Chapter 25- Respiratory Flashcards
S.R. What system involves the life-sustaining priorities of Airway and Breathing?
The respiratory system
S.R. What infection is the most common between the sinus cavities and nasal mucosa
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
S.R. True or False, Left bronchus is more susceptible to aspiration of fluids or foreign objects
False, Right bronchus
MM- What is a result of decreased numbers of alveoli and diffusion ability
Less ability to compenate for respiratory needs in stress or illess
MM- What is a nursing implication for decreased numbers of alveoli and diffusion ability
Advise pt to avoid contant with children or others with respiratory tract infections
MM- What is a result of decreased strength in breathing and coughing
Hypoventilation leading to respiratory problems and pneumonia
S.R. A __________ ________ or other opening into the chest must be immediately plugged, to prevent death.
Puncture wound
MM- What is a result of size of chest wall decreasing as a result of kyphosis and osteoporosis
difficulty breathing deeply
S.R. ___________ causes a decrease in bronchial diameter, constriction of blood vessels, and paralysis of cilia, and can destroy lung tissue itself over time.
Nicotine
MM- what is a result of decreased elasticity of lungs and bronchioles
Increased risk for pnemonia and circulatory disorders
KM: ____ relates to the integration and balance of body systems
Homeostasis
KM: What are some disorders of the respiratory system?
Obstructive Disorders, Restrictive Disorders, Vascular and Circulatory Disorders, and infections.
KM: T/F Nursing care for older adults must adapt to changes related to aging.
True
KM: T/F The nursing process does not produce a significant effect on the respiratory system
False: It can produce a significant effect on the respiratory system.
KM: Increased _____ of thorax and diaphragm is common in the effects of aging.
Rigidity
KM: With aging does the size of the chest wall decrease or increase?
Decrease
KM: What results from an aging client with overweight or extremely inactive issues?
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Decreased Ability to combat infections
Difficulty in breathing; abnormal appearance
KM: The respiratory system has many ____ to protect itself from diseases
Mechanisms
KM: Decreased numbers of alveoli and diffusion ability is an effect of what?
Aging
KM: What are Nursing Implications for decreased strength in breathing and coughing due to aging?
Advise to change position every 2 hr nightly
Encourage client not to smoke
Postural drainage may be prescribed
The ______ system involves the ____ sustaining priorities of airway and breathing. (B.C)
respiratory, life
if food gets lodged in the larynx, this action can usually dislodge it (B.C.)
coughing
Sinuses drain directly into? (B.C)
nasal cavities
T or F: a upper respiratory infection is very common and often causes excess sinus secretions (B.C)
True
T or F: choaking and suffocation do not kill many people each year (B.C)
False, they do kill many people each year
The ____ bronchus is straighter and wider then the ____. (B.C)
right, left
an airless situation in the pleural space is called? (B.C)
atelectasis
T or F: atelectasis can only be chronic and not life threatening. (B.C)
False, it can be chronic, acute and life threatening
T or F: a tracheotomy is not usually needed for a blocked airway. (B.C)
False, tracheotomy may be needed for blockage
Any interruption in the closed chest can be ____________. )B.C)
life threatening
T.O. CO2
Carbon dioxide
T.O. ERV
Expiratory reserve volume
T.O. FRC
Functional residual capacity
T.O. IC
Inspiratory capacity
T.O. IRV
Inspiratory reserve volume
T.O. O2
Oxygen
T.O. RV
Residual volume
T.O. TLC
Total lung capacity
T.O. TV
Tidal volume
T.O. URI
Upper respiratory infection
T.O. VC
Vital capacity
T.O. VT
Tidal volume
True or False
A tube shaped passage for air and food is called the pharynx. -AW
True
True or False
Sinuses drain directly into the nasal cavities, which also drains into the throat. —AW
True
What is the section of the pharynx extending from the nares to the uvula
-AW
Nasopharynx
What is the part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis. -AW
oropharynx
True or False
The laryngopharynx is the lowest portion of the pharynx -AW
True
What serves as an air passage way between the pharynx and the trachea. -AW
The Larynx
What automatically closes when swallowing , preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passage . -AW
epiglottis
If food becomes lodged in the larynx .What can usually dislodge it? -AW
coughing
The largest and most prominent cartilage, in males is known as what? -AW
The Adams apple
What is located at the base of the larynx?-AW
vocal cords
JR The lungs depend upon which body system to contribute to the gas exchange and deliver oxygen to body cells?
