Chapter 25- Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
S.R. What system involves the life-sustaining priorities of Airway and Breathing?
A
The respiratory system
2
Q
S.R. What infection is the most common between the sinus cavities and nasal mucosa
A
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
3
Q
S.R. True or False, Left bronchus is more susceptible to aspiration of fluids or foreign objects
A
False, Right bronchus
4
Q
MM- What is a result of decreased numbers of alveoli and diffusion ability
A
Less ability to compenate for respiratory needs in stress or illess
5
Q
MM- What is a nursing implication for decreased numbers of alveoli and diffusion ability
A
Advise pt to avoid contant with children or others with respiratory tract infections
6
Q
MM- What is a result of decreased strength in breathing and coughing
A
Hypoventilation leading to respiratory problems and pneumonia
7
Q
S.R. A __________ ________ or other opening into the chest must be immediately plugged, to prevent death.
A
Puncture wound
8
Q
MM- What is a result of size of chest wall decreasing as a result of kyphosis and osteoporosis
A
difficulty breathing deeply
9
Q
S.R. ___________ causes a decrease in bronchial diameter, constriction of blood vessels, and paralysis of cilia, and can destroy lung tissue itself over time.
A
Nicotine
10
Q
MM- what is a result of decreased elasticity of lungs and bronchioles
A
Increased risk for pnemonia and circulatory disorders
11
Q
KM: ____ relates to the integration and balance of body systems
A
Homeostasis
12
Q
KM: What are some disorders of the respiratory system?
A
Obstructive Disorders, Restrictive Disorders, Vascular and Circulatory Disorders, and infections.
13
Q
KM: T/F Nursing care for older adults must adapt to changes related to aging.
A
True
14
Q
KM: T/F The nursing process does not produce a significant effect on the respiratory system
A
False: It can produce a significant effect on the respiratory system.
15
Q
KM: Increased _____ of thorax and diaphragm is common in the effects of aging.
A
Rigidity
16
Q
KM: With aging does the size of the chest wall decrease or increase?
A
Decrease
17
Q
KM: What results from an aging client with overweight or extremely inactive issues?
A
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Decreased Ability to combat infections
Difficulty in breathing; abnormal appearance
18
Q
KM: The respiratory system has many ____ to protect itself from diseases
A
Mechanisms
19
Q
KM: Decreased numbers of alveoli and diffusion ability is an effect of what?
A
Aging
20
Q
KM: What are Nursing Implications for decreased strength in breathing and coughing due to aging?
A
Advise to change position every 2 hr nightly
Encourage client not to smoke
Postural drainage may be prescribed
21
Q
The ______ system involves the ____ sustaining priorities of airway and breathing. (B.C)
A
respiratory, life
22
Q
if food gets lodged in the larynx, this action can usually dislodge it (B.C.)
A
coughing
23
Q
Sinuses drain directly into? (B.C)
A
nasal cavities
24
Q
T or F: a upper respiratory infection is very common and often causes excess sinus secretions (B.C)
A
True
25
T or F: choaking and suffocation do not kill many people each year (B.C)
False, they do kill many people each year
26
The ____ bronchus is straighter and wider then the ____. (B.C)
right, left
27
an airless situation in the pleural space is called? (B.C)
atelectasis
28
T or F: atelectasis can only be chronic and not life threatening. (B.C)
False, it can be chronic, acute and life threatening
29
T or F: a tracheotomy is not usually needed for a blocked airway. (B.C)
False, tracheotomy may be needed for blockage
30
Any interruption in the closed chest can be ____________. )B.C)
life threatening
31
T.O. CO2
Carbon dioxide
32
T.O. ERV
Expiratory reserve volume
33
T.O. FRC
Functional residual capacity
34
T.O. IC
Inspiratory capacity
35
T.O. IRV
Inspiratory reserve volume
36
T.O. O2
Oxygen
37
T.O. RV
Residual volume
38
T.O. TLC
Total lung capacity
39
T.O. TV
Tidal volume
40
T.O. URI
Upper respiratory infection
41
T.O. VC
Vital capacity
42
T.O. VT
Tidal volume
43
True or False
A tube shaped passage for air and food is called the pharynx. -AW
True
44
True or False
Sinuses drain directly into the nasal cavities, which also drains into the throat. ---AW
True
45
What is the section of the pharynx extending from the nares to the uvula
-AW
Nasopharynx
46
What is the part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis. -AW
oropharynx
47
True or False
The laryngopharynx is the lowest portion of the pharynx -AW
True
48
What serves as an air passage way between the pharynx and the trachea. -AW
The Larynx
49
What automatically closes when swallowing , preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passage . -AW
epiglottis
50
If food becomes lodged in the larynx .What can usually dislodge it? -AW
coughing
51
The largest and most prominent cartilage, in males is known as what? -AW
The Adams apple
52
What is located at the base of the larynx?-AW
vocal cords
53
JR The lungs depend upon which body system to contribute to the gas exchange and deliver oxygen to body cells?
