PNE-155 Exam Review Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The study of body structure
Define physiology?
The study of how the body functions
Define homeostasis?
Physical and emotional BALANCE and involves an individuals cummulative chemical reactions, physical condition and emotional status
What is the name for the position of the body ,”below” or in a lower position?
Inferior
What is the name of the position of the body that is toward the front or “belly” surface of the body?
Anterior (Ventral)
Which body position means in or near the head?
Cranial
Which body position means “above” or in a higher position?
Superior
Which body position means toward the back of the body?
Posterior (Dorsal)
Which body position means near the lower end of the spine “tail”?
Caudal
Which body position means farther from the origin of a part?
Distal
Which body position means nearer the midline?
Medial
Which body position means farther from the midline, toward the side?
Lateral
Which body position means nearer the origin of a part?
Proximal
Which body position means toward the outer surface of the body?
External
What is the name of the horizontal plane that passes through the body at right angles to the frontal and sagittal planes, dividing it into upper and lower parts?
Transverse
What is the name of the vertical plane passing through the body lengthwise?
Sagittal
What is the name of the vertical plane that passes through the body longitudinally from head to toe, dividing into front and back parts?
Frontal
What is irritability within a cell?
The cell responds to stimuli
Which property of a cell is known to stretch or contract?
Contractility
Which property of nerve cells is specialized to send and receive impulses?
Conductivity
What is the name for building up, assimilation, or conversion of ingested substances?
Anabolism
What is another name for the breaking down, disintegrating, or tearing of substances into simpler substances?
Catabolism
Which type of tissue protects body parts and produces secretions? Ex: Skin
Epithelial Tissue
Which type of tissue anchors and supports other body structures? Ex: blood
Connective Tissue
Which type of tissue provides movement of the body?
Muscle Tissue
Which type of tissue conducts impulses to and from all parts of the body?
Nerve Tissue
CRANI-
Skull
CRYPT-
Hidden
CUT-
Skin
CYST-
Sac or Bladder
CYTO-
Cell
-ALGIA
Pain
-ASIS or -OSIS
Affected with
-BLAST
Germ
-CELE
Tumor
-CID
Cut
-CLYSIS
Injection
-COCCUS
Round bacterium
-CYTE
Cell
A- or AB-
Away, lack of
A- or AN-
From, without
ACR-
An extremity
AD-
To, toward
ADEN-
Gland
ALG-
Pain
AMBI-
Both
ANTE-
Before
ANTI-
Against
ARTH-
Joint
AUTO-
Self
BI- or BIN-
Two
BIO-
Life
BLAST-
Bud
BLEPH-
Eyelids
BRACHI-
Arm
BRACHY-
Short
BRADY-
Slow
BRONCH-
Windpipe
BUCC-
Cheek
What is the outermost, protective layer of skin?
Epidermis
What is the thickest skin layer, composed entirely of live cells and is called the “true skin”
Dermis (Corium)
Which type of tissue lies beneath the dermis and above a layer of muscle?
Subcutaneous Tissue
What are some of the effects of aging on the Integumentary system?
Nails/toenails become thick and brittle, age spots/liver spots, skin more prone to tearing, prone to heatstroke/ chilling, skin becomes transparent and less elastic
Most injections are given within which layer of the skin?
Dermis
Which gland lies close to the hair follicle, into which they usually drain?
Sebaceous Gland (Oil glands)
The name for the oily secretion from the sebaceous gland.
Sebum
Which gland is located in the dermis and is composed of 2 types (eccrine and apocrine)
Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands)
This type of sweat gland is active during puberty, and secretes a thick, oily, milky sweat into hair follicles. Mainly located in the pubic region, axillae, areolae of the breasts, external ear canal and eyelids.
Apocrine Glands
This type of sweat gland is located on the upper lip, forehead, back, palms and soles. They empty into ducts that empty into pores.
Eccrine Glands
Another term for excessive perspiration?
Diaphoresis
The term used for earwax?
Cerumen
These glands secrete cerumen and are found only in the skin of the external auditory meatus?
Ceruminous Glands
The transfer of heat from one object to another by direct contact?
Conduction
Heat is transferred and given off from the skin to the air?
Convection
CARCIN-
Cancer
CARDI-
Heart
CEPHAL- or CEPHALO-
Head
CHEIL-
Lip
CHOLE-
Bile
CHONDR-
Cartilage
CIRCUM-
Around
CLEID-
Clavicle
COLP-
Vagina
CONTRA-
Against
COST-
Rib
COUNTER-
Against
What is the returning of water into the air through vapor, which causes cooling?
Evaporation
People and animals give off heat rays through?