Cardiovascular System
JR _______ is the exchange of gases between the external environment and body cells?
Respiration
JR The upper respiratory tract consists of the _______, ________, ________ and _________ which serve as pathways for air to enter and exit the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place.
nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx
JR Mucous membrane, richly supplied with _______ ________, lines the nasal cavity.
blood vessels
JR The circulatory system transports _______ and the nervous system receives ________ and _______ stimuli at the brains respiratory centers to initiate and control respirations.
gases
chemical and nervous
JR The air a person breathes in contains approximately _____% O2 and ______% CO2
21, 0.4
JR Exhaled air contains approximately ______%O2 but contains an increased amount of CO2, _______%
16, 4.5
JR Nerve endings in the _____ and ______ are responsible for the sense of smell?
septum and nasal passages
JR The _______ _______ consists of bone and cartilage which divides the internal nose into 2 sides or cavities?
nasal septum
JR Blood vessels lining the nasal cavity aid in _______ and ________ air before it reaches the lungs?
warming and moistening
JR. A person can live a few _____ without food, a few _______ without water, but only a few _______ without air.
weeks, days, minutes
JR What are the structures of the respiratory system?
air passages, pulmonary blood vessels, lungs and muscles of breathing
JR What is the path of air flow into the lungs?
Nose–Pharynx–Larynx–Trachea–Bronchi–Bronchioles–Alveoli
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by raising the chest?
Pectoralis
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by raising the sternum?
Mastoid
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by helping raise the thoracic cage?
Trapezium
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by pulling down the lower chest?
Abdominis Rectus
JR Which muscles contract to lift and spread the ribs during inhalation, adding to the vaccum?
Intercostal Muscles
JR ______ Stimulates the body to breathe?
CO2
JR Normal adult respiration is ____ to ____?
12 to 20
G.e.r
True or False
A man usually has a larger larynx than women
True
G.e.r
what does the trachea consists of?
of C-Shaped hyaline cartilage and connective tissue and extends from the lower end of the larynx into the chest cavity
AU: T/F. The aging process has a significant effect on the respiratory system.
True
AU: What cells do not begin functioning until the 7th gestational month?
alveolar type ll cells
AU: What is RDS?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
AU: T/F. Although the lungs are developing, the fetal respiratory system is dormat during pregnancy.
True
AU: What causes surfactant deficiency in preterm infants?
alveolar type ll cells not yet functioning
AU: T/F. Nursing care for older adults must adapt to changes related to aging.
True
AU: What helps determine lung maturity in a fetus?
amniotic fluid tests
AU: What is the treatment for RDS?
mechanical ventilation and administration of synthetic surfactant
AU: What prevents RDS?
steroid injections during pregnancy
AU: What’s another name for RDS?
Hyaline Membrane Disease
g.e.r
in the event of a blocked airway a ________ may be needed.
Tracheotomy; an artificial opening from the outside either temporary or permanent
g.e.r
why is the right bronchus more susceptible to aspirate of fluids or foreign objects?
is straighter down and wider than the left.
ger
what does the trachea consist of
C-shaped hyaline cartilage and connective tissue and extends from the lower end of the larynx into the chest cavity behind the heart
g.e.r
how many lobes does the right love have?
3
G.e.r
how many lobes does the left have?
2
g.e.r.
what is it called when the bronchi become smaller their walls become thinner the amount of cartlige decreases ?
bronchioles
g.e.r
what type of muscle is encircled in the bronchi and bronchioles?
smooth muscle
g.e.r
True/ False
A man usually had a larger larynx and therefore a deeper voice than most women?
True
g.e.r
the ____ are close together air passing over them causes them to vibrate producing sound similar to a reed organ
Vocal cords
g.er
as in the nose mucus in the _____traps inhaled foreign particles which waves of cilia carry out of the respiratory tract through the pharynx.
Trachea
J.S Respiratory system functions:
Taking O2 from the atmosphere, exchanging it for CO2 from the body, and assisting with regulation of body pH.
J.S The lungs depend on the cardiovascular system to:
Contribute to the gas exchange and deliver O2 to the body’s cells.