Cardiovascular System
54
JR _______ is the exchange of gases between the external environment and body cells?
Respiration
55
JR The upper respiratory tract consists of the _______, ________, ________ and _________ which serve as pathways for air to enter and exit the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place.
nose, sinuses, pharynx and larynx
56
JR Mucous membrane, richly supplied with _______ ________, lines the nasal cavity.
blood vessels
57
JR The circulatory system transports _______ and the nervous system receives ________ and _______ stimuli at the brains respiratory centers to initiate and control respirations.
gases
chemical and nervous
58
JR The air a person breathes in contains approximately _____% O2 and ______% CO2
21, 0.4
59
JR Exhaled air contains approximately ______%O2 but contains an increased amount of CO2, _______%
16, 4.5
60
JR Nerve endings in the _____ and ______ are responsible for the sense of smell?
septum and nasal passages
61
JR The _______ _______ consists of bone and cartilage which divides the internal nose into 2 sides or cavities?
nasal septum
62
JR Blood vessels lining the nasal cavity aid in _______ and ________ air before it reaches the lungs?
warming and moistening
63
JR. A person can live a few _____ without food, a few _______ without water, but only a few _______ without air.
weeks, days, minutes
64
JR What are the structures of the respiratory system?
air passages, pulmonary blood vessels, lungs and muscles of breathing
65
JR What is the path of air flow into the lungs?
Nose--Pharynx--Larynx--Trachea--Bronchi--Bronchioles--Alveoli
66
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by raising the chest?
Pectoralis
67
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by raising the sternum?
Mastoid
68
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by helping raise the thoracic cage?
Trapezium
69
JR Which muscle aids in respiration by pulling down the lower chest?
Abdominis Rectus
70
JR Which muscles contract to lift and spread the ribs during inhalation, adding to the vaccum?
Intercostal Muscles
71
JR ______ Stimulates the body to breathe?
CO2
72
JR Normal adult respiration is ____ to ____?
12 to 20
73
G.e.r
True or False
A man usually has a larger larynx than women
True
74
G.e.r
what does the trachea consists of?
of C-Shaped hyaline cartilage and connective tissue and extends from the lower end of the larynx into the chest cavity
75
AU: T/F. The aging process has a significant effect on the respiratory system.
True
76
AU: What cells do not begin functioning until the 7th gestational month?
alveolar type ll cells
77
AU: What is RDS?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
78
AU: T/F. Although the lungs are developing, the fetal respiratory system is dormat during pregnancy.
True
79
AU: What causes surfactant deficiency in preterm infants?
alveolar type ll cells not yet functioning
80
AU: T/F. Nursing care for older adults must adapt to changes related to aging.
True
81
AU: What helps determine lung maturity in a fetus?
amniotic fluid tests
82
AU: What is the treatment for RDS?
mechanical ventilation and administration of synthetic surfactant
83
AU: What prevents RDS?
steroid injections during pregnancy
84
AU: What's another name for RDS?
Hyaline Membrane Disease
85
g.e.r
in the event of a blocked airway a ________ may be needed.
Tracheotomy; an artificial opening from the outside either temporary or permanent
86
g.e.r
why is the right bronchus more susceptible to aspirate of fluids or foreign objects?
is straighter down and wider than the left.
87
ger
what does the trachea consist of
C-shaped hyaline cartilage and connective tissue and extends from the lower end of the larynx into the chest cavity behind the heart
88
g.e.r
how many lobes does the right love have?
3
89
G.e.r
how many lobes does the left have?
