Chapter 24 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of the immune system?
A
To protect the body against pathogens and foreign substances.
2
Q
True or False: The immune system can only recognize bacteria.
A
False
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The two main types of immunity are __________ and __________.
A
innate, adaptive
4
Q
What type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for the adaptive immune response?
A
Lymphocytes
5
Q
Which cells are known as phagocytes?
A
Macrophages and neutrophils
6
Q
What is the role of antibodies?
A
To neutralize pathogens and facilitate their destruction.
7
Q
True or False: Vaccination is a method of inducing active immunity.
A
True
8
Q
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
A
Active immunity is developed through exposure to pathogens or vaccination, while passive immunity is acquired through antibodies from another source.
9
Q
Which part of the immune system includes the thymus and bone marrow?
A
The primary lymphoid organs
10
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? A) Helper T cells B) Cytotoxic T cells C) Memory B cells
A
C) Memory B cells
11
Q
What is an antigen?
A
A substance that can trigger an immune response.
12
Q
True or False: The skin is considered a part of the innate immune system.
A
True
13
Q
Fill in the blank: __________ are proteins produced by B cells that specifically target antigens.
A
Antibodies
14
Q
What is the function of the complement system?
A
To enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.
15
Q
Multiple Choice: Which type of immunity is provided by maternal antibodies? A) Active immunity B) Passive immunity C) Both A and B
A
B) Passive immunity
16
Q
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?
A
To present antigens to T cells and initiate the adaptive immune response.
17
Q
True or False: All immune responses are immediate and do not require prior exposure to the pathogen.
A
False
18
Q
Fill in the blank: __________ are substances that stimulate the production of antibodies.
A
Vaccines
19
Q
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
A
To localize and eliminate the source of injury or infection.
20
Q
Multiple Choice: Which immune cell is primarily involved in the allergic response? A) Neutrophils B) Mast cells C) B cells
A
B) Mast cells
21
Q
What is an autoimmune disease?
A
A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.
22
Q
True or False: Immunodeficiency disorders result in an overactive immune response.
A
False
23
Q
Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which white blood cells leave the bloodstream to reach sites of infection.
A
Diapedesis
24
Q
What does the term ‘memory’ refer to in the immune system?
A
The ability of the immune system to remember past infections and respond more effectively upon re-exposure.
25
KM: _____is the bodies ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens.
Immunity
26
JS
Antibody-mediated immunity:
Changes an antigen, rendering it harmless to the body.
27
CG - What do T lymphocytes protect?
Viral infections
28
KM: True or False: An Antigen is any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response.
True
29
JR WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTECTS THE FETUS BEFORE BIRTH AGAINST ANTITOXINS,VIRUSES AND BACTERIA?
IgG
30
JS Antigen-antibody reactions:
Begins with B lymphocytes, whose job is to produce humoral immunity.
31
CL What gives the body ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and prevent infectious diseases
Immunity
32
AW
The body's ability to recognize and destroy pathogens?
Immunity
33
J.O. Which proteins act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response and some are given by injection to treat specific diseases
Cytokines
34
CG - what is an antigen?
Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
35
KM: What are the primary functions of the immune system?
Defense, Homeostasis, and Surveillance.
36
any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response (B.C)
Antigen
37
JR The bodies immune system includes?
Bone marrow,lymphoid organs and mononuclear phagocyte system
38
T.O. Antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen
IgM
39
The body’s immune system includes
CH
Bone marrow, lymphoid organs, and mononuclear phagocyte system
40
JS The complement system:
Attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cell, helping antibodies kill the pathogen, called complement fixation.
41
CG- Exposure to an antigen in the blood stream activates B cells to enlarge and multiply rapidly to produce?
Colonies of clones
42
T.O. The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus
IgG
43
KM: Define IgA:
Has to do with secretions such as saliva, tears, etc. Main function is to protect against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs, and intestines.
44
JS A complement:
Is a group of inactive proteins normally present in the blood.
45
J.O. Exposure to an antigen causes ______ to enlarge, rapidly multiply, and produce colonies of clones
B cells
46
Aw
True or False
Cell- mediated immunity refers to the destruction of antigens by T cells?
True
47
what cells in bone marrow can develop into any of these 3 types of blood cells? (B.C)
RBC, WBC, and platelets
48
CG- what immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, most common, also called gamma globulin
IgG
49
Antigen (AG)
CH
Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
50
KM: What do T cells do within the Thymus?
Proliferate and become sensitized.
51
CG What are the types of T cells?
Helper T cells
Killer T cells
52
Lymphokines
CH
Secreted by lymphocytes
53
CL The body's resistance to circulating disease producing antigens and bacteria?
Humoral immunity
54
CG where is the thymus gland located
In the upper chest
55
Jr What are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and microphones during the immune response?