J.S Respiration involves 3 processes:
Ventilation (breathing) gas exchange (in and alveoli of the lungs and body cells) and O2 and CO2 transportation (for metabolism, body processes, and waste removal).
J.S Upper respiratory tract consists of:
Nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, which serve as pathways for air to enter and exit the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place.
J.S The nasal septum:
Consisting of bone and cartilage, divides the internal nose into two sides or cavities.
J.S Acid-base balance:
Assists in regulating bodies pH, eliminates some water.
J.S Speech production:
Air passes over vocal cords to produce sound.
J.S Circulatory system:
Transports gases and the nervous system receives chemical and nervous stimuli at the brains respiratory center to initiate and control respirations.
J.S CN I
Sense of smell, the olfactory nerve. Transmits nerve impulses to the brain.
J.S What lines the nasal cavity?
mucous membrane, richly supplied with blood vessels. These vessels aid in warming and moistening air before it reaches the lungs.
J.S The respirator systems involves:
The life-sustaining priorities of Airway and Breathing.
J.S ERV
Expiratory reserve volume, maximum volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation.
Normal value: 1,100mL
CG - what are two types of respiration?
Are external and internal
CG - the exchange of O2 for CO2 within the cells is called?
Tissue respiration, internal respiration, or cellular respiration (cell breathing)
CG- what is external respiration?
The exchange of o2 for co2 within the alveoli of the lungs (by diffusion - passive transport)
CG- lung capacity varies with?
Sex, size, physical condition, and age
CG - the ability of the lungs and thorax to expand also influences?
Lung volumes and capacities
CG - what is TLC?
Total Lung Capacity
CG- what is FRC?
Functional residual capacity
CG - what is IC?
Inspiratory capacity
CG- what is VC?
Vital capacity
CG - Lung capacities include?
VC, IC, FRC, TLC
J.O. Air enters the body through the right and left external _____ (nostrils).
Nares
J.O. Hairs at the entrance of the nostrils and ____ (tiny hairlike projections) on the membranes serve as filters to remove some foreign particles that otherwise might be carried to the lungs
Cilia
J.O. Four cavities (_____) are located in each side of the nasal area (a total of eight).
Sinuses
J.O. Air travels from the nose to the?
Pharynx, a tube-shaped passage for air and food
J.O. The section of the pharynx extending from the nares to the uvula is the _____
Nasopharynx, a passageway for air only
J.O. The ______ is the part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis.
Oropharynx
J.O. What is the lowest portion of the pharynx?
Laryngopharynx
J.O. A lid or cover of cartilage, the _____ (“trap door cartilage”), guards the entrance to the larynx.
Epiglottis
ML define- mediastinum
The area lying between the lungs in the thorax.
ML. Define- eupnea
Normal respiration
ML Define- dyspnea
Difficult breathing
ML Define- diaphragm
Dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, which contracts and flattens to increase both chest space and pleural vacuum
ML Define- pleural
A smooth double-layered sac of serous membrane in the lower respiratory tract
ML Define- trachea
The windpipe, through which food and air pass, approximately 4.5 in. Long and 1 in. Diameter in adults
ML Define- nasopharynx
Section of the pharynx that extends from the nares to the uvula that is used for air passages only
ML Define- oropharynx
The part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis
ML define- vocal cords
Two thin, triangle-shaped reedlike foldable or fibrous bands
ML define- epiglottis
A lid or cover of cartilage that guards the entrance to the larynx
What are the two types of respiration?
AB
External and internal
What is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide within the alveoli of the lungs?
AB
External respiration
What are protective reflexes needed to dislodge materials from respiratory passages?
AB
Coughing and sneezing
What is the response to a lack of oxygen or accumulation of carbon dioxide?
AB
Yawning
What is encouraged to assist in improving oxygen delivery to the lungs and tissues?
AB
Coughing and deep breathing
Movement of gases through what allows a person to speak or sing?
AB
Mouth, larynx, and pharynx
What factors can cause a decrease in gas exchange?
AB
Immobility, thoracic/pulmonary surgery, or pneumonia
Why would supplemental oxygen be ordered?
AB
To improve arterial oxygen levels
What is respiration?
AB
The exchange of gases between a person’s external environment and internal cells
What must happen for the respiratory system to function?
