answer 50

The process of nation states organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance. Supranational organizations are where three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons.

Question 51

United Nations (UN)

Answer 51

An international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts.

Question 52

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

Answer 52

A 21st century, high standard trade agreement: supporting mutually beneficial trade resulting in freer markets, fairer trade, and robust economic growth in North America.

Question 53

Transnational Corporations

Answer 53

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Question 54

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Answer 54

The international organization that regulates international trade. (Group made up of people from all over the world who together control international trade.)

Question 55

Ethnonationalism

Answer 55

A form of nationalism in which the “nation” is defined in terms of ethnicity.

Question 56

Regionalism

Answer 56

A foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas.