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PNE- 155 > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the immune system?

A

To protect the body against pathogens and foreign substances.

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2
Q

True or False: The immune system can only recognize bacteria.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The two main types of immunity are __________ and __________.

A

innate, adaptive

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4
Q

What type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for the adaptive immune response?

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

Which cells are known as phagocytes?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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6
Q

What is the role of antibodies?

A

To neutralize pathogens and facilitate their destruction.

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7
Q

True or False: Vaccination is a method of inducing active immunity.

A

True

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8
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active immunity is developed through exposure to pathogens or vaccination, while passive immunity is acquired through antibodies from another source.

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9
Q

Which part of the immune system includes the thymus and bone marrow?

A

The primary lymphoid organs

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? A) Helper T cells B) Cytotoxic T cells C) Memory B cells

A

C) Memory B cells

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11
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that can trigger an immune response.

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12
Q

True or False: The skin is considered a part of the innate immune system.

A

True

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are proteins produced by B cells that specifically target antigens.

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A

To enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.

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15
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of immunity is provided by maternal antibodies? A) Active immunity B) Passive immunity C) Both A and B

A

B) Passive immunity

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16
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?

A

To present antigens to T cells and initiate the adaptive immune response.

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17
Q

True or False: All immune responses are immediate and do not require prior exposure to the pathogen.

A

False

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are substances that stimulate the production of antibodies.

A

Vaccines

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19
Q

What is the primary purpose of inflammation?

A

To localize and eliminate the source of injury or infection.

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20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which immune cell is primarily involved in the allergic response? A) Neutrophils B) Mast cells C) B cells

A

B) Mast cells

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21
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.

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22
Q

True or False: Immunodeficiency disorders result in an overactive immune response.

A

False

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which white blood cells leave the bloodstream to reach sites of infection.

A

Diapedesis

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24
Q

What does the term ‘memory’ refer to in the immune system?

A

The ability of the immune system to remember past infections and respond more effectively upon re-exposure.

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25
Q

KM: _____is the bodies ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens.

A

Immunity

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26
Q

JS

Antibody-mediated immunity:

A

Changes an antigen, rendering it harmless to the body.

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27
Q

CG - What do T lymphocytes protect?

A

Viral infections

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28
Q

KM: True or False: An Antigen is any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response.

A

True

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29
Q

JR WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTECTS THE FETUS BEFORE BIRTH AGAINST ANTITOXINS,VIRUSES AND BACTERIA?

A

IgG

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30
Q

JS Antigen-antibody reactions:

A

Begins with B lymphocytes, whose job is to produce humoral immunity.

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31
Q

CL What gives the body ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and prevent infectious diseases

A

Immunity

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32
Q

AW

The body’s ability to recognize and destroy pathogens?

A

Immunity

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33
Q

J.O. Which proteins act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response and some are given by injection to treat specific diseases

A

Cytokines

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34
Q

CG - what is an antigen?

A

Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response

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35
Q

KM: What are the primary functions of the immune system?

A

Defense, Homeostasis, and Surveillance.

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36
Q

any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response (B.C)

A

Antigen

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37
Q

JR The bodies immune system includes?

A

Bone marrow,lymphoid organs and mononuclear phagocyte system

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38
Q

T.O. Antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen

A

IgM

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39
Q

The body’s immune system includes

CH

A

Bone marrow, lymphoid organs, and mononuclear phagocyte system

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40
Q

JS The complement system:

A

Attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cell, helping antibodies kill the pathogen, called complement fixation.

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41
Q

CG- Exposure to an antigen in the blood stream activates B cells to enlarge and multiply rapidly to produce?

A

Colonies of clones

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42
Q

T.O. The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus

A

IgG

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43
Q

KM: Define IgA:

A

Has to do with secretions such as saliva, tears, etc. Main function is to protect against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs, and intestines.

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44
Q

JS A complement:

A

Is a group of inactive proteins normally present in the blood.

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45
Q

J.O. Exposure to an antigen causes ______ to enlarge, rapidly multiply, and produce colonies of clones

A

B cells

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46
Q

Aw

True or False
Cell- mediated immunity refers to the destruction of antigens by T cells?

