Chapter 24 Flashcards
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To protect the body against pathogens and foreign substances.
True or False: The immune system can only recognize bacteria.
False
Fill in the blank: The two main types of immunity are __________ and __________.
innate, adaptive
What type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for the adaptive immune response?
Lymphocytes
Which cells are known as phagocytes?
Macrophages and neutrophils
What is the role of antibodies?
To neutralize pathogens and facilitate their destruction.
True or False: Vaccination is a method of inducing active immunity.
True
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity is developed through exposure to pathogens or vaccination, while passive immunity is acquired through antibodies from another source.
Which part of the immune system includes the thymus and bone marrow?
The primary lymphoid organs
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? A) Helper T cells B) Cytotoxic T cells C) Memory B cells
C) Memory B cells
What is an antigen?
A substance that can trigger an immune response.
True or False: The skin is considered a part of the innate immune system.
True
Fill in the blank: __________ are proteins produced by B cells that specifically target antigens.
Antibodies
What is the function of the complement system?
To enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.
Multiple Choice: Which type of immunity is provided by maternal antibodies? A) Active immunity B) Passive immunity C) Both A and B
B) Passive immunity
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?
To present antigens to T cells and initiate the adaptive immune response.
True or False: All immune responses are immediate and do not require prior exposure to the pathogen.
False
Fill in the blank: __________ are substances that stimulate the production of antibodies.
Vaccines
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
To localize and eliminate the source of injury or infection.
Multiple Choice: Which immune cell is primarily involved in the allergic response? A) Neutrophils B) Mast cells C) B cells
B) Mast cells
What is an autoimmune disease?
A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.
True or False: Immunodeficiency disorders result in an overactive immune response.
False
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which white blood cells leave the bloodstream to reach sites of infection.
Diapedesis
What does the term ‘memory’ refer to in the immune system?
The ability of the immune system to remember past infections and respond more effectively upon re-exposure.
KM: _____is the bodies ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens.
Immunity
JS
Antibody-mediated immunity:
Changes an antigen, rendering it harmless to the body.
CG - What do T lymphocytes protect?
Viral infections
KM: True or False: An Antigen is any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response.
True
JR WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTECTS THE FETUS BEFORE BIRTH AGAINST ANTITOXINS,VIRUSES AND BACTERIA?
IgG
JS Antigen-antibody reactions:
Begins with B lymphocytes, whose job is to produce humoral immunity.
CL What gives the body ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and prevent infectious diseases
Immunity
AW
The body’s ability to recognize and destroy pathogens?
Immunity
J.O. Which proteins act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response and some are given by injection to treat specific diseases
Cytokines
CG - what is an antigen?
Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
KM: What are the primary functions of the immune system?
Defense, Homeostasis, and Surveillance.
any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response (B.C)
Antigen
JR The bodies immune system includes?
Bone marrow,lymphoid organs and mononuclear phagocyte system
T.O. Antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen
IgM
The body’s immune system includes
CH
Bone marrow, lymphoid organs, and mononuclear phagocyte system
JS The complement system:
Attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cell, helping antibodies kill the pathogen, called complement fixation.
CG- Exposure to an antigen in the blood stream activates B cells to enlarge and multiply rapidly to produce?
Colonies of clones
T.O. The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus
IgG
KM: Define IgA:
Has to do with secretions such as saliva, tears, etc. Main function is to protect against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs, and intestines.
JS A complement:
Is a group of inactive proteins normally present in the blood.
J.O. Exposure to an antigen causes ______ to enlarge, rapidly multiply, and produce colonies of clones
B cells
Aw
True or False
Cell- mediated immunity refers to the destruction of antigens by T cells?
True
what cells in bone marrow can develop into any of these 3 types of blood cells? (B.C)
RBC, WBC, and platelets
CG- what immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, most common, also called gamma globulin
IgG
Antigen (AG)
CH
Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
KM: What do T cells do within the Thymus?
Proliferate and become sensitized.
CG What are the types of T cells?
Helper T cells
Killer T cells
Lymphokines
CH
Secreted by lymphocytes
CL The body’s resistance to circulating disease producing antigens and bacteria?
Humoral immunity
CG where is the thymus gland located
In the upper chest
Jr What are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and microphones during the immune response?
Cytokines
T.O. The major component of secretions such as saliva, tears, bronchial fluids
IgA
KM: _______ are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response.
