PNE-155 Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The study of body structure
2
Q
Define physiology?
A
The study of how the body functions
3
Q
Define homeostasis?
A
Physical and emotional BALANCE and involves an individuals cummulative chemical reactions, physical condition and emotional status
4
Q
What is the name for the position of the body ,”below” or in a lower position?
A
Inferior
5
Q
What is the name of the position of the body that is toward the front or “belly” surface of the body?
A
Anterior (Ventral)
6
Q
Which body position means in or near the head?
A
Cranial
7
Q
Which body position means “above” or in a higher position?
A
Superior
8
Q
Which body position means toward the back of the body?
A
Posterior (Dorsal)
9
Q
Which body position means near the lower end of the spine “tail”?
A
Caudal
10
Q
Which body position means farther from the origin of a part?
A
Distal
11
Q
Which body position means nearer the midline?
A
Medial
12
Q
Which body position means farther from the midline, toward the side?
A
Lateral
13
Q
Which body position means nearer the origin of a part?
A
Proximal
14
Q
Which body position means toward the outer surface of the body?
A
External
15
Q
What is the name of the horizontal plane that passes through the body at right angles to the frontal and sagittal planes, dividing it into upper and lower parts?
A
Transverse
16
Q
What is the name of the vertical plane passing through the body lengthwise?
A
Sagittal
17
Q
What is the name of the vertical plane that passes through the body longitudinally from head to toe, dividing into front and back parts?
A
Frontal
18
Q
What is irritability within a cell?
A
The cell responds to stimuli
19
Q
Which property of a cell is known to stretch or contract?
A
Contractility
20
Q
Which property of nerve cells is specialized to send and receive impulses?
A
Conductivity
21
Q
What is the name for building up, assimilation, or conversion of ingested substances?
A
Anabolism
22
Q
What is another name for the breaking down, disintegrating, or tearing of substances into simpler substances?
A
Catabolism
23
Q
Which type of tissue protects body parts and produces secretions? Ex: Skin
A
Epithelial Tissue
24
Q
Which type of tissue anchors and supports other body structures? Ex: blood
A
Connective Tissue
25
Which type of tissue provides movement of the body?
Muscle Tissue
26
Which type of tissue conducts impulses to and from all parts of the body?
Nerve Tissue
27
CRANI-
Skull
28
CRYPT-
Hidden
29
CUT-
Skin
30
CYST-
Sac or Bladder
31
CYTO-
Cell
32
-ALGIA
Pain
33
-ASIS or -OSIS
Affected with
34
-BLAST
Germ
35
-CELE
Tumor
36
-CID
Cut
37
-CLYSIS
Injection
38
-COCCUS
Round bacterium
39
-CYTE
Cell
40
A- or AB-
Away, lack of
41
A- or AN-
From, without
42
ACR-
An extremity
43
AD-
To, toward
44
ADEN-
Gland
45
ALG-
Pain
46
AMBI-
Both
47
ANTE-
Before
48
ANTI-
Against
49
ARTH-
Joint
50
AUTO-
Self
51
BI- or BIN-
Two
52
BIO-
Life
53
BLAST-
Bud
54
BLEPH-
Eyelids
55
BRACHI-
Arm
56
BRACHY-
Short
57
BRADY-
Slow
58
BRONCH-
Windpipe
59
BUCC-
Cheek
60
What is the outermost, protective layer of skin?
Epidermis
61
What is the thickest skin layer, composed entirely of live cells and is called the "true skin"
Dermis (Corium)
62
Which type of tissue lies beneath the dermis and above a layer of muscle?
Subcutaneous Tissue
63
What are some of the effects of aging on the Integumentary system?
Nails/toenails become thick and brittle, age spots/liver spots, skin more prone to tearing, prone to heatstroke/ chilling, skin becomes transparent and less elastic
64
Most injections are given within which layer of the skin?
Dermis
65
Which gland lies close to the hair follicle, into which they usually drain?
Sebaceous Gland (Oil glands)
66
The name for the oily secretion from the sebaceous gland.
Sebum
67
Which gland is located in the dermis and is composed of 2 types (eccrine and apocrine)
Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands)
68
This type of sweat gland is active during puberty, and secretes a thick, oily, milky sweat into hair follicles. Mainly located in the pubic region, axillae, areolae of the breasts, external ear canal and eyelids.
Apocrine Glands
69
This type of sweat gland is located on the upper lip, forehead, back, palms and soles. They empty into ducts that empty into pores.
Eccrine Glands
70
Another term for excessive perspiration?
Diaphoresis
71
The term used for earwax?
Cerumen
72
These glands secrete cerumen and are found only in the skin of the external auditory meatus?
Ceruminous Glands
73
The transfer of heat from one object to another by direct contact?
Conduction
74
Heat is transferred and given off from the skin to the air?
Convection
75
CARCIN-
Cancer
76
CARDI-
Heart
77
CEPHAL- or CEPHALO-
Head
78
CHEIL-
Lip
79
CHOLE-
Bile
80
CHONDR-
Cartilage
81
CIRCUM-
Around
82
CLEID-
Clavicle
83
COLP-
Vagina
84
CONTRA-
Against
85
COST-
Rib
86
COUNTER-
Against
87
What is the returning of water into the air through vapor, which causes cooling?