A

True

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47
Q

what cells in bone marrow can develop into any of these 3 types of blood cells? (B.C)

A

RBC, WBC, and platelets

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48
Q

CG- what immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, most common, also called gamma globulin

A

IgG

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49
Q

Antigen (AG)

CH

A

Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response

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50
Q

KM: What do T cells do within the Thymus?

A

Proliferate and become sensitized.

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51
Q

CG What are the types of T cells?

A

Helper T cells
Killer T cells

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52
Q

Lymphokines

CH

A

Secreted by lymphocytes

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53
Q

CL The body’s resistance to circulating disease producing antigens and bacteria?

A

Humoral immunity

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54
Q

CG where is the thymus gland located

A

In the upper chest

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55
Q

Jr What are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and microphones during the immune response?

A

Cytokines

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56
Q

T.O. The major component of secretions such as saliva, tears, bronchial fluids

A

IgA

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57
Q

KM: _______ are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response.

A

Cytokines

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58
Q

J.O. What types of WBCs are granular?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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59
Q

CG where do T lymphocytes mature

A

Thymus

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60
Q

Interferon-alpha

CH

A

Used to treat certain cancers

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61
Q

Aw

What changes an antigen , rendering it harmless to the body ?

A

Antibody- mediated immunity

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62
Q

CG where are dust cells found?

A

Found in lungs

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63
Q

Proteins that act as a messenger to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during immune response? (B.C)

A

Cytokines

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64
Q

JS Hypersensitivity Disorders:

A

Type I: anaphylaxis, hay fever, allergy

Type II: cytotoxic, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions

Type III: immune complex disease reaction to Hepatitis B, some cancers

Type IV: delayed (cell-mediated hypersensitivity, PPD reactions, latex allergy, sarcoidosis

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65
Q

CL The complement system attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cells helping the antibodies kill the pathogen is called?

A

Complement fixation

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66
Q

KM: What is the defense mechanism pertaining to skin?

A

Provides a physical barrier and secretes enzymes that kill or reduce virulence bacteria.

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67
Q

What types of WBCs are agranular?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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68
Q

T.O. Responsible for immediate-type allergic reactions, including latex

A

IgE

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69
Q

JR What stimulates natural killer cells?

A

Interleukin_12

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70
Q

Interferon

CH

A

Protein made by several types of cells, inhibits virus production and infection

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71
Q

KM: True or False? Inborn Immunity is inherited or genetic?

A

True

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72
Q

What type of immunity can be inherited or genetic? (B.C)

A

inborn immunity

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73
Q

JS Naturally acquired immunity:

A

Occurs when a person is not deliberately exposed to a causative agent. This immunity can occur both actively and passively.

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74
Q

CG mononuclear phagocyte system is also referred to as?

A

Reticuloendothelial system

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75
Q

Antibodies are commonly called

A

Gamma globulins

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76
Q

Accessory tissues in the lymphoid organs are?

A

Tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, and spleen

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77
Q

JR This cell type suppresses the immune response

A

Suppressor T

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78
Q

KM: What do Vomiting, Defecation, and Urination expel?

A

Microbes from the body, along with normal waste products.

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79
Q

T.O. Believed to function as an antigen receptor

A

IgD

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80
Q

JS Naturally acquired active immunity:

A

Results when a child is exposed to and develops a disease (measles or chickenpox) and subsequently builds up antibodies (immunities).

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81
Q

Naturally aquired immunity

CH

A

Occurs when a person is not deliberately exposed to a causative agent

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82
Q

AW
The major component of secretions such as saliva ,tears,and bronchial fluids?

A

IgA

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83
Q

J.O. _______ are found predominantly in organized lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen. They constitute about _____ of circulating lymphocytes in the blood.

A

B lymphocytes. 10%-20%

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84
Q

Foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response

A

Antigen

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85
Q

T.O. What cells are involved in humoral immune response

A

B cells

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86
Q

T OR F: Researchers have found that if a person remains calm and unstressed they are less likely to sustain an autoimmune disorder. (B.C)

A

True

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87
Q

JR These are major components of secretions such as saliva, tears and bronchial fluid

A

IgA

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88
Q

KM: When does artificially acquired immunity occur?

A

When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent and can also be acquired through active or passive means.

