Heart Pathologies

Question 1

Artereis affected by atherosclerosis

Answer 1

abdominal aorta
common iliacs
coronary arteries

Question 2

What can atherosclerosis lead to?

Answer 2

coronary heart disease

MI

Question 3

Pathology of CAD

Answer 3

narrowed arteries
reduced lumen
decreased blood flow to the myocardium
leads to damage of myocardium (IHD/CHD)
bleeding into coronary artery, so artery gets blocked

Question 4

Symptoms of CAD

Answer 4

angina
pec major MI
symptoms may appear when artery is 70-75% occluded

Question 5

consequences of CAD

Answer 5

myocardial ischaemic 
angina
myocardial infarction
arrhythmias
imbalance between supply and demand of blood to myocardium

Question 6

where is the most common site of ischaemia

Answer 6

Left ventricle has highest demand and is most common site of ischaemia

Question 7

What is angina?

Answer 7

Result of transient ischaemia
Pain experienced on exertion or stress causing increased HR / BP
Emotion cold large meal
Lasts minutes
relieved by rest or nitroglycerine- aims to reduce tone (GTN)

Question 8

How to diagnose a myocardial infarction

Answer 8

Cardiac enzymes
Troponin
Appears after 3-6 hrs
Peaks 24-48 hrs
Lasts 7-10 days
Creatinine kinase (ck)

ECG: elevation of ST segment
inversion of T wave
enlarge Q wave

Question 9

Consequences of M.I

Answer 9

Arrythmias
VF, won’t have a CO so need resuscitation 
Cardiogenic shock
low CO
Inadequate perfusion
Thrombus formation
Risk of emboli
Rupture of ventricular wall, quick death 
Healing  
fibrous scar tissue has no contractility
May bulge on ventricular contraction
May have permanent significant reduced ability to pump
LVF

Question 10

Treatment of CAD

Answer 10

depends on severity
beta-blockers and vasodilators
Cardiac catheterisation/angiography
PTCA, Stenting, laser, drilling