Evaporation
88
People and animals give off heat rays through?
Radiation
89
A skin condition in which the melanocytes stop making melanin, causing distinct, localized areas of white on the skin?
Vitiligo
90
The major connective tissue found in the dermis?
Collagen
91
All that is left of skin cells after desquamation is a fibrous protein called? it carries a waterproof barrier and is the body's true protector.
Keratin
92
Stimulated by cold or fear, these involuntary muscles contract, making the hairs stand erect?
arrector pilli
93
What is the automatic reflex that causes goosebumps to appear on the skin?
pilomotor reflex
94
What is the name for the body relaying information to the appropriate organ or system?
Feedback
95
The continual movement of fluids throughout the body allow the body to maintain _______? Ex: balancing fluids, electrolytes, acids and bases.
homeostasis
96
__________ _________ occurs when the body reverses and original stimulus to regain homeostasis?
Negative Feedback
97
__________ ___________ occurs when the body inhances or intensifies an original stimulus. Ex: Labor
Positive Feedback
98
This fluid compartment (Found WITHIN the cell) is 1/2-2/3 total body fluid of an adult
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
99
What are the 2 major systems involved in feedback?
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
100
What is the name of the fluid found between cells and accounts for about 15% of body weight?
Interstitial Fluid
101
What are the major ions in ICF?
Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate (in addition to proteins)
102
The fluid that is NOT contained within the cell. ( The body cannot maintain BP without it). Transports materials to and from the cell.
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
103
_______ is the excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces.
Edema
104
__________ _________, refers to the abnormal movement of fluid into the spaces between cells.
Third-Spacing
105
Another name for severe generalized total body edema?
Anasarca
106
Another name for edema in the peritoneal cavity, generally associated with liver damage?
Ascites
107
Another name for a liquid that dissolves substances?
Solvent
108
The substance being dissolved in a solvent is called?
Solute
109
What 3 chemical substances are components of body fluid?
Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
110
What substances release hydrogen into fluid?
Acids
111
What substances bind with hydrogen?
Bases
112
What type of fluid imbalance is most common in older adults?
Dehydration
113
The average fluid intake of an adult should be ___ml/day.
2500
114
What is the normal sodium level?
135-145
115
What is the normal potassium level?
3.5-5.0
116
What is the normal calcium level?
4.3-5.3
117
What is the normal magnesium level?
1.5-1.9
118
A low pH and high CO2 indicate _______ _______
respiratory acidosis
119
What is the normal pH range?
7.35-7.45
120
What is the normal range of PaCO2?
35-45
121
HCO3 (bicarb) normal range?
22-26
122
pH <7.35 is considered?
acidotic
123
pH >7.45 is considered?
alkalotic
124
pH 7.3, PaCO2 68, HCO3 26
respiratory acidosis
125
pH 7.6, PaCO2 31, HCO3 25
respiratory alkalosis
126
pH 7.5, PaCo2 40, HCO3 34
Metabolic Alkalosis
127
pH 7.10, PaCO2 70, HCO3 24
respiratory acidosis
128
pH 7.57, PaCo2 37, HCO3 30
metabolic alkalosis
129
Normal chloride level?
95-108
130
What major ion is responsible for normal function of neurons and muscle cells?
(K) Potassium
131
Major ion of ECF that assists with normal functioning of neurons and muscle cells
Na (Sodium)
132
Diet options high in potassium?
Vegetables, Nuts and Dried fruit
133
Moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solution
Osmosis
134
The transport of water and materials through a membrane from high-low pressure?
Filtration
135
What interventions for an older adult at high risk of Fluid and Electrolyte imbalance?
increase food and fluid intake, monitor Na level, encourage exercise, monitor BP
136
What assists in regulation of the bodys pH
kidneys, cellular activities, buffer systems and lungs
137
-ECTASIS
Dilation
138
-ECTOMY
Excision
139
-EMIA
Blood
140
-ESTHESIA
Relating to sensation
141
-FERENT
Bear, Carry
142
DACRY-
Lacrimal Gland
143
DERM or DERMAT-
Skin
144
DI-
Two
145
DIS-
Apart
146
DYS-
Pain or Difficulty
147
ECTO-
Outside
148
EM- or EN-
In
149
ENCEPHAL-
Brain
150
END-
Within
151
ENTERO-
Intestine
152
EPI-
Above or on
153
ERYTHRO-
Red
154
EU-
Well
155
EX- or E-
Out
156
EXO-
Outside
157
EXTRA-
Outside
158
Bones that offer support and strength for the body, have and elongated shape and length > width.
Long bones
159
the shaft of the long bone
diaphysis
160
the end of the long bone
epiphysis
161
What is the hole through which blood vessels, ligaments and nerves pass is called?
foramen
162
What is the spongelike air space in a bone called?
sinus
163
Another term for fixed joints?
synarthroses
164
Strong fibrous bands that hold bones together
ligaments
165
The term that indicates muscle wasting
Atrophy
166
What is the only moveable facial bone?
mandible
167
Which bones are cube shaped?