AB
It must remain moist, cells must be thin, there must be a source of oxygen, and the respiratory system must communicate with the circulatory system
J.O. At the base of the larynx are the ____ _____, two thin, triangle-shaped reedlike folds or fibrous bands.
Vocal cords
J.O. Air passed from the larynx into the _____, a tube approximately 4.5 in. (11cm) long and 1 in. diameter in adults
Trachea
J.O. As the trachea enters the chest cavity, it divides into two smaller tubes called the?
Bronchi
J.O. As the bronchi become smaller, their walls become thinner, the amount of cartilage decreases, and they become known as?
Bronchioles
J.O. The bronchioles branch first into _____ _____, which look like stems, and end in many _____ ___, which look like clusters of grapes
Alveolar ducts,
Alveolar sacs
J.O. What is secreted by the great alveolar (type II) cells of the lungs and is a mixture of phospholipids (a special type of fat, containing phosphorus)?
Surfactant (surface active agent)
IH
What is difficult breathing called?
dyspnea
CL. Infection in either the sinus cavities or the nasal mucosa can cause what
Upper respiratory infection and excess sinus secretion
CL. Tonsils aren’t removed because of what function
Lymphatic Functions
CL. If a person becomes out choked, what is the best thing for them to do?
Cough
CL. which Broncos is more likely to aspiration
Right Bronchus
CL True or false in the event of a blocked airway, a trichotomy may be needed.
True
CL. What type of procedure is a trichotomy?
This is an artificial opening from the outside, either temporary or permanent into the trachea to allow for breathing
CL Air or fluid accumulation in the plural space can cause what
A collapsed lung
CL pleurisy if inflammation of the what?
Plura
CL an excess of carbon dioxide in the body lowers what?
The body’s pH level, which then stimulates the medulla to increase respiration
CL What system must communicate with the respiratory system?
The circulatory system
IH
What dome- shaped muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
IH
What is the major regulator of respiration?
carbon dioxide
IH
What is the mechanical process of respiration that moves air to and from alveoli?
ventilation
IH
What is the inner layer that covers the lungs?
Visceral Pleura
IH
What is the outer layer that covers the lungs?
Parietal Pleura
J.O. Humans have two cone-shaped ____ that fill the chest cavity
Lungs
IH
What muscles contract to lift and spread the ribs during inhalation?
intercostal muscles
IH
What is the area lying between the lungs in the thorax (chest)?
mediastinum
IH
The bronchioles branch first into the ______________, which look like stems, and end in many ___________ which look like clusters of grapes.
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
IH
____________ is secreted by the great alveolar cells of the lungs and is a mixture of phospholipids
Surfactant
Cilia
CH
Hair-like threads that sweep material
Bronchiole
CH
Smaller Bronch
Bronchi
Tubular shaped air passages that connect the trachea and lungs
Dyspnea
CH
Difficulty in breathing
Internal Respiration
CH
Cellular Breathing
Trachea
CH
Wind pipe
Surfactant
CH
Surface active Agent
Sinus
CH
A cavity or a channel
Inspiration
CH
Inhalation, drawing air into lungs
Intercostal muscle
CH
Muscles located between the ribs
Air or fluid accumulation in the pleural space can cause what? (Mh)
Lung collapse.
The mechanical process of respiration that moves air to and from alveoli.
Ventilation
Denotes dyspnea that is relieved when person sits up(mh)
Orthopnea
______ is the respiratory center (mh)
Medulla
An excess of CO2 in the blood can lower _____? (Mh)
Blood pH
The volume of air inhales and exhaled with each breath (mh)
Tidal volume
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation (mh)
Inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation (mh)
Residual volume
The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration (mh)
Inspiration capacity
__________ in the medulla stimulate the muscles of respiration in response to changes in CO2 levels (mh)
Chemoreceptors
Lung capacities vary with ? (Mh)
Sex, size, physical condition, and age
____ is the exchange of gasses between a persons external environment and internal cells (mh)
Respiration
External respiration is gas exchange at what level? (Mh)
Lung level
Internal respiration is gas exchange at what level? (Mh)
Cellular level
For the respiratory system to function it must remain ___? (Mh)
Moist (to dissolve gases)
What gas stimulates breathing? (Mh)
CO2
