Pneumonia

Question 1

Causes of aspiration pneumonia x3

Answer 1

Sleep
Intoxication
Low level of consciousness

Question 2

What are the mechanical host defense mechanisms in pneumonia x5

Answer 2

1.Alveolar macrophages
2.Gag and cough reflex
3. Hairs and turbinates in the nose
4.The branching architecture of the tracheobronchial tree
5.Normal flora adhering to mucosal cells of the oropharynx

Question 3

4 characteristic of red hepatization

Answer 3

1. Neutrophil influx
2. Erythrocytes in intralveolar space
3. Alveolar wall thickening
4. Red brown parenchymal consolidation

Question 4

3 characteristics of gray hepatization

Answer 4

1. No bacteria
2. Erythrocytes lysed and degraded
3. Suppurative, purulent exudate

Question 5

4 classifications of pneumonia according to site

Answer 5

1. Lobar pneumonia
2. Bronchopneumonia
3. Diffuse pneumonia
4. Interstitial pneumonia

Question 6

4 routes involved in pathogenesis of pneumonia

Answer 6

1. Direct inhalation
2. Hematogenous spread
3. Contiguous extension
4. Aspiration of secretions from mouth and nasopharynx to the lung

Question 7

Signs of lung consolidation on physical exam x7

Answer 7

1. Diminished lung expansion
2. Increased tactile fremitus
3. Dull on percussion
4. Positive egophony
5. Positive whispered pectoriloquy
6. Increased vocal resonance
7. Bronchial breath sounds

Question 8

Differential diagnosis for pneumonia x5

Answer 8

1. Pulmonary TB
2. Pulmonary infarction or pulmonary hemorrhage
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
4. COPD, PE
5. Lung/metastatic cancer
6. Atelectasis

Question 9

General complications of pneumonia x3

Answer 9

1. Hemolytic anemia
2. Respiratory failure
3. Sepsis ie multisystem failure
4. Cardiac dysfunction

Question 10

Local complications of pneumonia

Answer 10

1. Empyema
2. Pleural effusion
3. Lung abscess
4. Pneumothorax
5. DVT and PE

Question 11

Principles of pneumonia management x5

Answer 11

1. O2 therapy
2. IV fluids
3. Analgesia
4. Empiric antibiotics
5. Management of complications