Short
168
Which bones are similar to long bones but irregular in shape?
Irregular
169
_______ bone marrow is responsible for manufacturing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?
Red
170
Thin, hard, fibrous, dense connective tissue that covers the outside of most bones?
periosteum
171
Spine (spina)
sharp process
172
The point at which bones join or attach to each other are called joints or __________
articulations
173
Ex of synarthroses (fixed joint)
Cranial Suture
174
What type of joint are the elbow, knee, finger, and toe?
hinge
175
What type of joint are the hip and shoulder?
ball and socket
176
What type of joint is the wrist?
Condyloid
177
Which bones are part of the axial skeleton?
Skull, Vertebral Column and Rib Cage
178
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
the bones of appendages and extremities, and pelvic girdle
179
A joint that moves only in one plane?
ginglymus joint
180
The lumbar vertebrae are located?
the small of the back
181
The cervical vertebrae are located?
in the neck
182
Where are the sacral vertebrae?
Pelvis
183
Where are the thoracic vertebrae located?
Chest
184
___________, also known as humpback and is more common in women
Kyphosis
185
__________ _________ allow for brain and skull growth, made of membranous material initially and allows the head to fit the shape of the birth canal
newborn frontanels
186
Smooth muscles control?
involuntary motion inside body organs and structures
187
Skeletal muscles control?
Locomotion, facial expression and posture
188
Cardiac muscle is?
Involuntary and propels blood to the heart
189
The ability to shorten and become thicker?
Contractility
190
The ability to stretch is aka?
Extensibility
191
The ability to return to normal length after stretching?
Elasticity
192
(Nerve Impulse) ability to respond to stimulus
Irritability
193
_________ _________ increase muscle tension
Isometric Exercises
194
What type of exercise involves a long period of less than maximum exertion?
Aerobic
195
Digestion, Elimination, Respirations and cardiac maintenance are examples of ?
involuntary function of muscles
196
Maintaining the body in an upright position is what type of function of the muscles?
Voluntary
197
Which vitamin minimizes risk of Osteomalacia?
Vitamin D
198
Most of the heat in the body is manufactured by?
Oxygen and cell muscle activity of ATP
199
Ends of muscle fascia that lenghthen into tough cords called?
Tendons
200
What is responsible for connecting skeletal parts and supporting internal organs?
Ligaments
201
Which ligament connects the rectus abdominous to the pubic bone?
Henle
202
What ligament connects the diaphragm with the lowest ribs and first lumbar vertebrae?
Arcuate
203
Which frontanel of a newborn is diamond shaped?
Anterior
204
Which frontanel of a newborn is triangle in shape?
Posterior
205
Normal affect of aging on the skeletal system?
shortening of the vertebral column
206
__________ is the formation of bone as a result of an increase in calcification
Ossification
207
A soft and flexible type of connective tissue, organized into a system of fibers?
Cartilage
208
The spinal column ends in a single bone in adults called?
Coccyx
209
Another term for a mature bone cell?
Osteocyte
210
Another term for bone building cells?
Osteoblasts
211
This type of contraction shorten and thicken the muscle causing movement?
Isotonic
212
These types of contractions do not increase the length of a muscle, but do increase muscle tension?
Isometric
213
-GENIC
Producing
214
-IATRICS
Pertaining to physician or the practice of healing
215
-ITIS
Inflammation
216
-LOGY
Science of
217
-LYSIS
Losing, flowing. dissolution
218
-MALACIA
Softening
219
-OMA
Tumor
220
-OSIS (-ASIS)
Being affected with
221
-(O)STOMY
Creation of an opening
222
-PATHY
Disease
223
-PENIA
Decrease of deficiency of
224
-PEXY
To Fix
225
FEBRI-
Fever
226
GALACTO-
Milk
227
GASTR-
Stomach
228
GLOSS-
Tongue
229
GLYCO-
Sugar
230
GYNEC-
Women
231
HEM- or HEMAT-
Blood
232
HEMI-
Half
233
HEPAT-
Liver
234
HETERO-
Other
235
HIST-
Tissue
236
HOMO-
Same
237
HYDR-
Water
238
HYPER-
Above; Excess of
239
HYPO-
Under; deficiency of
240
HYSTER-
Uterus
241
IDIO-
Self or seperate
242
The term used for the study of the nervous system?
Neurology
243
The medulla, pons and midbrain make up the _________?
Brainstem
244
The __________ contains nerve tracts and carries messages between the cerebrum and the medulla?
Pons
245
Which part of the brain controls vital body functions such as heart rate and vasomotor tone?
Medulla
246
What is the inner layer that lies closely over the brain and spinal cord?
Pia Mater
247
Which layer lies closely over the brain and spinal cord, brings nutrients to nervous tissue, and is very vascular?
Pia Mater
248
Which layer is tough, fibrous covering that adheres to the bones of the skull?
Dura Mater
249
Which cranial nerve controls swallowing?
IX
250
Which cranial nerve is associated with somatic motor function?
X
251
Which cranial nerve involves rotation of the head?
