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1
Q

markers of SLE

A

IgG and postitive ANA

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2
Q

how to test for CF in newborn

A

immuno-reactive trypsin raised

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3
Q

normal position of ET tube

A

2cm above the carina

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4
Q

when is ground glass opacity seen

A

EAA

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5
Q

daltons law of partial pressure

A

at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

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6
Q

boyles law

A

as volume increases, pressure decreases

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7
Q

henrys law

A

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid

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8
Q

where are asbestosis inhaled fibred deposited

A

in the bifurcaitons of alveolar ducts

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9
Q

what happens when asbestos is deposited?

A

causes alveolar macrophage alveolitis which causes a process of fibrosis

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10
Q

why does asbestosis have pleural plaques?

A

asbestos drains via lymphatic drainage and pleural cavities - this forms pleural plaques
they are benign and asymptomatic but may lead to pleural effusion

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11
Q

which is the most carcinogenic asbestos fibre?

A

crocidolite

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12
Q

are straight or curved asbestos fibres more dangerous

A

straight

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13
Q

when is ARDS most serious?

A

secondary to sepsis

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14
Q

what is the O2 goal for ARDS?

A

88-95%

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15
Q

what drugs can be risk factors for OSA?

A

benzodiazepides. opiates and alcohol

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16
Q

what is OSA a big risk factor for

A

pulmonary hypertension

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17
Q

what is the CTFR gene?

A

an anion channel found on the apical membrane of epithelial cells

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18
Q

what are some complictions of CF

A

bronchiectaiss, pancreatic insuficiency, meconium ileus, male infertility, portal hypertension

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19
Q

how do CF affect exocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

they become blocked due to HCO3 not being produced by duct cells - this causes early activation of pancreatic enzymes - autodestruction of pancrease = malabsoption - treat with creon and ADEK supplements

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20
Q

how does CF affect enocrine cells of the pacnreas?

A

destrutcion of islets of langerhan - they are replaced by fatty tissue and so patients require insulin

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21
Q

what pattern of inheritance is CF?

A

autosomal recessive

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22
Q

why do you see signet rings in bronchiectasis on CT?

A

the bronchiole walls have thickened and widened

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23
Q

when is keratinisation lost?

A

as you go deeper into the epithelium

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24
Q

where are club cells found?

A

terminal bronchioles

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25
what is the diff between terniaml and resp bronchioles?
resp bronchioles can gas exchnage
26
what do type 1 pneumocytes do?
gas exchnage
27
what are conchae?
fleshy bits in the nose which increase SA
28
where are seromucous glands and venous sinuses found?
lamina propria
29
what is the trachea made of?
fibrocartilage
30
what changes occur going into the bronchioles?
loss of cartilage | columnar to cuboidal
31
what type of hypersensitivity is beryllosis?
type 4
32
what is the caplan syndrome triad?
pneumoconiosis, RA and pulmonary rheumatoid nodules
33
what is caplans syndrome?
multiple lung nodules in coal workers with rheumatoid arthiritis cause by an inflammatory reaction to an external allergen bilateral peripheral nodules
34
what is the pathogenesis of latent TB?
1. macrophage engulfs MB in the alveoli 2. MB replicates and kills macrophage - becoming released 3. this stimulates an immune response of TH1 cells and macrophages - creaating a granulomata with a caseous necrotic core surrounded by macrophages and lymphocytes
35
what is the treatment for latent TB?
RI = 3 months | or I = 6 months
36
what does primary TB look like?
gohn focus in mid periphery zone and large hilar nodes
37
what does secondary TB look like?
fibrosing and containing apical lesions
38
what are some paraneoplastic symptoms of lung cancer?
finger clubbing, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthopathy, thrombophlebitis, hypercalcaemia, SIADH, eaton-lambert syndrome
39
are paraneoplastic symptoms from the primary tumour or the met?
primary tumour
40
what is the most common type of lung cancer?
bronchial carcinoma
41
what do adenocarcinomas secrete?
TTF
42
how to diagnose bronchilitis?
PCR on throat or perinasal swab
43
what is churg strauss syndrom?
eosinophilic infiltration causing vasculitis in small areas and veins - ANCA+
44
what is seen on XRAY for coal workers pneumoniosis?
upper lobe robe opicates
45
what can cause cor pulmonale?
acute - PE | chronic - COPD
46
when to suspect empyema?
resolving pneumonia + feveer
47
how to treat empyema?
amox + metro
48
which bacteria causes epiglottiisi?
h influenza
49
how to treat epiglottiis?
ceftiaxone
50
bloody pleural fluid?
mesothelioma
51
microorganisms causing pertussis?
bordatella pertussis
52
first line treatment for pertussis?
erythromycin
53
GS investigation for PE
severe- CTPA pregnant - V/Q low risk - duplex then CTPA
54
what would be seen on a chest XRAY for a lung abcess
walled cavity often with a fluid level
55
where do you aspirate for a tension pneumothroax?
second ICS anteriorly, mid clavicular line
56
is sarcoidosis T cell mediated?
yes
57
what is kostmann syndrome?
sevre neutropenia, autosomal recessive
58
what is a feature of leukocyte adhesion deficiency
high leukocyte number during infection
59
which gene is affected in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
CD18
60
which marker is increased in SLE?
ANA
61
how do you measure airway hyper-reactivity?
methacholine, histamine or mannitol challenge testing
62
how can spirometry differentiate between COPD and asthma?
copd - decreases FVC and FEV | asthma - decreased FEV but normal FVC
63
things that shift the oxyhaemaglbobin curve left
reduced 2,3 DPG, hypothermia, hypocapnia, alkalosis, carbon monoxide
64
things that shift the oxyhaemaglobin curve right
hyperthermia, hypercapnia, acidosis, sickle cell
65
decreased pulmonary compliance and examples
greater change in pressure require to produce a change in lung volume because lungs are stiffer SOB, pulmonary fibrosis, oedema, collapse restrictive pattern
66
increased pulmonary compliacnce and examples
have to work harder to get air out of the lungs hyperinflation of lungs eg emphysema and COPD
67
TTF-1
adenocarcinoma and small cell
68
non small cell markers
kras and EFGR
69
pg63
squamous cell
70
PTH
Squamous
71
ACTH
small cell

Resp (30 decks)

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