89
Q

JS Naturally acquired passive immunity:

A

Occurs between mothers and infants. Immunity is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy via the placental circulation exchanged. If the baby is breastfed, baby also receives protection after birth through mother’s breast milk.

90
Q

Cl True or False: Naturally acquired immunity occurs when a person is not exposed to a causative agent.

A

True

91
Q

Antigen-Antibody reactions begin with? (B.C)

A

B lymphocytes

92
Q

B cells can produce

CH

A

Antibodies

93
Q

Aw
Are another subgroup of T cells that kill cells infected with pathogens or are other wise damaged or defective?

A

Killer T cells

94
Q

JR Is responsible for immediate_type allergic reactions, including latex allergies?

A

IgE

95
Q

J.O. Each _____ antigen (foreign invader) stimulates production of its own specific _____

A

Antigen. Antibody

96
Q

Clones that do not become plasma cells remain in the body as?

CH

A

Memory Cells

97
Q

JS Artificially acquired immunity:

A

Occurs when a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent and can also be acquired through active or passive means.

98
Q

Help regulate innate and adaptive immune responses by instructing other cells to kill infected cells or pathogens

A

Helper T cell

99
Q

Cl True or False: Exposure to disease causing organisms during one’s life stimulates the process of naturally acquired active immunity.

A

True

100
Q

AW
Is inherited or genetic?

A

Inborn immunity

101
Q

JS Inborn immunity:

A

Is inherited or genetic. This inherited, natural, or innate immunity may be common to all members of a species.

102
Q

T.O. What cells recognize a “nonself” target only after antigens have been processed and presented

A

T cells

103
Q

A _______ boosts immune system by offering a weak form of an infection that the body can fight off and remember how to combat when it presents itself again. (B.C)

A

Vaccine

104
Q

Antibodies are commonly called?

CH

A

Gamma Globulins (GG) or immunoglobulin (Ig)

105
Q

J.O. What type of immunity is attained through natural or artificial sources?

A

Acquired or adaptive immunity

106
Q

JR What disables bacteria and opsonize bacteria so they become targets for phagocytes and link antigens to create enzymes?

A

Immunoglobulins

107
Q

J.O. What type of immunity is attained through natural or artificial sources?

A

Acquired or adaptive immunity

108
Q

Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages

A

Cytokines

109
Q

CL What is the result of the bodies baseline body temperature being lower?

A

Absence of febrile response to infection, infection not obvious, an organisms may not be killed.

110
Q

Aw

On the effects of aging is the bodies baseline temperature higher or lower?

A

Lower

111
Q

B lymphocytes are found predominantly in?

CH

A

Organized lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen

112
Q

Tetanus immunization can be considered _____ or _____ because you are given boosters every so often. (B.C)

A

active or passive

113
Q

Macrophages when combined with T cells release a substance which stimulate T cell growth

A

Interleukins

114
Q

T.O. What is interferon

A

A protein made by several types of cells, inhibits virus production and infection

115
Q

JS Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity:

A

Is attained through natural or artificial sources.

116
Q

JR when NK cells are incubated with interleukin-2 they are called?

A

Lymphokine-activated killer T cells

117
Q

J.O. Exposure to disease-causing organisms during one’s life stimulates the process of what type of immunity?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

118
Q

Cl What happens when the body loses the ability to differentiate between self and non self immune responses

A

Autoimmune disorders increase

119
Q

T OR F: Cancer is less likely with aging immune system.

A

False

120
Q

Jr What guides neutrophils to the source of an antigen?

A

Interleukin-8

121
Q

Functions of the immune system

A

Defense, homeostasis, surveillance

122
Q

Cl True or False: Vaccinations boost the immune system by offering a weak form of that infection that the body can fight off?

A

True

123
Q

T.O. What is inborn immunity

A

It is inherited or genetic

124
Q

Cell mediated immunity refers to destruction of antigens by ? (B.C)

A

T cells

125
Q

AW
What plays a very important role in both specific and nonspecific immunity?

A

Mononuclear phagocytes

126
Q

Jr These cells are involved in humor all immune response?

A

B CELLS

127
Q

J.O. Which immunity is the body’s resistance to circulating disease-producing antigens and bacteria?