XI
252
Which cranial nerve assesses movement of the tongue?
XII
253
What happens in the "fight or flight" SNS response?
Elevated HR, Elevated RR, response to emotion/physical threats
254
During this response the body returns to a baseline after a stressful situation and maintains normal body functions?
Parasympathetic Response
255
The sympathetic nerve function can be assessed by?
Pupil Dialation
256
Cranial nerve V can be assessed by?
Clenching the jaw
257
What response is produced by the sympathetic division of ANS?
Involuntary defecation/urination
258
The ________ system is responsible for learning, long term memory, sleep and wakefulness
Limbic system
259
Functions of the cerebellum?
Coordination, equilibrium, movement and muscle tone
260
Effects of aging on the nervous system?
loss of equilibrium, true dementia and temporary paralysis
261
What is the second largest part of the brain responsible for movement and coordination?
Cerebellum
262
What conducts messages within the neurologic system?
Neuron
263
Cerebrospinal fluid is found in ?
Subarachnoid space
264
The brain and spinal cord are in the ________ system
Central
265
The _____ system consists of bundles of neurons connecting the brain and spinal cord?
PNS
266
A term for an automatic response to stimuli?
Reflex
267
Function of cranial nerve III?
Eye movement
268
Function of cranial nerve I?
Smell
269
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
II
270
Function of cranial nerve V?
Facial movement
271
The reflex of respiration occurs in ?
medulla and pons
272
What is the main function of cranial nerve VIII?
hearing
273
What is the function of cranial nerve XI?
Rotation of head/ raising of the shoulder
274
T/F the nerve tract that crosses at the medulla causing right side of the brain to control the left side of the body?
True
275
What is the function of cranial nerve XII?
Movement of the tongue
276
T/F cranial nerve VII is responsible for taste and facial expressions?
True
277
What is aphasia?
trouble speaking
278
If a clear fluid is leaking from a clients nose after head trauma the nurse should?
check the fluid for glucose
279
The nurse should monitor what following an injury to the medulla?
Respiratory status
280
damage to the Wernicke are of the brain impairs?
ability to understand written/spoken language but client is still able to speak
281
Damage to the Broca's area of the brain impairs?
causes speech impairment but does not affect comprehension
282
Complications of increased ICP?
herniation of the brain, brain hypoxia, brain compression.
283
An exstension that carries impulses away from the neuron cell body?
Axon
284
Short, highly branched extensions of the cell body?
Dendrites
285
A junction or space between the neuron and dendrite?
Synapse
286
Chemical released by the axon that enables the nerve impulses to cross the synapse and reach the dendrites?
neurotransmitter
287
________ neurons recieve and transmit messages from CNS from all parts of the body, have long dendrites and short axons, messages include blood pH, touch, sound, and pressure and light.
Sensory
288
_________ neurons have short dendrites and long axons, receive and transmit messages from CNS to muscles and glands and send signals to glands to secrete after muscle activity
Motor
289
The temporal lobe is responsible for?
smell, hearing and memory
290
The frontal lobe is responsible for?
higher mental processes
291
The parietal lobe is responsible for?
Speech and sensory input
292
Which lobe is responsible for vision?
Occipital
293
Which part of the brain is responsible for muscle control?
Cerebellum
294
_________ regulates body functions such as temp, thirst, urination, swallowing, sleep/wake cycle?
Hypothalamus
295
__________ functions in learning and long term memory?
hipposcampus
296
Which is largely responsible for maintaining a person's level of awareness?
limbic system
297
__________ plays a role in allowing sensory input to enter the cerebral cortex?
recticular formation
298
What is the fatty covering surrounding an axon?
Myelin sheath
299
Which neurons usually have long dendrites and short axons?
afferent and sensory
300
Composes 80% of the brains volume, coordinates sensory data, motor functioning, governs intelligence, reasoning, learning and memory
Cerebum
301
This lobe contains the areas for written and motor speech?
Frontal
302
This lobe is responsible for higher levels of mental functioning, judgement and reasoning?
Frontal
303
This lobe is where sensations are preceived from the skin, ability to recognize shapes/sizes?
Parietal
304
This lobe receives and interprets auditory signals, processes language, controls hearing and smell?
Temporal
305
This lobe is where memories are stored?
Temporal
306
This lobe is where visual transmissions and interpretations occur?
Occipital
307
A term for crossing of nerve tracts within the brains medulla?
Decussation
308
__________ is located in the posterior area of the forebrain?
Thalamus
309
-PHAGIA
Eating
310
-PHASIA
Speech
311
-PHOBIA
Fear
312
-PLASTY
Molding
313
-PNEA
Air or breathing
314
-POIESIS
Making; forming
315
-PTOSIS
Falling
316
-RHYTHMIA
Rhythm
317
-RRHAGIA
Flowing or bursting forth
318
-RRHAPHY
Suture of
319
-RRHEA
Discharge
320
-STHEN
Pertaining to strength
321
-TAXIA OR -TAXIS
Order
322
-TROPHEA or -TROPHY
Nourishment
323
-URIA
To do with urine
324
Which system consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous system
CNS
325
The brain and spinal cord are covered by 3 protective membranes called the _______
meninges
326
Which glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine
327
Which glands secrete hormones into ducts?