Radiation
A skin condition in which the melanocytes stop making melanin, causing distinct, localized areas of white on the skin?
Vitiligo
The major connective tissue found in the dermis?
Collagen
All that is left of skin cells after desquamation is a fibrous protein called? it carries a waterproof barrier and is the body’s true protector.
Keratin
Stimulated by cold or fear, these involuntary muscles contract, making the hairs stand erect?
arrector pilli
What is the automatic reflex that causes goosebumps to appear on the skin?
pilomotor reflex
What is the name for the body relaying information to the appropriate organ or system?
Feedback
The continual movement of fluids throughout the body allow the body to maintain _______? Ex: balancing fluids, electrolytes, acids and bases.
homeostasis
__________ _________ occurs when the body reverses and original stimulus to regain homeostasis?
Negative Feedback
__________ ___________ occurs when the body inhances or intensifies an original stimulus. Ex: Labor
Positive Feedback
This fluid compartment (Found WITHIN the cell) is 1/2-2/3 total body fluid of an adult
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
What are the 2 major systems involved in feedback?
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
What is the name of the fluid found between cells and accounts for about 15% of body weight?
Interstitial Fluid
What are the major ions in ICF?
Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate (in addition to proteins)
The fluid that is NOT contained within the cell. ( The body cannot maintain BP without it). Transports materials to and from the cell.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
_______ is the excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces.
Edema
__________ _________, refers to the abnormal movement of fluid into the spaces between cells.
Third-Spacing
Another name for severe generalized total body edema?
Anasarca
Another name for edema in the peritoneal cavity, generally associated with liver damage?
Ascites
Another name for a liquid that dissolves substances?
Solvent
The substance being dissolved in a solvent is called?
Solute
What 3 chemical substances are components of body fluid?
Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
What substances release hydrogen into fluid?
Acids
What substances bind with hydrogen?
Bases
What type of fluid imbalance is most common in older adults?
Dehydration
The average fluid intake of an adult should be ___ml/day.
2500
What is the normal sodium level?
135-145
What is the normal potassium level?
3.5-5.0
What is the normal calcium level?
4.3-5.3
What is the normal magnesium level?
1.5-1.9
A low pH and high CO2 indicate _______ _______
respiratory acidosis
What is the normal pH range?
7.35-7.45
What is the normal range of PaCO2?
35-45
HCO3 (bicarb) normal range?
22-26
pH <7.35 is considered?
acidotic
pH >7.45 is considered?
alkalotic
pH 7.3, PaCO2 68, HCO3 26
respiratory acidosis
pH 7.6, PaCO2 31, HCO3 25
respiratory alkalosis
pH 7.5, PaCo2 40, HCO3 34
Metabolic Alkalosis
pH 7.10, PaCO2 70, HCO3 24
respiratory acidosis
pH 7.57, PaCo2 37, HCO3 30
metabolic alkalosis
Normal chloride level?
95-108
What major ion is responsible for normal function of neurons and muscle cells?
(K) Potassium
Major ion of ECF that assists with normal functioning of neurons and muscle cells
Na (Sodium)
Diet options high in potassium?
Vegetables, Nuts and Dried fruit
Moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solution
Osmosis
The transport of water and materials through a membrane from high-low pressure?
Filtration
What interventions for an older adult at high risk of Fluid and Electrolyte imbalance?
increase food and fluid intake, monitor Na level, encourage exercise, monitor BP
What assists in regulation of the bodys pH
kidneys, cellular activities, buffer systems and lungs
-ECTASIS
Dilation
-ECTOMY
Excision
-EMIA
Blood
-ESTHESIA
Relating to sensation
-FERENT
Bear, Carry
DACRY-
Lacrimal Gland
DERM or DERMAT-
Skin
DI-
Two
DIS-
Apart
DYS-
Pain or Difficulty
ECTO-
Outside
EM- or EN-
In
ENCEPHAL-
Brain
END-
Within
ENTERO-
Intestine
EPI-
Above or on
ERYTHRO-
Red
EU-
Well
EX- or E-
Out
EXO-
Outside
EXTRA-
Outside
Bones that offer support and strength for the body, have and elongated shape and length > width.
Long bones
the shaft of the long bone
diaphysis
the end of the long bone
epiphysis
What is the hole through which blood vessels, ligaments and nerves pass is called?
foramen
What is the spongelike air space in a bone called?
sinus
Another term for fixed joints?
synarthroses
Strong fibrous bands that hold bones together
ligaments
The term that indicates muscle wasting
Atrophy
What is the only moveable facial bone?
mandible
Which bones are cube shaped?
Short
Which bones are similar to long bones but irregular in shape?