2
90
g.e.r.
what is it called when the bronchi become smaller their walls become thinner the amount of cartlige decreases ?
bronchioles
91
g.e.r
what type of muscle is encircled in the bronchi and bronchioles?
smooth muscle
92
g.e.r
True/ False
A man usually had a larger larynx and therefore a deeper voice than most women?
True
93
g.e.r
the ____ are close together air passing over them causes them to vibrate producing sound similar to a reed organ
Vocal cords
94
g.er
as in the nose mucus in the _____traps inhaled foreign particles which waves of cilia carry out of the respiratory tract through the pharynx.
Trachea
95
J.S Respiratory system functions:
Taking O2 from the atmosphere, exchanging it for CO2 from the body, and assisting with regulation of body pH.
96
J.S The lungs depend on the cardiovascular system to:
Contribute to the gas exchange and deliver O2 to the body’s cells.
97
J.S Respiration involves 3 processes:
Ventilation (breathing) gas exchange (in and alveoli of the lungs and body cells) and O2 and CO2 transportation (for metabolism, body processes, and waste removal).
98
J.S Upper respiratory tract consists of:
Nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, which serve as pathways for air to enter and exit the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place.
99
J.S The nasal septum:
Consisting of bone and cartilage, divides the internal nose into two sides or cavities.
100
J.S Acid-base balance:
Assists in regulating bodies pH, eliminates some water.
101
J.S Speech production:
Air passes over vocal cords to produce sound.
102
J.S Circulatory system:
Transports gases and the nervous system receives chemical and nervous stimuli at the brains respiratory center to initiate and control respirations.
103
J.S CN I
Sense of smell, the olfactory nerve. Transmits nerve impulses to the brain.
104
J.S What lines the nasal cavity?
mucous membrane, richly supplied with blood vessels. These vessels aid in warming and moistening air before it reaches the lungs.
105
J.S The respirator systems involves:
The life-sustaining priorities of Airway and Breathing.
106
J.S ERV
Expiratory reserve volume, maximum volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation.
Normal value: 1,100mL
107
CG - what are two types of respiration?
Are external and internal
108
CG - the exchange of O2 for CO2 within the cells is called?
Tissue respiration, internal respiration, or cellular respiration (cell breathing)
109
CG- what is external respiration?
The exchange of o2 for co2 within the alveoli of the lungs (by diffusion - passive transport)
110
CG- lung capacity varies with?
Sex, size, physical condition, and age
111
CG - the ability of the lungs and thorax to expand also influences?
Lung volumes and capacities
112
CG - what is TLC?
Total Lung Capacity
113
CG- what is FRC?
Functional residual capacity
114
CG - what is IC?
Inspiratory capacity
115
CG- what is VC?
Vital capacity
116
CG - Lung capacities include?
VC, IC, FRC, TLC
117
J.O. Air enters the body through the right and left external _____ (nostrils).
Nares
118
J.O. Hairs at the entrance of the nostrils and ____ (tiny hairlike projections) on the membranes serve as filters to remove some foreign particles that otherwise might be carried to the lungs
Cilia
119
J.O. Four cavities (_____) are located in each side of the nasal area (a total of eight).
Sinuses
120
J.O. Air travels from the nose to the?
Pharynx, a tube-shaped passage for air and food
121
J.O. The section of the pharynx extending from the nares to the uvula is the _____
Nasopharynx, a passageway for air only
122
J.O. The ______ is the part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis.
Oropharynx
123
J.O. What is the lowest portion of the pharynx?
Laryngopharynx
124
J.O. A lid or cover of cartilage, the _____ (“trap door cartilage”), guards the entrance to the larynx.
Epiglottis
125
ML define- mediastinum
The area lying between the lungs in the thorax.
126
ML. Define- eupnea
Normal respiration
127
ML Define- dyspnea
Difficult breathing
128
ML Define- diaphragm
Dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, which contracts and flattens to increase both chest space and pleural vacuum
129
ML Define- pleural
A smooth double-layered sac of serous membrane in the lower respiratory tract
130
ML Define- trachea
The windpipe, through which food and air pass, approximately 4.5 in. Long and 1 in. Diameter in adults
131
ML Define- nasopharynx
Section of the pharynx that extends from the nares to the uvula that is used for air passages only
132
ML Define- oropharynx
The part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis
133
ML define- vocal cords
Two thin, triangle-shaped reedlike foldable or fibrous bands
134
ML define- epiglottis
A lid or cover of cartilage that guards the entrance to the larynx
135
136
What are the two types of respiration?