Cytokines
J.O. What types of WBCs are granular?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
CG where do T lymphocytes mature
Thymus
Interferon-alpha
CH
Used to treat certain cancers
Aw
What changes an antigen , rendering it harmless to the body ?
Antibody- mediated immunity
CG where are dust cells found?
Found in lungs
Proteins that act as a messenger to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during immune response? (B.C)
Cytokines
JS Hypersensitivity Disorders:
Type I: anaphylaxis, hay fever, allergy
Type II: cytotoxic, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions
Type III: immune complex disease reaction to Hepatitis B, some cancers
Type IV: delayed (cell-mediated hypersensitivity, PPD reactions, latex allergy, sarcoidosis
CL The complement system attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cells helping the antibodies kill the pathogen is called?
Complement fixation
KM: What is the defense mechanism pertaining to skin?
Provides a physical barrier and secretes enzymes that kill or reduce virulence bacteria.
What types of WBCs are agranular?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
T.O. Responsible for immediate-type allergic reactions, including latex
IgE
JR What stimulates natural killer cells?
Interleukin_12
Interferon
CH
Protein made by several types of cells, inhibits virus production and infection
KM: True or False? Inborn Immunity is inherited or genetic?
True
What type of immunity can be inherited or genetic? (B.C)
inborn immunity
JS Naturally acquired immunity:
Occurs when a person is not deliberately exposed to a causative agent. This immunity can occur both actively and passively.
CG mononuclear phagocyte system is also referred to as?
Reticuloendothelial system
Antibodies are commonly called
Gamma globulins
Accessory tissues in the lymphoid organs are?
Tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, and spleen
JR This cell type suppresses the immune response
Suppressor T
KM: What do Vomiting, Defecation, and Urination expel?
Microbes from the body, along with normal waste products.
T.O. Believed to function as an antigen receptor
IgD
JS Naturally acquired active immunity:
Results when a child is exposed to and develops a disease (measles or chickenpox) and subsequently builds up antibodies (immunities).
Naturally aquired immunity
CH
Occurs when a person is not deliberately exposed to a causative agent
AW
The major component of secretions such as saliva ,tears,and bronchial fluids?
IgA
J.O. _______ are found predominantly in organized lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen. They constitute about _____ of circulating lymphocytes in the blood.
B lymphocytes. 10%-20%
Foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
Antigen
T.O. What cells are involved in humoral immune response
B cells
T OR F: Researchers have found that if a person remains calm and unstressed they are less likely to sustain an autoimmune disorder. (B.C)
True
JR These are major components of secretions such as saliva, tears and bronchial fluid
IgA
KM: When does artificially acquired immunity occur?
When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent and can also be acquired through active or passive means.
JS Naturally acquired passive immunity:
Occurs between mothers and infants. Immunity is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy via the placental circulation exchanged. If the baby is breastfed, baby also receives protection after birth through mother’s breast milk.
Cl True or False: Naturally acquired immunity occurs when a person is not exposed to a causative agent.
True
Antigen-Antibody reactions begin with? (B.C)
B lymphocytes
B cells can produce
CH
Antibodies
Aw
Are another subgroup of T cells that kill cells infected with pathogens or are other wise damaged or defective?
Killer T cells
JR Is responsible for immediate_type allergic reactions, including latex allergies?
IgE
J.O. Each _____ antigen (foreign invader) stimulates production of its own specific _____
Antigen. Antibody
Clones that do not become plasma cells remain in the body as?
CH
Memory Cells
JS Artificially acquired immunity:
Occurs when a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent and can also be acquired through active or passive means.
Help regulate innate and adaptive immune responses by instructing other cells to kill infected cells or pathogens
Helper T cell
Cl True or False: Exposure to disease causing organisms during one’s life stimulates the process of naturally acquired active immunity.
True
AW
Is inherited or genetic?
Inborn immunity
JS Inborn immunity:
Is inherited or genetic. This inherited, natural, or innate immunity may be common to all members of a species.
T.O. What cells recognize a “nonself” target only after antigens have been processed and presented
T cells
A _______ boosts immune system by offering a weak form of an infection that the body can fight off and remember how to combat when it presents itself again. (B.C)
Vaccine
Antibodies are commonly called?
CH
Gamma Globulins (GG) or immunoglobulin (Ig)
J.O. What type of immunity is attained through natural or artificial sources?