Irregular
_______ bone marrow is responsible for manufacturing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?
Red
Thin, hard, fibrous, dense connective tissue that covers the outside of most bones?
periosteum
Spine (spina)
sharp process
The point at which bones join or attach to each other are called joints or __________
articulations
Ex of synarthroses (fixed joint)
Cranial Suture
What type of joint are the elbow, knee, finger, and toe?
hinge
What type of joint are the hip and shoulder?
ball and socket
What type of joint is the wrist?
Condyloid
Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?
Skull, Vertebral Column and Rib Cage
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
the bones of appendages and extremities, and pelvic girdle
A joint that moves only in one plane?
ginglymus joint
The lumbar vertebrae are located?
the small of the back
The cervical vertebrae are located?
in the neck
Where are the sacral vertebrae?
Pelvis
Where are the thoracic vertebrae located?
Chest
___________, also known as humpback and is more common in women
Kyphosis
__________ _________ allow for brain and skull growth, made of membranous material initially and allows the head to fit the shape of the birth canal
newborn frontanels
Smooth muscles control?
involuntary motion inside body organs and structures
Skeletal muscles control?
Locomotion, facial expression and posture
Cardiac muscle is?
Involuntary and propels blood to the heart
The ability to shorten and become thicker?
Contractility
The ability to stretch is aka?
Extensibility
The ability to return to normal length after stretching?
Elasticity
(Nerve Impulse) ability to respond to stimulus
Irritability
_________ _________ increase muscle tension
Isometric Exercises
What type of exercise involves a long period of less than maximum exertion?
Aerobic
Digestion, Elimination, Respirations and cardiac maintenance are examples of ?
involuntary function of muscles
Maintaining the body in an upright position is what type of function of the muscles?
Voluntary
Which vitamin minimizes risk of Osteomalacia?
Vitamin D
Most of the heat in the body is manufactured by?
Oxygen and cell muscle activity of ATP
Ends of muscle fascia that lenghthen into tough cords called?
Tendons
What is responsible for connecting skeletal parts and supporting internal organs?
Ligaments
Which ligament connects the rectus abdominous to the pubic bone?
Henle
What ligament connects the diaphragm with the lowest ribs and first lumbar vertebrae?
Arcuate
Which frontanel of a newborn is diamond shaped?
Anterior
Which frontanel of a newborn is triangle in shape?
Posterior
Normal affect of aging on the skeletal system?
shortening of the vertebral column
__________ is the formation of bone as a result of an increase in calcification
Ossification
A soft and flexible type of connective tissue, organized into a system of fibers?
Cartilage
The spinal column ends in a single bone in adults called?
Coccyx
Another term for a mature bone cell?
Osteocyte
Another term for bone building cells?
Osteoblasts
This type of contraction shorten and thicken the muscle causing movement?
Isotonic
These types of contractions do not increase the length of a muscle, but do increase muscle tension?
Isometric
-GENIC
Producing
-IATRICS
Pertaining to physician or the practice of healing
-ITIS
Inflammation
-LOGY
Science of
-LYSIS
Losing, flowing. dissolution
-MALACIA
Softening
-OMA
Tumor
-OSIS (-ASIS)
Being affected with
-(O)STOMY
Creation of an opening
-PATHY
Disease
-PENIA
Decrease of deficiency of
-PEXY
To Fix
FEBRI-
Fever
GALACTO-
Milk
GASTR-
Stomach
GLOSS-
Tongue
GLYCO-
Sugar
GYNEC-
Women
HEM- or HEMAT-
Blood
HEMI-
Half
HEPAT-
Liver
HETERO-
Other
HIST-
Tissue
HOMO-
Same
HYDR-
Water
HYPER-
Above; Excess of
HYPO-
Under; deficiency of
HYSTER-
Uterus
IDIO-
Self or seperate
The term used for the study of the nervous system?
Neurology
The medulla, pons and midbrain make up the _________?
Brainstem
The __________ contains nerve tracts and carries messages between the cerebrum and the medulla?
Pons
Which part of the brain controls vital body functions such as heart rate and vasomotor tone?
Medulla
What is the inner layer that lies closely over the brain and spinal cord?
Pia Mater
Which layer lies closely over the brain and spinal cord, brings nutrients to nervous tissue, and is very vascular?
Pia Mater
Which layer is tough, fibrous covering that adheres to the bones of the skull?
Dura Mater
Which cranial nerve controls swallowing?
IX
Which cranial nerve is associated with somatic motor function?
X
Which cranial nerve involves rotation of the head?
XI
Which cranial nerve assesses movement of the tongue?
XII
What happens in the “fight or flight” SNS response?