Exocrine
328
What is the hormonal function of the placenta?
Pregnancy maintained to term
329
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Secretes many hormones that control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
330
What secretes hormones that are transported to target tissues through the circulatory system and directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine Glands
331
What regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood?
Parathyroid
332
Which one secretes hormones that mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system?
adrenal medulla
333
What is the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Control of bone and tissue growth
334
What is the action of the middle lobe of the pituitary gland?
increases skin and hair pigmentation
335
What is the action of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
Raises BP and promotes water reabsorption in kidney tubules
336
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
Controls body's rate of metabolism and affects calcium storage
337
What is the action of the parathyroid gland?
Activates Vitamin D and regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
338
What part inhibits or promotes release of hormones from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
339
Which hormone secreted by adrenal medulla mimics the action of the sympathetic nervous system?q
catecholamines
340
Which gland releases melanin?
Pineal Gland
341
Which gland releases glycoproteins?
Pituitary gland
342
Which gland releases calcitonin?
Thyroid
343
What is the role of glucocorticoids?
decrease inflammatory responses, influence systhesis of glucose, depresses immune response and influences synthesis of amino acids and fats
344
How does the body regulate glucose?
insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon raises blood glucose, and the pancreas is responsible
345
What are the functions of the endocrine organ?
influence cellular immunity and stimulate production of T cells
346
What influences cellular immunity by stimulating the production of T cells?
Thymus
347
Which hormone stimulates the growth and secretion of ovarian follicles in women and sperm in men?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
348
Which hormone stimulates ovulation in women?
Lutenizing Hormone
349
What do prostaglandins do?
Digestion, reproduction, BP and respirations
350
What occurs in negative feedback?
ceased hormone production, inhibited glandular response and achieve the desired hormone level
351
What is oxytocin?
Intensifies uterine contractions and enables the uterus to expel the fetus
352
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in women following pregnancy?
Prolactin
353
What is the key regulator of carbohydrates, proteins and fat metabolism?
Insulin
354
Which hormone influences the sleep/wake cycle?
Melatonin
355
Which hormone stimulates peripheral stem cells in bone marrow to produce red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
356
Which hormone is produced after eating that causes the stomach to produce more acid?
Gastrin
357
What controls the rate of nutrient absorption into the blood stream?
Somatostatin
358
What inhibits the release of insulin?
Somatostatin
359
What stimulates the breakdown of fats and proteins?
Glucagon
360
Which electrolyte deficiency would you identify with a goiter?
Iodine
361
Clients taking glucocorticoids take longer to heal and may have decreased response to infection? T/F
True
362
Which hormone is responsible for the production of eggs?
Follicle stimulating hormone
363
What is the function of vasopressin?
Blood vessel contractions
364
Which hormone stimulates growth in all body tissues?
Growth Hormone
365
IM- or IN-
In; Not
366
INFRA-
Below
367
INTER-
Between
368
INTRA-
Within
369
KERAT-
Horn
370
LACT-
Milk
371
LEUK-
White
372
MACRO-
Large
373
MAST-
Breast
374
MEG- or MEGAL-
Great
375
MENT-
MInd
376
MER-
Part
377
MESA-
Middle
378
META-
Beyond, over, change, metastasis
379
MICRO-
Small
380
MY-
Muscle
381
MYC-
Fungi
382
NECRO-
Corpse
383
NEO-
New
384
NEPH-
Kidney
385
NEURO-
Nerve
386
ODONT-
Tooth
387
OLIG-
Little
388
OO-
Egg
389
OOPHOR-
Ovary
390
OPHTHALM-
Eye
391
ORTHO-
Straight
392
OSS-
Bone
393
OSTE-
Bone
394
OT-
Ear
395
OVAR-
Ovary
396
PARA-
Irregular
397
PATH-
Disease
398
PED-
Children; Feet
399
PER-
Through
400
PERI-
Around
401
What glands keep the eyes surface lubricated?
Lacrimal glands
402
Which cranial nerve carries visual images to the brain?
Cranial nerve II
403
Which cranial nerve carries sensations of eye pain?
Cranial nerve V
404
Which cranial nerve controls voluntary eye movement?
Cranial nerve IV
405
Which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?
VI
406
What part of the ear contains the Organ of Corti?
Cochlea
407
Which part of the ear transmits sound waves?
Inner ear
408
Which part of the ear is primarily concerned with balance?
Semicircular Canals
409
Where are the lacrimal glands located?
Outer corner of the eye
410
What is the function of the lacrimal glands?
Moisten and lubricate surface of the eye
411
What is the cornea?
influences visual acuity by refracting light rays
412
What is the function of the choroid?
brings o2 and nutrients to all layers of the eye
413
What maintains intraocular pressure?
Aqueous Humor
414
What part of the eye allows light to enter?
Pupil
415
What gives the eye it's specific color?
Iris
416
What controls the lens of the eye?
ciliary muscles
417
What is the major role of the lens in the eye?