Cytokines
56
T.O. The major component of secretions such as saliva, tears, bronchial fluids
IgA
57
KM: _______ are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response.
Cytokines
58
J.O. What types of WBCs are granular?
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
59
CG where do T lymphocytes mature
Thymus
60
Interferon-alpha
CH
Used to treat certain cancers
61
Aw
What changes an antigen , rendering it harmless to the body ?
Antibody- mediated immunity
62
CG where are dust cells found?
Found in lungs
63
Proteins that act as a messenger to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during immune response? (B.C)
Cytokines
64
JS Hypersensitivity Disorders:
Type I: anaphylaxis, hay fever, allergy
Type II: cytotoxic, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions
Type III: immune complex disease reaction to Hepatitis B, some cancers
Type IV: delayed (cell-mediated hypersensitivity, PPD reactions, latex allergy, sarcoidosis
65
CL The complement system attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cells helping the antibodies kill the pathogen is called?
Complement fixation
66
KM: What is the defense mechanism pertaining to skin?
Provides a physical barrier and secretes enzymes that kill or reduce virulence bacteria.
67
What types of WBCs are agranular?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
68
T.O. Responsible for immediate-type allergic reactions, including latex
IgE
69
JR What stimulates natural killer cells?
Interleukin_12
70
Interferon
CH
Protein made by several types of cells, inhibits virus production and infection
71
KM: True or False? Inborn Immunity is inherited or genetic?
True
72
What type of immunity can be inherited or genetic? (B.C)
inborn immunity
73
JS Naturally acquired immunity:
Occurs when a person is not deliberately exposed to a causative agent. This immunity can occur both actively and passively.
74
CG mononuclear phagocyte system is also referred to as?
Reticuloendothelial system
75
Antibodies are commonly called
Gamma globulins
76
Accessory tissues in the lymphoid organs are?
Tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, and spleen
77
JR This cell type suppresses the immune response
Suppressor T
78
KM: What do Vomiting, Defecation, and Urination expel?
Microbes from the body, along with normal waste products.
79
T.O. Believed to function as an antigen receptor
IgD
80
JS Naturally acquired active immunity:
Results when a child is exposed to and develops a disease (measles or chickenpox) and subsequently builds up antibodies (immunities).
81
Naturally aquired immunity
CH
Occurs when a person is not deliberately exposed to a causative agent
82
AW
The major component of secretions such as saliva ,tears,and bronchial fluids?
IgA
83
J.O. _______ are found predominantly in organized lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen. They constitute about _____ of circulating lymphocytes in the blood.
B lymphocytes. 10%-20%
84
Foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
Antigen
85
T.O. What cells are involved in humoral immune response
B cells
86
T OR F: Researchers have found that if a person remains calm and unstressed they are less likely to sustain an autoimmune disorder. (B.C)
True
87
JR These are major components of secretions such as saliva, tears and bronchial fluid
IgA
88
KM: When does artificially acquired immunity occur?
When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent and can also be acquired through active or passive means.
89
JS Naturally acquired passive immunity:
Occurs between mothers and infants. Immunity is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy via the placental circulation exchanged. If the baby is breastfed, baby also receives protection after birth through mother’s breast milk.
90
Cl True or False: Naturally acquired immunity occurs when a person is not exposed to a causative agent.
True
91
Antigen-Antibody reactions begin with? (B.C)
B lymphocytes
92
B cells can produce
CH
Antibodies
93
Aw
Are another subgroup of T cells that kill cells infected with pathogens or are other wise damaged or defective?
Killer T cells
94
JR Is responsible for immediate_type allergic reactions, including latex allergies?
IgE
95
J.O. Each _____ antigen (foreign invader) stimulates production of its own specific _____
Antigen. Antibody
96
Clones that do not become plasma cells remain in the body as?
CH
Memory Cells
97
JS Artificially acquired immunity:
Occurs when a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent and can also be acquired through active or passive means.
98
Help regulate innate and adaptive immune responses by instructing other cells to kill infected cells or pathogens
Helper T cell
99
Cl True or False: Exposure to disease causing organisms during one's life stimulates the process of naturally acquired active immunity.
True
100
AW
Is inherited or genetic?
Inborn immunity
101
JS Inborn immunity:
Is inherited or genetic. This inherited, natural, or innate immunity may be common to all members of a species.
102
T.O. What cells recognize a “nonself” target only after antigens have been processed and presented
T cells
103
A _______ boosts immune system by offering a weak form of an infection that the body can fight off and remember how to combat when it presents itself again. (B.C)
Vaccine
104
Antibodies are commonly called?
CH
Gamma Globulins (GG) or immunoglobulin (Ig)
105
J.O. What type of immunity is attained through natural or artificial sources?