Elevated HR, Elevated RR, response to emotion/physical threats
During this response the body returns to a baseline after a stressful situation and maintains normal body functions?
Parasympathetic Response
The sympathetic nerve function can be assessed by?
Pupil Dialation
Cranial nerve V can be assessed by?
Clenching the jaw
What response is produced by the sympathetic division of ANS?
Involuntary defecation/urination
The ________ system is responsible for learning, long term memory, sleep and wakefulness
Limbic system
Functions of the cerebellum?
Coordination, equilibrium, movement and muscle tone
Effects of aging on the nervous system?
loss of equilibrium, true dementia and temporary paralysis
What is the second largest part of the brain responsible for movement and coordination?
Cerebellum
What conducts messages within the neurologic system?
Neuron
Cerebrospinal fluid is found in ?
Subarachnoid space
The brain and spinal cord are in the ________ system
Central
The _____ system consists of bundles of neurons connecting the brain and spinal cord?
PNS
A term for an automatic response to stimuli?
Reflex
Function of cranial nerve III?
Eye movement
Function of cranial nerve I?
Smell
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
II
Function of cranial nerve V?
Facial movement
The reflex of respiration occurs in ?
medulla and pons
What is the main function of cranial nerve VIII?
hearing
What is the function of cranial nerve XI?
Rotation of head/ raising of the shoulder
T/F the nerve tract that crosses at the medulla causing right side of the brain to control the left side of the body?
True
What is the function of cranial nerve XII?
Movement of the tongue
T/F cranial nerve VII is responsible for taste and facial expressions?
True
What is aphasia?
trouble speaking
If a clear fluid is leaking from a clients nose after head trauma the nurse should?
check the fluid for glucose
The nurse should monitor what following an injury to the medulla?
Respiratory status
damage to the Wernicke are of the brain impairs?
ability to understand written/spoken language but client is still able to speak
Damage to the Broca’s area of the brain impairs?
causes speech impairment but does not affect comprehension
Complications of increased ICP?
herniation of the brain, brain hypoxia, brain compression.
An exstension that carries impulses away from the neuron cell body?
Axon
Short, highly branched extensions of the cell body?
Dendrites
A junction or space between the neuron and dendrite?
Synapse
Chemical released by the axon that enables the nerve impulses to cross the synapse and reach the dendrites?
neurotransmitter
________ neurons recieve and transmit messages from CNS from all parts of the body, have long dendrites and short axons, messages include blood pH, touch, sound, and pressure and light.
Sensory
_________ neurons have short dendrites and long axons, receive and transmit messages from CNS to muscles and glands and send signals to glands to secrete after muscle activity
Motor
The temporal lobe is responsible for?
smell, hearing and memory
The frontal lobe is responsible for?
higher mental processes
The parietal lobe is responsible for?
Speech and sensory input
Which lobe is responsible for vision?
Occipital
Which part of the brain is responsible for muscle control?
Cerebellum
_________ regulates body functions such as temp, thirst, urination, swallowing, sleep/wake cycle?
Hypothalamus
__________ functions in learning and long term memory?
hipposcampus
Which is largely responsible for maintaining a person’s level of awareness?
limbic system
__________ plays a role in allowing sensory input to enter the cerebral cortex?
recticular formation
What is the fatty covering surrounding an axon?
Myelin sheath
Which neurons usually have long dendrites and short axons?
afferent and sensory
Composes 80% of the brains volume, coordinates sensory data, motor functioning, governs intelligence, reasoning, learning and memory
Cerebum
This lobe contains the areas for written and motor speech?
Frontal
This lobe is responsible for higher levels of mental functioning, judgement and reasoning?
Frontal
This lobe is where sensations are preceived from the skin, ability to recognize shapes/sizes?
Parietal
This lobe receives and interprets auditory signals, processes language, controls hearing and smell?
Temporal
This lobe is where memories are stored?
Temporal
This lobe is where visual transmissions and interpretations occur?
Occipital
A term for crossing of nerve tracts within the brains medulla?
Decussation
__________ is located in the posterior area of the forebrain?
Thalamus
-PHAGIA
Eating
-PHASIA
Speech
-PHOBIA
Fear
-PLASTY
Molding
-PNEA
Air or breathing
-POIESIS
Making; forming
-PTOSIS
Falling
-RHYTHMIA
Rhythm
-RRHAGIA
Flowing or bursting forth
-RRHAPHY
Suture of
-RRHEA
Discharge
-STHEN
Pertaining to strength
-TAXIA OR -TAXIS
Order
-TROPHEA or -TROPHY
Nourishment
-URIA
To do with urine
Which system consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous system
CNS
The brain and spinal cord are covered by 3 protective membranes called the _______
meninges
Which glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine
Which glands secrete hormones into ducts?