Focusing light rays on the retina
418
T/F loss of vitreous humor causes blindness
True
419
What is the function of the retina in the eye?
Permits color, dark and light vision
420
What is the auricle in the ear?
guides sound waves into its small opening into the auditory canal
421
What are the 3 bones of the ear called that protect the ear from injury?
Ossicles
422
Another term for farsightedness?
Hyperopia
423
Another term for nearsightedness?
Myopia
424
Feeling dizzy, sometimes ill, or a sense of being rotated is known as _______?
Vertigo
425
What is olfaction?
Smell
426
What is vitreous humor?
loss of it can lead to blindness, maintains eyeball shape and contributes to interocular pressure
427
What is aqueous humor?
provides nutrients and o2 to avascular lens and cornea
428
What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve?
Carries sensations of eye pain
429
What is the thin, transparent mucous membrane of the eye?
Conjunctiva
430
Irregularities in the curvature of the cornea and lens of the eye is called ____________?
Astigmatism
431
Another name for the sense of taste?
Gustation
432
________ located in the taste buds, detect chemicals in solution in the mouth?
Chemoreceptors
433
Which cranial nerves carry the sensation of taste?
Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) and cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
434
Tactile refers to the sense of _______?
Touch
435
What flavors can taste buds detect?
Sweet, Salty, Sour, bitter, and (Umami) Savory
436
PHIL-
Love
437
PHLEB-
Vein
438
PHOB-
Fear
439
PNEUM- or PNEUMON-
Lung
440
POLIO-
Grey
441
POLY-
Many
442
POST-
After
443
PRE-
Before
444
PRO-
Before
445
PROCT-
Rectum
446
PSEUDO-
False
447
PSYCH-
Soul or MInd
448
PY-
Pus
449
PYEL-
Pelvis
450
RACH-
Spine
451
REN-
Kidney
452
RETRO-
Backward
453
RHIN-
Nose
454
SALPING-
A tube
455
SEMI-
Half
456
SEPTIC-
Poison
457
SOMAT-
Body
458
STA-
Make stand
459
Arteries carry oxygenated blood _______ from the heart
Away
460
The thin, outer layer of the heart is known as the __________?
Epicardium
461
What heart valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid
462
What valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral (Bicuspid)
463
Which ventricle sends blood to the entire body?
Left ventricle
464
What carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Arteries
465
What is the largest artery?
Aorta
466
What returns blood to the heart from the head?
Superior Vena Cava
467
What divides the heart into right and left sides?
Septum
468
Why would someone need and electrical pacemaker?
Pacemaker cells in SA node decrease`
469
The volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat depends on ___________?
Preload/ Afterload
470
What stimulates the heart to beat?
Conduction system of electrical impulses
471
How much blood do the systemic veins/venules house?
Approximately 60%
472
Thick strong muscles that make up the middle layer of the heart are called _________?
Myocardium
473
The membrane lining the hearts interior wall is called ______?
Endocardium
474
The outermost layer that anchors the heart is called ___________?
Pericardium
475
The outermost layer of cardiac vessels composed of connective tissue and nerve cells is called ________?
Tunica Adventitia
476
The layer of cardiac vessels that contains the thickest elastic fibers, connective tissue composed of polysaccharides is called ___________?
Tunica Media
477
The layer that protects the outside of the vessel?
Tunica Adventitia
478
The layer of cardiac vessels that is the thinnest, single layer of simple squamous endothelium is called ________?
Tunica Intima
479
There are ______ upper chambers that ________ blood in the heart.
2, receive
480
There are ____ lower chambers that _______ blood in the heart.
2, pump
481
The _________ ventricle is the thickest and pumps blood to the rest of the body?
Left ventricle
482
What is the function of the cardiac valves?
Keeps blood flowing in one direction
483
________ are the principal arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood?
Left and Right coronary arteries
484
What is the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries
485
The SA node is also referred to as the _______?
Normal pacemaker of the heart
486
The first normal heart sound (S1) is called the LUB, it is produced by the ________?
closure of AV valves when the ventricles contract
487
The second normal heart sound (S2) or DUB is produced by ___________?
The closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves when ventricles relax
488
Normal Cardiac output?
4-6L; blood pumped by the ventricle in one minute
489
What is Blood Pressure?
The force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
490
What is diastolic blood pressure?
The force of ventricles when they relax
491
What is systolic blood pressure?
The force of ventricles when they contract
492
What are the special receptors in blood vessel walls that help maintain BP within normal limits?
baroreceptors
493
What is the path of blood flow through the heart?
Superior Vena Cava/Inferior Vena Cava--Right Atrium--Tricuspid Valve--Right Ventricle--Pulmonary Valve--Pulmonary Arteries--Pulmonary Veins--Left Atrium--Mitral Valve--Left Ventricle--Aortic valve--Aorta
494
STEN-
Narrow
495
SUB-
Under
496
SUPER-
Above
497
SUPRA-
Above, on
498
SYM- or SYN-
With, together
499
TACHY-
Fast
500
TENS-
Stretch
501
THERM-
Heat
502
TOX- or TOXIC-
Poison
503
TRACHE-
Trachea
504
TRANS-
Across
505
TRI-
Three
506
TRICH-
Hair
507
UNI-
One
508
VAS-
Vessel
509
ZOO-
Animal
510
Which system transports dietary fat?