A

Humoral immunity

128
Q

CG- where are kupffer cells found

A

In the liver sinusoids

129
Q

Gland that is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ

A

Thymus

130
Q

An _______ is a protein that reacts specifically with the antigens that triggers its production. (B.C)

A

Antibody

131
Q

JR What are believed to function as an antigen receptor and is present in blood in very small amounts?

A

IgD

132
Q

T.O. What is acquired or adaptive immunity

A

It is attained through natural or artificial sources

133
Q

Digests and removes damaged cellular substances. (B.C)

A

Homeostasis

134
Q

When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent

A

Artificially acquired immunity

135
Q

J.O. Numbers of T and B cells decrease, those remaining function poorly as stem cells. What nursing implication would you do?

A

Asses regularly for signs of infection

136
Q

Digests and removes damaged cellular substances. (B.C)

A

Homeostasis

137
Q

When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent

A

Artificially acquired immunity

138
Q

Live vaccines

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

139
Q

g.e.r
which cells are involved in the humoral immune response?

A

B cells

140
Q

S.R. What is recognized as the “cornerstone” of the immune system

A

Lymphocytes

141
Q

g.e.r
What is IgG

A

only antibody transferred from the mother to fetus.

142
Q

MM- What is termed the bodys “cornerstone” of the immune system

A

Lymphocytes

143
Q

AU: antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen A.) igM b.) igG c.) igA d.) igE

A

A.) igM

144
Q

MM- What is IgE?

A

Immediate-type alleric reactions

145
Q

MM- What WBC are granular

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

146
Q

S.R. Exposure to an antigen causes B cells to do what?

A

Enlarge, rapidly multiply, and produce colonies of clones.

147
Q

S.R. Antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen (e.g., after a first tetanus immunization)

A

IgM

148
Q

S.R. The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta

A

IgG

149
Q

S.R. Major component of secretions such as saliva, tears, and bronchial fluids. Important in defense against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs and intestines

A

IgA

150
Q

S.R. Responsible for immediate-type allergic rxns (e.g., latex allergies)

A

IgE

151
Q

S.R. Believed to function as antigen receptor, is present in the blood in very small amounts

A

IgD

152
Q

S.R. What cell produces antibodies or immunoglobulins

A

B Cell

153
Q

S.R. Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response and some given by injection to treat specific diseases

A

Cytokines

154
Q

AU: What is humoral immunity?

A

macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction

155
Q

Lymphocytes formed in ? can transform into specialized cells. (mh)

A

Bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

156
Q

AU: what does Ab mean?

A

antibody

157
Q

MM- What WBC are agranular

A

monocytes, lymphocytes

158
Q

g.e.r
examples of nonspecific mechanisms

A

skin, tears,

159
Q

What is an antigen?
*AB

A

Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response

160
Q

MM- When are antibodies produced

A

in response to an antigen

161
Q

In ? immunity, macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction. (mh)

A

Humoral immunity

162
Q

MM- Which immunoglobulin is transferred across the placenta and protects the fetus

A

IgG

163
Q

IH:
Fill in the blank: _________ is the body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and also parasites to prevent infectious diseases

A

Immunity

164
Q

AU: fill in the blank. ____are found predominantly in organized lymphoid tissues, they constitute ____ of circulating lymphocytes in the blood.

A

B lymphocytes, 10%-20%

165
Q

The body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens. (MH)

A

Immunity

166
Q

MM- What is the mononuclear phagocyte systen also referred to as

A

Reticuloendothelial system

167
Q

Primary functions of the immune system…
*AB

A

Defense, homeostasis, and surveillance

168
Q

g.e.r
what is Naturally Acquired Active immunity?

A

is built on life time exposure

169
Q

g.e.r
what is inborn immunity?

A

is inherited or genetic

170
Q

AU: the only antibody transferred from mother to fetus?

A

IgG

171
Q

MM- Where are kupffer cells found

A

in liver sinusoids

172
Q

The immune system must distinguish between ? and ?. (mh)

A

Self and nonself

173
Q

IH:
What does the body’s immense system include?