Acquired or adaptive immunity
106
JR What disables bacteria and opsonize bacteria so they become targets for phagocytes and link antigens to create enzymes?
Immunoglobulins
107
J.O. What type of immunity is attained through natural or artificial sources?
Acquired or adaptive immunity
108
Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages
Cytokines
109
CL What is the result of the bodies baseline body temperature being lower?
Absence of febrile response to infection, infection not obvious, an organisms may not be killed.
110
Aw
On the effects of aging is the bodies baseline temperature higher or lower?
Lower
111
B lymphocytes are found predominantly in?
CH
Organized lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen
112
Tetanus immunization can be considered _____ or _____ because you are given boosters every so often. (B.C)
active or passive
113
Macrophages when combined with T cells release a substance which stimulate T cell growth
Interleukins
114
T.O. What is interferon
A protein made by several types of cells, inhibits virus production and infection
115
JS Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity:
Is attained through natural or artificial sources.
116
JR when NK cells are incubated with interleukin-2 they are called?
Lymphokine-activated killer T cells
117
J.O. Exposure to disease-causing organisms during one’s life stimulates the process of what type of immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity
118
Cl What happens when the body loses the ability to differentiate between self and non self immune responses
Autoimmune disorders increase
119
T OR F: Cancer is less likely with aging immune system.
False
120
Jr What guides neutrophils to the source of an antigen?
Interleukin-8
121
Functions of the immune system
Defense, homeostasis, surveillance
122
Cl True or False: Vaccinations boost the immune system by offering a weak form of that infection that the body can fight off?
True
123
T.O. What is inborn immunity
It is inherited or genetic
124
Cell mediated immunity refers to destruction of antigens by ? (B.C)
T cells
125
AW
What plays a very important role in both specific and nonspecific immunity?
Mononuclear phagocytes
126
Jr These cells are involved in humor all immune response?
B CELLS
127
J.O. Which immunity is the body’s resistance to circulating disease-producing antigens and bacteria?
Humoral immunity
128
CG- where are kupffer cells found
In the liver sinusoids
129
Gland that is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ
Thymus
130
An _______ is a protein that reacts specifically with the antigens that triggers its production. (B.C)
Antibody
131
JR What are believed to function as an antigen receptor and is present in blood in very small amounts?
IgD
132
T.O. What is acquired or adaptive immunity
It is attained through natural or artificial sources
133
Digests and removes damaged cellular substances. (B.C)
Homeostasis
134
When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent
Artificially acquired immunity
135
J.O. Numbers of T and B cells decrease, those remaining function poorly as stem cells. What nursing implication would you do?
Asses regularly for signs of infection
136
Digests and removes damaged cellular substances. (B.C)
Homeostasis
137
When a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent
Artificially acquired immunity
138
Live vaccines
Artificially acquired active immunity
139
g.e.r
which cells are involved in the humoral immune response?
B cells
140
S.R. What is recognized as the “cornerstone” of the immune system
Lymphocytes
141
g.e.r
What is IgG
only antibody transferred from the mother to fetus.
142
MM- What is termed the bodys "cornerstone" of the immune system
Lymphocytes
143
AU: antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen A.) igM b.) igG c.) igA d.) igE
A.) igM
144
MM- What is IgE?
Immediate-type alleric reactions
145
MM- What WBC are granular
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
146
S.R. Exposure to an antigen causes B cells to do what?
Enlarge, rapidly multiply, and produce colonies of clones.
147
S.R. Antibody produced on initial exposure to an antigen (e.g., after a first tetanus immunization)
IgM
148
S.R. The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta
IgG
149
S.R. Major component of secretions such as saliva, tears, and bronchial fluids. Important in defense against invasion of microbes via the nose, eyes, lungs and intestines
IgA
150
S.R. Responsible for immediate-type allergic rxns (e.g., latex allergies)
IgE
151
S.R. Believed to function as antigen receptor, is present in the blood in very small amounts
IgD
152
S.R. What cell produces antibodies or immunoglobulins
B Cell
153
S.R. Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response and some given by injection to treat specific diseases
Cytokines
154
AU: What is humoral immunity?
macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction
155
Lymphocytes formed in ? can transform into specialized cells. (mh)
Bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
156
AU: what does Ab mean?
antibody
157
MM- What WBC are agranular
monocytes, lymphocytes
158
g.e.r
examples of nonspecific mechanisms
skin, tears,
159
What is an antigen?
*AB
Any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
160
MM- When are antibodies produced
in response to an antigen
161
In ? immunity, macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction. (mh)
Humoral immunity
162
MM- Which immunoglobulin is transferred across the placenta and protects the fetus
IgG
163
IH:
Fill in the blank: _________ is the body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and also parasites to prevent infectious diseases
Immunity
164
AU: fill in the blank. ____are found predominantly in organized lymphoid tissues, they constitute ____ of circulating lymphocytes in the blood.