Lymphatic
511
What are the functions of the hematologic system?
Protection, Transportation and Regulation
512
What term refers to the production, multiplication, maturation, specialization of blood cells in the bone marrow?
hematopoeisis
513
What are the functions of albumin?
maintains BP and blood thickness, fluid volume
514
Erythropoeitin is secreted by the _______?
Kidneys
515
What is the most numerous blood cell?
Erythrocytes
516
What carries o2 to all body cells?
hemoglobin
517
T/F men have higher RBCs than women?
True
518
T/F people living in higher altitudes have more RBCs because each RBC carries less O2
True
519
What are the functions of WBCs?
Defends against infection
520
Increased bands indicate?
Infection shift to the left
521
When are basophils involved?
allergic and inflammatory responses
522
What is the term for engulfing of particulate matter?
Phagocytosis
523
What are symptoms of an allergic reaction?
Vasodilation, edema, bronchial constriction and itching
524
Where is Vitamin K produced in the body?
Colon
525
What blood type is a universal recipient?
AB
526
What blood type is a universal donor?
O
527
The Lymphatic organs include?
Thymus, spleen and tonsils
528
Internal carotids connects with the _________ in the brain?
Circle of Willis
529
Which lymph gland produces T cells?
Thymus
530
Which circulation measure only allows specific substances into the brain?
Blood Brain Barrier
531
Which circulation begins and ends with capillaries?
Hepatic Portal
532
Normal Hgb for a female?
12-16
533
Normal Hgb for males?
14-18
534
The average adult body contains how much blood?
4-6L
535
Plasma contains__________, __________, _________?
Albumin, globulins and electrolytes
536
Whats another term for platelets?
thrombocytes
537
What does RBC count mean?
of RBC per volume of blood
538
White blood cells function?
Defend the body against disease organisms, toxins, irritants, foreign materials
539
What part of blood provides thickness to circulating blood, maintains osmotic pressure and BP?
Albumin
540
What term describes the body's ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and prevents infection?
Immunity
541
What WBCs are granular?
Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
542
What WBCs are agranular?
monocytes and lymphocytes
543
What are the "cornerstones" or the immune system that has the ability to recognize foreign in the body?
Lymphocytes
544
Which lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
545
What type of immunity engulfs and destroys antigens after antibodies identify them for destruction?
Humoral
546
What type of immunity protects the body against antigens and disease by bacteria?
Humoral
547
What is the substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response?
Antigen
548
When are antibodies produced?
in response to an antigen
549
Which immunoglobulin is produced on initial exposure to antigen and stimulates complement activity?
IgM
550
Which immunoglobulin is transferred across the placenta and protects the fetus?
IgG
551
Which immunoglobulin is important against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs and intestines?
IgA
552
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate type allergic reactions such as latex allergies?
IgE
553
Which immunoglobulin functions as an antigen receptor?
IgD
554
What are the functions of immunoglobulins?
imprisons invader cells, facilitates phagocytosis, disables bacteria and complement action
555
T/F a child with spina bifida is at an increased risk of latex allergies?
True
556
Which immunity is the antigen rendered harmless?
Cell mediated
557
Immature stem cells in the bone marrow migrate to the ______ to become T cells?
Thymus
558
Which is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ?
Thymus
559
Nonspecific defense mechanisms of the immune system?
Skin, tear, hydrochloric acid, and vomiting/defication/urination
560
Immunity can be ___________ or ________
Acquired or Inborn
561
What type of immunity results from measles or chicken pox?
Naturally Acquired Active
562
What type of immunity occurs between mothers and infants?
Naturally Acquired Passive
563
What type of immunity occurs as a result of a live vaccine?
Artificially Acquired Active
564
What type of immunity occurs as a result of injection of ready made antibodies into a person's system? (ex: rabies)
Artificially Acquired Passive
565
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
O2 and Co2 exchange, protection, speech production and acid base balance
566
What are cilia?
tiny hairlike projections on membranes to filter foreign particles
567
___________ drain directly into the nasal cavity, give resonance to voice and lighten the skull.
Sinuses
568
What is the passageway for air and food?
Pharynx
569
What is another name for the throat?
oropharynx
570
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
guards the entrance to the larynx
571
T/F adenoids atrophy as you age
True
572
What is another name for the windpipe?
Trachea
573
In the event of a blocked airway a _________ may be needed. It is an opening from the outside into the trachea?
tracheotomoy
574
What are the basic structural units where gas exchange occurs?
alveoli
575
Which lung has 3 lobes?
Right
576
Which lung has 2 lobes?
Left
577
What is the area between the lungs called?
mediastinum
578
What is eupnea?
normal breathing
579
Where is the respiratory center located?
medulla
580
What muscles assist with respiration?
diaphragm, trapezium, pectorals, intercoastal, mastoid and abdominus rectus
581
What is a major regulator of respiration?
