Poland Flashcards
when did half the Polish hunts occur
1676 and 1725
what are the size of the hunts comparable to
Scandinavia
what can the severity of hunts in Poland be attributed to
the presence of theories of diabolism
absence of central control
unrestricted use of torture
where did German theories come from
theories of diabolism came from Germany as they had cross cultural links and commercial links with german lands
German influence- the translation of the Malleus Malificarium 1614
what wars did Poland endure and what did this lead to
Cossack rebellion 1648 and the first northern war against Sweden and Russia 1655-60 signalled the beginning of the breakdown during which hostile forces ravaged the country and paralyzed the government. This didn’t lead to immediate hunts but created the necessary social economic and psychological preconditions for witchhunting which wasn’t present before
how was torture used in Poland
Torturing without control was used to obtain both their own confessions and the names of accomplices
what were Polands witch beliefs
In certain parts of Poland, the cumulative concept of witchcraft found fertile ground this was where prosecutions were the most intense
where did witch trials take place and what did this show
Majority took place in municipal courts despite a law in 1543 entrusting jurisdiction of witchcraft to ecclesiastical courts
what was evidence of the bishops failure to control local courts
Royal edicts of 1672 and 1713 themselves were evidence of the failure of the bishops efforts to control jurisdictional control
what was religious climate in Poland before 1648
The growth of Protestantism and the successful efforts of the Counter Reformation to reclaim its converts led to a policy of toleration.
what was religious climate in Poland after 1648
However after 1648, Catholic intolerance increased and led to a number of restrictions on protestant freedom