Acquired or adaptive immunity
JR What disables bacteria and opsonize bacteria so they become targets for phagocytes and link antigens to create enzymes?
Immunoglobulins
J.O. What type of immunity is attained through natural or artificial sources?
Acquired or adaptive immunity
Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages
Cytokines
CL What is the result of the bodies baseline body temperature being lower?
Absence of febrile response to infection, infection not obvious, an organisms may not be killed.
Aw
On the effects of aging is the bodies baseline temperature higher or lower?
Lower
B lymphocytes are found predominantly in?
CH
Organized lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen
Tetanus immunization can be considered _____ or _____ because you are given boosters every so often. (B.C)
active or passive
Macrophages when combined with T cells release a substance which stimulate T cell growth
Interleukins
T.O. What is interferon
A protein made by several types of cells, inhibits virus production and infection
JS Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity:
Is attained through natural or artificial sources.
JR when NK cells are incubated with interleukin-2 they are called?
Lymphokine-activated killer T cells
J.O. Exposure to disease-causing organisms during one’s life stimulates the process of what type of immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity
Cl What happens when the body loses the ability to differentiate between self and non self immune responses
Autoimmune disorders increase
T OR F: Cancer is less likely with aging immune system.
False
Jr What guides neutrophils to the source of an antigen?
Interleukin-8
Functions of the immune system
Defense, homeostasis, surveillance
Cl True or False: Vaccinations boost the immune system by offering a weak form of that infection that the body can fight off?
True
T.O. What is inborn immunity
It is inherited or genetic
Cell mediated immunity refers to destruction of antigens by ? (B.C)
T cells
AW
What plays a very important role in both specific and nonspecific immunity?
Mononuclear phagocytes
Jr These cells are involved in humor all immune response?
B CELLS
J.O. Which immunity is the body’s resistance to circulating disease-producing antigens and bacteria?
Humoral immunity
CG- where are kupffer cells found
In the liver sinusoids
Gland that is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ
Thymus
An _______ is a protein that reacts specifically with the antigens that triggers its production. (B.C)
Antibody
JR What are believed to function as an antigen receptor and is present in blood in very small amounts?
IgD
T.O. What is acquired or adaptive immunity
It is attained through natural or artificial sources
Digests and removes damaged cellular substances. (B.C)
Homeostasis
When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent
Artificially acquired immunity
J.O. Numbers of T and B cells decrease, those remaining function poorly as stem cells. What nursing implication would you do?
Asses regularly for signs of infection
Digests and removes damaged cellular substances. (B.C)
Homeostasis
When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent
Artificially acquired immunity
Live vaccines
Artificially acquired active immunity
g.e.r
which cells are involved in the humoral immune response?
B cells
S.R. What is recognized as the “cornerstone” of the immune system
Lymphocytes
g.e.r
What is IgG
only antibody transferred from the mother to fetus.
MM- What is termed the bodys “cornerstone” of the immune system
Lymphocytes
AU: antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen A.) igM b.) igG c.) igA d.) igE
A.) igM
MM- What is IgE?
Immediate-type alleric reactions
MM- What WBC are granular
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
S.R. Exposure to an antigen causes B cells to do what?
Enlarge, rapidly multiply, and produce colonies of clones.
S.R. Antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen (e.g., after a first tetanus immunization)
IgM
S.R. The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta
IgG
S.R. Major component of secretions such as saliva, tears, and bronchial fluids. Important in defense against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs and intestines
IgA
S.R. Responsible for immediate-type allergic rxns (e.g., latex allergies)
IgE
S.R. Believed to function as antigen receptor, is present in the blood in very small amounts
IgD
S.R. What cell produces antibodies or immunoglobulins
B Cell
S.R. Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response and some given by injection to treat specific diseases
Cytokines
AU: What is humoral immunity?
macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction
Lymphocytes formed in ? can transform into specialized cells. (mh)
Bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
AU: what does Ab mean?
antibody
MM- What WBC are agranular
monocytes, lymphocytes
g.e.r
examples of nonspecific mechanisms
skin, tears,
What is an antigen?
*AB
Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
MM- When are antibodies produced
in response to an antigen
In ? immunity, macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction. (mh)
Humoral immunity
MM- Which immunoglobulin is transferred across the placenta and protects the fetus
IgG
IH:
Fill in the blank: _________ is the body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and also parasites to prevent infectious diseases
Immunity
AU: fill in the blank. ____are found predominantly in organized lymphoid tissues, they constitute ____ of circulating lymphocytes in the blood.
