Pojmy, definice

Question 1

structure of a phrase X clause

Answer 1

1) phrase
- det. - mod. - [sth] - mod. - complem.

2) clause
mod. - [sth] - predication! - complem. - mod.

Question 2

4 sentence types

Answer 2

declarative
imperative
interrogative
exclamative

Question 3

speech acts

Answer 3

• actions performed during communication
• e.g. apology, complaint, comliment…
• can be direct/indirect

Question 4

discourse functions

Answer 4

statement
question
directive
exclamation

Question 5

verb mood

Answer 5

indicative
imperative
subjunctive (If I should see him, I will tell him.)
conditional (a condition)

Question 6

types of interrogative sentences

Answer 6

yes/no questions
wh-questions
alternative questions (Do you want 1 or 2?)

Question 7

question tags

Answer 7

reversed polarity tags (…, doesn’t he?)
constant polarity tags (…, have you?)
invariant tags (…, right? …, innit?)

Question 8

4 levels of a sentence

Answer 8

1) functional level
- clause elements (S, V, Od, A…)
→ syntactic function

2) form (realization) level
- phrases/clauses (NP, VP, PrepP…)

3) semantic level
- semantic types (agent, patient, predicate, time, manner…)

4) functional sentence perspective (FSP)
- carriers of communicative dynamism (theme, transition, rheme)

Question 9

What are complements?

Answer 9

• have to be expressed for the sentence to be grammatically acceptable

(The cat was chasing a mouse in the room. → the cat, a mouse = complements)

Question 10

clause patterns

Answer 10

SV
SVO
SVOO
SVOCo
SVCs
SVA
SVOA

Question 11

4 types of adverbials

Answer 11

1) adjuncts
- info about the circumstances
- semantic roles - space, time, manner…

2) subjuncts
- relationship with an element from the clause
- e.g. completely (ignored), only (his sister), kindly (offer)…

3) disjuncts
- a speaker’s comment
- honestly, frankly, in short, evidently, undeniably

4) conjuncts
- connecting function
- however, in addition, overall, to sum up, meanwhile