Exocrine
What is the hormonal function of the placenta?
Pregnancy maintained to term
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Secretes many hormones that control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
What secretes hormones that are transported to target tissues through the circulatory system and directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine Glands
What regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood?
Parathyroid
Which one secretes hormones that mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system?
adrenal medulla
What is the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Control of bone and tissue growth
What is the action of the middle lobe of the pituitary gland?
increases skin and hair pigmentation
What is the action of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
Raises BP and promotes water reabsorption in kidney tubules
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
Controls body’s rate of metabolism and affects calcium storage
What is the action of the parathyroid gland?
Activates Vitamin D and regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
What part inhibits or promotes release of hormones from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
Which hormone secreted by adrenal medulla mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system?q
catecholamines
Which gland releases melanin?
Pineal Gland
Which gland releases glycoproteins?
Pituitary gland
Which gland releases calcitonin?
Thyroid
What is the role of glucocorticoids?
decrease inflammatory responses, influence systhesis of glucose, depresses immune response and influences synthesis of amino acids and fats
How does the body regulate glucose?
insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon raises blood glucose, and the pancreas is responsible
What are the functions of the endocrine organ?
influence cellular immunity and stimulate production of T cells
What influences cellular immunity by stimulating the production of T cells?
Thymus
Which hormone stimulates the growth and secretion of ovarian follicles in women and sperm in men?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Which hormone stimulates ovulation in women?
Lutenizing Hormone
What do prostaglandins do?
Digestion, reproduction, BP and respirations
What occurs in negative feedback?
ceased hormone production, inhibited glandular response and achieve the desired hormone level
What is oxytocin?
Intensifies uterine contractions and enables the uterus to expel the fetus
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in women following pregnancy?
Prolactin
What is the key regulator of carbohydrates, proteins and fat metabolism?
Insulin
Which hormone influences the sleep/wake cycle?
Melatonin
Which hormone stimulates peripheral stem cells in bone marrow to produce red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
Which hormone is produced after eating that causes the stomach to produce more acid?
Gastrin
What controls the rate of nutrient absorption into the blood stream?
Somatostatin
What inhibits the release of insulin?
Somatostatin
What stimulates the breakdown of fats and proteins?
Glucagon
Which electrolyte deficiency would you identify with a goiter?
Iodine
Clients taking glucocorticoids take longer to heal and may have decreased response to infection? T/F
True
Which hormone is responsible for the production of eggs?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What is the function of vasopressin?
Blood vessel contractions
Which hormone stimulates growth in all body tissues?
Growth Hormone
IM- or IN-
In; Not
INFRA-
Below
INTER-
Between
INTRA-
Within
KERAT-
Horn
LACT-
Milk
LEUK-
White
MACRO-
Large
MAST-
Breast
MEG- or MEGAL-
Great
MENT-
MInd
MER-
Part
MESA-
Middle
META-
Beyond, over, change, metastasis
MICRO-
Small
MY-
Muscle
MYC-
Fungi
NECRO-
Corpse
NEO-
New
NEPH-
Kidney
NEURO-
Nerve
ODONT-
Tooth
OLIG-
Little
OO-
Egg
OOPHOR-
Ovary
OPHTHALM-
Eye
ORTHO-
Straight
OSS-
Bone
OSTE-
Bone
OT-
Ear
OVAR-
Ovary
PARA-
Irregular
PATH-
Disease
PED-
Children; Feet
PER-
Through
PERI-
Around
What glands keep the eyes surface lubricated?
Lacrimal glands
Which cranial nerve carries visual images to the brain?
Cranial nerve II
Which cranial nerve carries sensations of eye pain?
Cranial nerve V
Which cranial nerve controls voluntary eye movement?
Cranial nerve IV
Which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?
VI
What part of the ear contains the Organ of Corti?
Cochlea
Which part of the ear transmits sound waves?
Inner ear
Which part of the ear is primarily concerned with balance?
Semicircular Canals
Where are the lacrimal glands located?
Outer corner of the eye
What is the function of the lacrimal glands?
Moisten and lubricate surface of the eye
What is the cornea?
influences visual acuity by refracting light rays
What is the function of the choroid?
brings o2 and nutrients to all layers of the eye
What maintains intraocular pressure?
Aqueous Humor
What part of the eye allows light to enter?
Pupil
What gives the eye it’s specific color?
Iris
What controls the lens of the eye?
ciliary muscles
What is the major role of the lens in the eye?
Focusing light rays on the retina
T/F loss of vitreous humor causes blindness
True
What is the function of the retina in the eye?