Carbon dioxide
582
The exchange of o2 for co2 within the alveoli of the lungs is called?
External Respiration
583
What happens to the diaphragm on exhalation?
Rises and relaxes
584
When co2 builds up it causes a condition known as ______?
Respiratory Acidosis
585
How does blood go to the lungs to get oxygen?
Pulmonary Artery
586
Which pluera lines the chest wall?
Visceral
587
Which bronchus are you more likely to aspirate in?
Right
588
What is apnea?
cessation of breathing
589
Which tonsils are most commonly removed?
Palatine
590
_______ acts to break up surface tension in the pulmonary fluids.
Surfactant
591
What is the passage way of air through the respiratory system?
Nose/Mouth--Pharynx--larynx--trachea--bronchi--bronchioles--alveoli
592
T/F The GI tract is NOT sterile
True
593
What is the purpose of saliva?
helps prevent oral infections, wets food to facilitate swallowing
594
What is the purpose of molars in digestion?
help crush and grind food
595
Where are the submandibular salivary glands located?
under the lower jaw
596
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Processing, manufacture, elimination, absorption and reabsorption
597
What decreases taste and smell?
Smoking
598
What does rugae in the stomach do?
Allows the stomach to distend when food is eaten
599
Which sphincter is between the stomach and small intestine?
Pyloric
600
Which sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach?
Cardiac
601
How long does the stomach mix food?
3-5 hours
602
Most of the nutrient absorption occurs in the colon T/F
False
603
What hormone activates the gallbladder?
cholecystokinin
604
Secretion of bile, absorption of billirubin, stores fat soluable vitamins, detox blood, formation of vitamin A, and synthesis of clotting factors are all functions of which organ?
Liver
605
The breakdown of molecules into smaller ones releasing energy is called _________?
Catabolism
606
The synthesis of simpler substances into new organized substances is called ___________?
Anabolism
607
Which is the body's largest glandular organ?
Liver
608
The appendix plays a large role in our body's immunity? T/F
False
609
What is the medical term for trouble swallowing?
dysphagia
610
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
611
What is emesis?
Vomitting
612
Food that mixes with mucus and gastric acid to form a milky, semiliquid is called ________?
Chyme
613
The involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles in the digestive tract that moves food and waste is called _________?
peristalsis
614
The maintenance of homeostasis, manufacturing of renin and erythropoietin, elimination and processing of wastes are functions of what system?
Urinary
615
What are the functions of the kidneys?
forms urine, extracts wastes from the body, balances body fluids
616
What does retroperitoneal mean?
behind the peritoneum
617
Where do blood vessels enter the kidneys?
Hilium
618
What are the functional units of kidneys called?
nephrons
619
The RAA mechanism is responsible for?
Regulation of BP
620
What part of the kidney is responsible for maintaining BP?
JGA
621
What part of the kidney is responsible for concentrating salts by reabsorbing water?
Loop of Henle
622
Aldosterone responds to _______ and ________ in the urinary system?
High potassium and low sodium
623
Which hormone is secreted by the heart that increases kidney filtration and blood flow when blood volume increases?
ANP
624
What part of the urinary system stores urine?
Bladder
625
The womens urethra is _______ than that of males increasing the risk of UTIs
shorter
626
Glomerular filtrate contains?
water, glucose, creatinine, urea and electrolytes
627
What is tubular reabsorption?
urine to blood
628
Tubular secretion moves substances from ______ to ______?
blood to urine
629
What is the normal urine specific gravity?
1.01-1.025
630
Low specific gravity indicates?
Overhydration and diluted urine
631
High specific gravity indicates?
Dehydration and urine retention
632
Abnormal products in urine?
blood, glucose, casts, ketones, pus, large amounts of bacteria, albumin and bile
633
Involuntary micturition means?
incontinence
634
What are the functional units of the testes?
Semineferous tubules
635
Where do the sperm mature?
Epididymis
636
The process of male sterilization includes?
does not effect male erection, 2 vas deferens are cut and prevents the sperm from passing
637
T/F prostate tissure adds alkaline secretion to semen which decreases sperm motility?
False
638
What is the major male androgen?
Testosterone
639
What are the internal organs of the male reproductive system?
bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, testes, prostate and ducts
640
What are the external structures of the male reproductive system?
Penis and scrotum
641
Ejaculatory fluid contains?
semen, alkaline secretions and sperm
642
T/F the ovaries continuously make ova throughout the women's lifetime?
False
643
What is an etopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy outside the uterus
644
The mucus of the vagina is _______?
Acidic
645
What is the main hormone that influences female reproductive system?
Follicle stimulating hormone and the lutenizing hormone
646
During which phase is the ovum released into the fallopian tube?
Ovulation
647
During which phase does the ovum begin to mature?
Follicular
648
During which phase does the lining of the uterus thicken to allow the fetus to be embeded?
Luteal
649
What are some effects of menopause?
weight gain, dry itchy skin and thinning hair
650
What is the first period called?
Menarche
651
Female hormones are called?
Estrogens
652
Monthly flow of blood from the uterus is called?
menstruation
653
Fertilization of the ovum usually occurs in the?
Oviduct
