pneumonia Flashcards
What is it?
infection and inflammation of the lungs, particularly alveoli
inflammtion can occur in either one or both of the lungs
alveoli become inflamed and fill up with fluid
Signs and symptoms
confusion cough vomiting tachycardia diarrhea dyspnea loss of appetite
Risk factors
smokers malnurished underlying lung disease recent respiratory infection older than 65 years immune compromised certain medications
Pulmonary defence mechanism
cough reflex mucocillary apparatus alevolar macrophages mucus secretions IGA antibodes microflora of upper respiratory tract nose hairs mouth acidity problems with these can make people more susceptible to lung infection
Causes of pneumonia
cough reflex mucocillary apparatus alevolar macrophages mucus secretions IGA antibodes microflora of upper respiratory tract nose hairs mouth acidity problems with these can make people more susceptible to lung infection
Causes of pneumonia
Bacteria: - most prevent cause - strep pneumonia -haemophilis influenza - legionella pneumonia -pneumococcal infection mycoplasma species viruses -influenza -RSV fungi
how does bacteria cause pneumonia
can enter and infect distal respiratory tract
alveoli
initiates an immune response
macrophages secrete cytokines
cytokines result in vasodilation of vessels, increasing vascular permeability
resulting in fluid shifting from vascular space into alveoli
leading to congestion
How does viral cause pneumonia?
viral particles infect respiratory cells release genetic material within the cell uses the hosts proteins to replicate creates many more new viral particles causing the respiratory cell to lice leading to cellular debris causing an immune response, leading to release of cytokines increasing vascular permeability and dilation of blood vessels resting in congestion
how does Fungal pneumonia
spores from fungi are inhaled
travels down alveoli
environment allows it to grow, forming a fungal ball containing cellular debris, and fungus
fungi can spread into vascular and systemic affect
Infected lung
fluid filled alveoli
narrowing of airways
increase in fluid secretion
consolidation
consolidation
fluid filled alveoli back flows causing fluid to fill other alveoli
process that fills alveoli with fluid puss alveoli
congestion
Lobam pneumonia
consolidation of lobe fluid filled spaced affects section of lobe starts distally and spreads throughout 4 stages congestion red hepatizzation grey hepatization resolution
Bronchus pneumonia
patches in respiratory tract
starts with bronchioles and moves towards alveoli
affects patches throughout both lungs and infection spreads across airways
examination of a congested lung
decreased expansion on the affected side
dull to percussion
bronchial breath sounds
increase vocal residence
How to assess severity of a person with pneumonia
curb 65 confusion URea/ hypoximia respiratory rate >30 blood pressure below 90 systole if score is greater than 2, patient needs to be hospitalised if patient is older than 65