B lymphocytes, 10%-20%
165
The body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens. (MH)
Immunity
166
MM- What is the mononuclear phagocyte systen also referred to as
Reticuloendothelial system
167
Primary functions of the immune system…
*AB
Defense, homeostasis, and surveillance
168
g.e.r
what is Naturally Acquired Active immunity?
is built on life time exposure
169
g.e.r
what is inborn immunity?
is inherited or genetic
170
AU: the only antibody transferred from mother to fetus?
IgG
171
MM- Where are kupffer cells found
in liver sinusoids
172
The immune system must distinguish between ? and ?. (mh)
Self and nonself
173
IH:
What does the body’s immense system include?
Bone marrow, lymphoid, organs, and the mononuclear phagocyte system
174
What is immunity?
*AB
Body’s ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and to prevent infectious diseases
175
MM- Type I of hypersensitivity disorders?
anaphylaxis, hay fever, allergy
176
? are the “cornerstone” of the immune system. (mh)
Lymphocytes
177
Antibody produced after the initial exposure to an antigen. (Mh)
IgM
178
IH:
Fill in the blank:
In _____________, macrophages engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction
Humoral immunity
179
The only antibody transferred from mother to fetus.(mh)
IgG
180
AU: fill in the blank. _____ are proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during _______ _________
cytokines, immune response
181
The most common antibody and is produced on second and future exposures to an antigen. (Mh)
IgG
182
ML. What immunoglobulin is transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta?
IgG
183
Function of T cells…
*AB
Helps protect against viral infections and destroy recognized cancer cells
184
AU: stimuates natural killer cells
interleukin-12
185
g.e.r
which organ is considered the central or primary lymphoid organ?
thymus
186
AU: secreted by lymphocytes
Lymphokines
187
IH:
Where are B lymphocytes found?
In organized lymphoid tissue, such as spleen
188
Antibody responsible for immediate type allergic reactions. (Mh)
IgE
189
AU: Believed to function as an antigen receptor; present in blood in very small amounts
IgD
190
IH:
Fill in the blank:
An ________ is any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response
Antigen
191
g.e.r
what type of immune response does B cell produce?
Humoral
192
Which cells are involved in humoral immune response. (Mh)
B-cells
193
What develops into cells that produce antibodies?
*AB
B cells (B lymphocytes)
194
Which cells provide cell-mediated immune response. (Mh)
T-cells
195
AU: fill in the blank. the ______gland is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ.
Thymus
196
IH:
Fill in the blank:
__________ are proteins that acts as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the immune response
Cytokines
197
AU: The final line of defense against disease
specific immunity
198
What is the function of B-cells? (Mh)
Produces antibodies or immunoglobulins
199
What is an antibody?
*AB
Protein substance the body produces in response to an antigen
200
g.e.r
what type of immune response does T cell produce?
cellular (cell-mediated)
201
What is the function of helper T4 cells? (Mh)
Attacks foreign invaders (antigens) directly
202
ML. What type of immunity results when a child is exposed to and develops a disease?
Naturally Acquired active immunity
203
IH:
What kind of immunity results when a child is end exposed to and develops a disease and subsequently builds up antibodies to infections caused by the same organism?
Naturally acquired active immunity
204
g.e.r where is igA?
blood, gastrointestinal(GI) mucosal secretions breast milk
205
g.e.r
what is IgE responsible for?
immediate type allergic reactions such as latex allergies.
206
AU: fill in the blank. The Complement System attacks the surface of an antibody-coated foreign cell, helping antibodies kill the ______
Complement Fixation
207
Which immunoglobulin protect fetus against antitoxins, viruses, and bacteria?
*AB
IgG
208
The ? is considered a central or primary lymphoid organ. (Mh)
Thymus
209
? is the final line of defense against disease. (Mh)
Specific immunity.
210
ML. What gland is considered a central or primary lymphoma organ?
Thymus
211
IH:
Fill in the blank:
________ changes an antigen, rendering it harmless to the body
Antibody-mediated immunity
212
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate type allergic reactions?
*AB
IgE
213
What is the nonspecific defense mechanism of the skin?
*AB
Provides a physical barrier and secretes enzymes
214
IH:
What immunoglobulin is responsible for immediate-type allergic reactions, including latex allergies
IgE
214
Define cytokines.
Proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some functions of lymphocytes and microphones during immune response.
215
What type of cytokines is use to treat certain cancers?
Interferon-alpha
216
What is considered a central or primar lymphoid organ?
*AB
Thymus
217
What immunoglobulin is believed to function as an antigen receptor?
IgD