Permits color, dark and light vision
What is the auricle in the ear?
guides sound waves into its small opening into the auditory canal
What are the 3 bones of the ear called that protect the ear from injury?
Ossicles
Another term for farsightedness?
Hyperopia
Another term for nearsightedness?
Myopia
Feeling dizzy, sometimes ill, or a sense of being rotated is known as _______?
Vertigo
What is olfaction?
Smell
What is vitreous humor?
loss of it can lead to blindness, maintains eyeball shape and contributes to interocular pressure
What is aqueous humor?
provides nutrients and o2 to avascular lens and cornea
What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve?
Carries sensations of eye pain
What is the thin, transparent mucous membrane of the eye?
Conjunctiva
Irregularities in the curvature of the cornea and lens of the eye is called ____________?
Astigmatism
Another name for the sense of taste?
Gustation
________ located in the taste buds, detect chemicals in solution in the mouth?
Chemoreceptors
Which cranial nerves carry the sensation of taste?
Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) and cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
Tactile refers to the sense of _______?
Touch
What flavors can taste buds detect?
Sweet, Salty, Sour, bitter, and (Umami) Savory
PHIL-
Love
PHLEB-
Vein
PHOB-
Fear
PNEUM- or PNEUMON-
Lung
POLIO-
Grey
POLY-
Many
POST-
After
PRE-
Before
PRO-
Before
PROCT-
Rectum
PSEUDO-
False
PSYCH-
Soul or MInd
PY-
Pus
PYEL-
Pelvis
RACH-
Spine
REN-
Kidney
RETRO-
Backward
RHIN-
Nose
SALPING-
A tube
SEMI-
Half
SEPTIC-
Poison
SOMAT-
Body
STA-
Make stand
Arteries carry oxygenated blood _______ from the heart
Away
The thin, outer layer of the heart is known as the __________?
Epicardium
What heart valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid
What valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral (Bicuspid)
Which ventricle sends blood to the entire body?
Left ventricle
What carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What is the largest artery?
Aorta
What returns blood to the heart from the head?
Superior Vena Cava
What divides the heart into right and left sides?
Septum
Why would someone need and electrical pacemaker?
Pacemaker cells in SA node decrease`
The volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat depends on ___________?
Preload/ Afterload
What stimulates the heart to beat?
Conduction system of electrical impulses
How much blood do the systemic veins/venules house?
Approximately 60%
Thick strong muscles that make up the middle layer of the heart are called _________?
Myocardium
The membrane lining the hearts interior wall is called ______?
Endocardium
The outermost layer that anchors the heart is called ___________?
Pericardium
The outermost layer of cardiac vessels composed of connective tissue and nerve cells is called ________?
Tunica Adventitia
The layer of cardiac vessels that contains the thickest elastic fibers, connective tissue composed of polysaccharides is called ___________?
Tunica Media
The layer that protects the outside of the vessel?
Tunica Adventitia
The layer of cardiac vessels that is the thinnest, single layer of simple squamous endothelium is called ________?
Tunica Intima
There are ______ upper chambers that ________ blood in the heart.
2, receive
There are ____ lower chambers that _______ blood in the heart.
2, pump
The _________ ventricle is the thickest and pumps blood to the rest of the body?
Left ventricle
What is the function of the cardiac valves?
Keeps blood flowing in one direction
________ are the principal arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood?
Left and Right coronary arteries
What is the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries
The SA node is also referred to as the _______?
Normal pacemaker of the heart
The first normal heart sound (S1) is called the LUB, it is produced by the ________?
closure of AV valves when the ventricles contract
The second normal heart sound (S2) or DUB is produced by ___________?
The closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves when ventricles relax
Normal Cardiac output?
4-6L; blood pumped by the ventricle in one minute
What is Blood Pressure?
The force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
What is diastolic blood pressure?
The force of ventricles when they relax
What is systolic blood pressure?
The force of ventricles when they contract
What are the special receptors in blood vessel walls that help maintain BP within normal limits?
baroreceptors
What is the path of blood flow through the heart?
Superior Vena Cava/Inferior Vena Cava–Right Atrium–Tricuspid Valve–Right Ventricle–Pulmonary Valve–Pulmonary Arteries–Pulmonary Veins–Left Atrium–Mitral Valve–Left Ventricle–Aortic valve–Aorta
STEN-
Narrow
SUB-
Under
SUPER-
Above
SUPRA-
Above, on
SYM- or SYN-
With, together
TACHY-
Fast
TENS-
Stretch
THERM-
Heat
TOX- or TOXIC-
Poison
TRACHE-
Trachea
TRANS-
Across
TRI-
Three
TRICH-
Hair
UNI-
One
VAS-
Vessel
ZOO-
Animal
Which system transports dietary fat?