B lymphocytes, 10%-20%
The body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens. (MH)
Immunity
MM- What is the mononuclear phagocyte systen also referred to as
Reticuloendothelial system
Primary functions of the immune system…
*AB
Defense, homeostasis, and surveillance
g.e.r
what is Naturally Acquired Active immunity?
is built on life time exposure
g.e.r
what is inborn immunity?
is inherited or genetic
AU: the only antibody transferred from mother to fetus?
IgG
MM- Where are kupffer cells found
in liver sinusoids
The immune system must distinguish between ? and ?. (mh)
Self and nonself
IH:
What does the body’s immense system include?
Bone marrow, lymphoid, organs, and the mononuclear phagocyte system
What is immunity?
*AB
Body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and to prevent infectious diseases
MM- Type I of hypersensitivity disorders?
anaphylaxis, hay fever, allergy
? are the “cornerstone” of the immune system. (mh)
Lymphocytes
Antibody produced after the initial exposure to an antigen. (Mh)
IgM
IH:
Fill in the blank:
In _____________, macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction
Humoral immunity
The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus.(mh)
IgG
AU: fill in the blank. _____ are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during _______ _________
cytokines, immune response
The most common antibody and is produced on second and future exposures to an antigen. (Mh)
IgG
ML. What immunoglobulin is transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta?
IgG
Function of T cells…
*AB
Helps protect against viral infections and destroy recognized cancer cells
AU: stimuates natural killer cells
interleukin-12
g.e.r
which organ is considered the central or primary lymphoid organ?
thymus
AU: secreted by lymphocytes
Lymphokines
IH:
Where are B lymphocytes found?
In organized lymphoid tissue, such as spleen
Antibody responsible for immediate type allergic reactions. (Mh)
IgE
AU: Believed to function as an antigen receptor; present in blood in very small amounts
IgD
IH:
Fill in the blank:
An ________ is any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
Antigen
g.e.r
what type of immune response does B cell produce?
Humoral
Which cells are involved in humoral immune response. (Mh)
B-cells
What develops into cells that produce antibodies?
*AB
B cells (B lymphocytes)
Which cells provide cell-mediated immune response. (Mh)
T-cells
AU: fill in the blank. the ______gland is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ.
Thymus
IH:
Fill in the blank:
__________ are proteins that acts as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response
Cytokines
AU: The final line of defense against disease
specific immunity
What is the function of B-cells? (Mh)
Produces antibodies or immunoglobulins
What is an antibody?
*AB
Protein substance the body produces in response to an antigen
g.e.r
what type of immune response does T cell produce?
cellular (cell-mediated)
What is the function of helper T4 cells? (Mh)
Attacks foreign invaders (antigens) directly
ML. What type of immunity results when a child is exposed to and develops a disease?
Naturally Acquired active immunity
IH:
What kind of immunity results when a child is end exposed to and develops a disease and subsequently builds up antibodies to infections caused by the same organism?
Naturally acquired active immunity
g.e.r where is igA?
blood, gastrointestinal(GI) mucosal secretions breast milk
g.e.r
what is IgE responsible for?
immediate type allergic reactions such as latex allergies.
AU: fill in the blank. The Complement System attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cell, helping antibodies kill the ______
Complement Fixation
Which immunoglobulin protect fetus against antitoxins, viruses, and bacteria?
*AB
IgG
The ? is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ. (Mh)
Thymus
? is the final line of defense against disease. (Mh)
Specific immunity.
ML. What gland is considered a central or primary lymphoma organ?
Thymus
IH:
Fill in the blank:
________ changes an antigen, rendering it harmless to the body
Antibody-mediated immunity
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate type allergic reactions?
*AB
IgE
What is the nonspecific defense mechanism of the skin?
*AB
Provides a physical barrier and secretes enzymes
IH:
What immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate-type allergic reactions, including latex allergies
IgE
Define cytokines.
Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and microphones during immune response.
What type of cytokines is use to treat certain cancers?
Interferon-alpha
What is considered a central or primar lymphoid organ?
*AB
Thymus
What immunoglobulin is believed to function as an antigen receptor?
IgD