A

Bone marrow, lymphoid, organs, and the mononuclear phagocyte system

174
Q

What is immunity?
*AB

A

Body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and to prevent infectious diseases

175
Q

MM- Type I of hypersensitivity disorders?

A

anaphylaxis, hay fever, allergy

176
Q

? are the “cornerstone” of the immune system. (mh)

A

Lymphocytes

177
Q

Antibody produced after the initial exposure to an antigen. (Mh)

A

IgM

178
Q

IH:
Fill in the blank:
In _____________, macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction

A

Humoral immunity

179
Q

The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus.(mh)

A

IgG

180
Q

AU: fill in the blank. _____ are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during _______ _________

A

cytokines, immune response

181
Q

The most common antibody and is produced on second and future exposures to an antigen. (Mh)

A

IgG

182
Q

ML. What immunoglobulin is transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta?

A

IgG

183
Q

Function of T cells…
*AB

A

Helps protect against viral infections and destroy recognized cancer cells

184
Q

AU: stimuates natural killer cells

A

interleukin-12

185
Q

g.e.r
which organ is considered the central or primary lymphoid organ?

A

thymus

186
Q

AU: secreted by lymphocytes

A

Lymphokines

187
Q

IH:
Where are B lymphocytes found?

A

In organized lymphoid tissue, such as spleen

188
Q

Antibody responsible for immediate type allergic reactions. (Mh)

A

IgE

189
Q

AU: Believed to function as an antigen receptor; present in blood in very small amounts

A

IgD

190
Q

IH:
Fill in the blank:
An ________ is any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response

A

Antigen

191
Q

g.e.r
what type of immune response does B cell produce?

A

Humoral

192
Q

Which cells are involved in humoral immune response. (Mh)

A

B-cells

193
Q

What develops into cells that produce antibodies?
*AB

A

B cells (B lymphocytes)

194
Q

Which cells provide cell-mediated immune response. (Mh)

A

T-cells

195
Q

AU: fill in the blank. the ______gland is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ.

A

Thymus

196
Q

IH:
Fill in the blank:
__________ are proteins that acts as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response

A

Cytokines

197
Q

AU: The final line of defense against disease

A

specific immunity

198
Q

What is the function of B-cells? (Mh)

A

Produces antibodies or immunoglobulins

199
Q

What is an antibody?
*AB

A

Protein substance the body produces in response to an antigen

200
Q

g.e.r
what type of immune response does T cell produce?

A

cellular (cell-mediated)

201
Q

What is the function of helper T4 cells? (Mh)

A

Attacks foreign invaders (antigens) directly

202
Q

ML. What type of immunity results when a child is exposed to and develops a disease?

A

Naturally Acquired active immunity

203
Q

IH:
What kind of immunity results when a child is end exposed to and develops a disease and subsequently builds up antibodies to infections caused by the same organism?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

204
Q

g.e.r where is igA?

A

blood, gastrointestinal(GI) mucosal secretions breast milk

205
Q

g.e.r
what is IgE responsible for?

A

immediate type allergic reactions such as latex allergies.

206
Q

AU: fill in the blank. The Complement System attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cell, helping antibodies kill the ______

A

Complement Fixation

207
Q

Which immunoglobulin protect fetus against antitoxins, viruses, and bacteria?
*AB

A

IgG

208
Q

The ? is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ. (Mh)

A

Thymus

209
Q

? is the final line of defense against disease. (Mh)

A

Specific immunity.

210
Q

ML. What gland is considered a central or primary lymphoma organ?

A

Thymus

211
Q

IH:
Fill in the blank:
________ changes an antigen, rendering it harmless to the body

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

212
Q

Which immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate type allergic reactions?
*AB

A

IgE

213
Q

What is the nonspecific defense mechanism of the skin?
*AB

A

Provides a physical barrier and secretes enzymes

214
Q

IH:
What immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate-type allergic reactions, including latex allergies

A

IgE

214
Q

Define cytokines.

A

Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and microphones during immune response.

215
Q

What type of cytokines is use to treat certain cancers?

A

Interferon-alpha

216
Q

What is considered a central or primar lymphoid organ?
*AB

A

Thymus

217
Q

What immunoglobulin is believed to function as an antigen receptor?

A

IgD

PNE- 155 (7 decks)

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