Lymphatic
What are the functions of the hematologic system?
Protection, Transportation and Regulation
What term refers to the production, multiplication, maturation, specialization of blood cells in the bone marrow?
hematopoeisis
What are the functions of albumin?
maintains BP and blood thickness, fluid volume
Erythropoeitin is secreted by the _______?
Kidneys
What is the most numerous blood cell?
Erythrocytes
What carries o2 to all body cells?
hemoglobin
T/F men have higher RBCs than women?
True
T/F people living in higher altitudes have more RBCs because each RBC carries less O2
True
What are the functions of WBCs?
Defends against infection
Increased bands indicate?
Infection shift to the left
When are basophils involved?
allergic and inflammatory responses
What is the term for engulfing of particulate matter?
Phagocytosis
What are symptoms of an allergic reaction?
Vasodilation, edema, bronchial constriction and itching
Where is Vitamin K produced in the body?
Colon
What blood type is a universal recipient?
AB
What blood type is a universal donor?
O
The Lymphatic organs include?
Thymus, spleen and tonsils
Internal carotids connects with the _________ in the brain?
Circle of Willis
Which lymph gland produces T cells?
Thymus
Which circulation measure only allows specific substances into the brain?
Blood Brain Barrier
Which circulation begins and ends with capillaries?
Hepatic Portal
Normal Hgb for a female?
12-16
Normal Hgb for males?
14-18
The average adult body contains how much blood?
4-6L
Plasma contains__________, __________, _________?
Albumin, globulins and electrolytes
Whats another term for platelets?
thrombocytes
What does RBC count mean?
of RBC per volume of blood
White blood cells function?
Defend the body against disease organisms, toxins, irritants, foreign materials
What part of blood provides thickness to circulating blood, maintains osmotic pressure and BP?
Albumin
What term describes the body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and prevents infection?
Immunity
What WBCs are granular?
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
What WBCs are agranular?
monocytes and lymphocytes
What are the “cornerstones” or the immune system that has the ability to recognize foreign in the body?
Lymphocytes
Which lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
What type of immunity engulfs and destroys antigens after antibodies identify them for destruction?
Humoral
What type of immunity protects the body against antigens and disease by bacteria?
Humoral
What is the substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response?
Antigen
When are antibodies produced?
in response to an antigen
Which immunoglobulin is produced on initial exposure to antigen and stimulates complement activity?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin is transferred across the placenta and protects the fetus?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin is important against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs and intestines?
IgA
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate type allergic reactions such as latex allergies?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin functions as an antigen receptor?
IgD
What are the functions of immunoglobulins?
imprisons invader cells, facilitates phagocytosis, disables bacteria and complement action
T/F a child with spina bifida is at an increased risk of latex allergies?
True
Which immunity is the antigen rendered harmless?
Cell mediated
Immature stem cells in the bone marrow migrate to the ______ to become T cells?
Thymus
Which is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ?
Thymus
Nonspecific defense mechanisms of the immune system?
Skin, tear, hydrochloric acid, and vomiting/defication/urination
Immunity can be ___________ or ________
Acquired or Inborn
What type of immunity results from measles or chicken pox?
Naturally Acquired Active
What type of immunity occurs between mothers and infants?
Naturally Acquired Passive
What type of immunity occurs as a result of a live vaccine?
Artificially Acquired Active
What type of immunity occurs as a result of injection of ready made antibodies into a person’s system? (ex: rabies)
Artificially Acquired Passive
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
O2 and Co2 exchange, protection, speech production and acid base balance
What are cilia?
tiny hairlike projections on membranes to filter foreign particles
___________ drain directly into the nasal cavity, give resonance to voice and lighten the skull.
Sinuses
What is the passageway for air and food?
Pharynx
What is another name for the throat?
oropharynx
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
guards the entrance to the larynx
T/F adenoids atrophy as you age
True
What is another name for the windpipe?
Trachea
In the event of a blocked airway a _________ may be needed. It is an opening from the outside into the trachea?
tracheotomoy
What are the basic structural units where gas exchange occurs?
alveoli
Which lung has 3 lobes?
Right
Which lung has 2 lobes?
Left
What is the area between the lungs called?
mediastinum
What is eupnea?
normal breathing
Where is the respiratory center located?
medulla
What muscles assist with respiration?
diaphragm, trapezium, pectorals, intercoastal, mastoid and abdominus rectus
What is a major regulator of respiration?
Carbon dioxide
The exchange of o2 for co2 within the alveoli of the lungs is called?
External Respiration
What happens to the diaphragm on exhalation?
Rises and relaxes
When co2 builds up it causes a condition known as ______?
Respiratory Acidosis
How does blood go to the lungs to get oxygen?
Pulmonary Artery
Which pluera lines the chest wall?
Visceral
Which bronchus are you more likely to aspirate in?
Right
What is apnea?
cessation of breathing
Which tonsils are most commonly removed?
Palatine
_______ acts to break up surface tension in the pulmonary fluids.
Surfactant
What is the passage way of air through the respiratory system?
Nose/Mouth–Pharynx–larynx–trachea–bronchi–bronchioles–alveoli
T/F The GI tract is NOT sterile
True
What is the purpose of saliva?
helps prevent oral infections, wets food to facilitate swallowing
What is the purpose of molars in digestion?
help crush and grind food
Where are the submandibular salivary glands located?
under the lower jaw
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Processing, manufacture, elimination, absorption and reabsorption
What decreases taste and smell?
Smoking
What does rugae in the stomach do?
Allows the stomach to distend when food is eaten
Which sphincter is between the stomach and small intestine?
Pyloric
Which sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach?
Cardiac
How long does the stomach mix food?
3-5 hours
Most of the nutrient absorption occurs in the colon T/F
False
What hormone activates the gallbladder?
cholecystokinin
Secretion of bile, absorption of billirubin, stores fat soluable vitamins, detox blood, formation of vitamin A, and synthesis of clotting factors are all functions of which organ?
Liver
The breakdown of molecules into smaller ones releasing energy is called _________?
Catabolism
The synthesis of simpler substances into new organized substances is called ___________?
Anabolism
Which is the body’s largest glandular organ?
Liver
The appendix plays a large role in our body’s immunity? T/F
False
What is the medical term for trouble swallowing?
dysphagia
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
What is emesis?
Vomitting
Food that mixes with mucus and gastric acid to form a milky, semiliquid is called ________?
Chyme
The involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles in the digestive tract that moves food and waste is called _________?
peristalsis
The maintenance of homeostasis, manufacturing of renin and erythropoietin, elimination and processing of wastes are functions of what system?
Urinary
What are the functions of the kidneys?
forms urine, extracts wastes from the body, balances body fluids
What does retroperitoneal mean?
behind the peritoneum
Where do blood vessels enter the kidneys?
Hilium
What are the functional units of kidneys called?
nephrons
The RAA mechanism is responsible for?
Regulation of BP
What part of the kidney is responsible for maintaining BP?
JGA
What part of the kidney is responsible for concentrating salts by reabsorbing water?
Loop of Henle
Aldosterone responds to _______ and ________ in the urinary system?
High potassium and low sodium
Which hormone is secreted by the heart that increases kidney filtration and blood flow when blood volume increases?
ANP
What part of the urinary system stores urine?
Bladder
The womens urethra is _______ than that of males increasing the risk of UTIs
shorter
Glomerular filtrate contains?
water, glucose, creatinine, urea and electrolytes
What is tubular reabsorption?
urine to blood
Tubular secretion moves substances from ______ to ______?
blood to urine
What is the normal urine specific gravity?
1.01-1.025
Low specific gravity indicates?
Overhydration and diluted urine
High specific gravity indicates?
Dehydration and urine retention
Abnormal products in urine?
blood, glucose, casts, ketones, pus, large amounts of bacteria, albumin and bile
Involuntary micturition means?
incontinence
What are the functional units of the testes?
Semineferous tubules
Where do the sperm mature?
Epididymis
The process of male sterilization includes?
does not effect male erection, 2 vas deferens are cut and prevents the sperm from passing
T/F prostate tissure adds alkaline secretion to semen which decreases sperm motility?
False
What is the major male androgen?
Testosterone
What are the internal organs of the male reproductive system?
bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, testes, prostate and ducts
What are the external structures of the male reproductive system?
Penis and scrotum
Ejaculatory fluid contains?
semen, alkaline secretions and sperm
T/F the ovaries continuously make ova throughout the women’s lifetime?
False
What is an etopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy outside the uterus
The mucus of the vagina is _______?
Acidic
What is the main hormone that influences female reproductive system?
Follicle stimulating hormone and the lutenizing hormone
During which phase is the ovum released into the fallopian tube?
Ovulation
During which phase does the ovum begin to mature?
Follicular
During which phase does the lining of the uterus thicken to allow the fetus to be embeded?
Luteal
What are some effects of menopause?
weight gain, dry itchy skin and thinning hair
What is the first period called?
Menarche
Female hormones are called?
Estrogens
Monthly flow of blood from the uterus is called?
menstruation
Fertilization of the ovum usually occurs in the?
Oviduct