AB
External and internal
137
What is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide within the alveoli of the lungs?
AB
External respiration
138
What are protective reflexes needed to dislodge materials from respiratory passages?
AB
Coughing and sneezing
139
What is the response to a lack of oxygen or accumulation of carbon dioxide?
AB
Yawning
140
What is encouraged to assist in improving oxygen delivery to the lungs and tissues?
AB
Coughing and deep breathing
141
Movement of gases through what allows a person to speak or sing?
AB
Mouth, larynx, and pharynx
142
What factors can cause a decrease in gas exchange?
AB
Immobility, thoracic/pulmonary surgery, or pneumonia
143
Why would supplemental oxygen be ordered?
AB
To improve arterial oxygen levels
144
What is respiration?
AB
The exchange of gases between a person’s external environment and internal cells
145
What must happen for the respiratory system to function?
AB
It must remain moist, cells must be thin, there must be a source of oxygen, and the respiratory system must communicate with the circulatory system
146
J.O. At the base of the larynx are the ____ _____, two thin, triangle-shaped reedlike folds or fibrous bands.
Vocal cords
147
J.O. Air passed from the larynx into the _____, a tube approximately 4.5 in. (11cm) long and 1 in. diameter in adults
Trachea
148
J.O. As the trachea enters the chest cavity, it divides into two smaller tubes called the?
Bronchi
149
J.O. As the bronchi become smaller, their walls become thinner, the amount of cartilage decreases, and they become known as?
Bronchioles
150
J.O. The bronchioles branch first into _____ _____, which look like stems, and end in many _____ ___, which look like clusters of grapes
Alveolar ducts,
Alveolar sacs
151
J.O. What is secreted by the great alveolar (type II) cells of the lungs and is a mixture of phospholipids (a special type of fat, containing phosphorus)?
Surfactant (surface active agent)
152
IH
What is difficult breathing called?
dyspnea
153
CL. Infection in either the sinus cavities or the nasal mucosa can cause what
Upper respiratory infection and excess sinus secretion
154
CL. Tonsils aren’t removed because of what function
Lymphatic Functions
155
CL. If a person becomes out choked, what is the best thing for them to do?
Cough
156
CL. which Broncos is more likely to aspiration
Right Bronchus
157
CL True or false in the event of a blocked airway, a trichotomy may be needed.
True
158
CL. What type of procedure is a trichotomy?
This is an artificial opening from the outside, either temporary or permanent into the trachea to allow for breathing
159
CL Air or fluid accumulation in the plural space can cause what
A collapsed lung
160
CL pleurisy if inflammation of the what?
Plura
161
CL an excess of carbon dioxide in the body lowers what?
The body’s pH level, which then stimulates the medulla to increase respiration
162
CL What system must communicate with the respiratory system?
The circulatory system
163
164
IH
What dome- shaped muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
165
IH
What is the major regulator of respiration?
carbon dioxide
166
IH
What is the mechanical process of respiration that moves air to and from alveoli?
ventilation
167
IH
What is the inner layer that covers the lungs?
Visceral Pleura
168
IH
What is the outer layer that covers the lungs?
Parietal Pleura
169
J.O. Humans have two cone-shaped ____ that fill the chest cavity
Lungs
170
IH
What muscles contract to lift and spread the ribs during inhalation?
intercostal muscles
171
IH
What is the area lying between the lungs in the thorax (chest)?
mediastinum
172
IH
The bronchioles branch first into the ______________, which look like stems, and end in many ___________ which look like clusters of grapes.
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
173
IH
____________ is secreted by the great alveolar cells of the lungs and is a mixture of phospholipids
Surfactant
174
Cilia
CH
Hair-like threads that sweep material
175
Bronchiole
CH
Smaller Bronch
176
Bronchi
Tubular shaped air passages that connect the trachea and lungs
177
Dyspnea
CH
Difficulty in breathing
178
Internal Respiration
CH
Cellular Breathing
179
Trachea
CH
Wind pipe
180
Surfactant
CH
Surface active Agent
181
Sinus
CH
A cavity or a channel
182
Inspiration
CH
Inhalation, drawing air into lungs
183
Intercostal muscle
CH
Muscles located between the ribs
184
Air or fluid accumulation in the pleural space can cause what? (Mh)
Lung collapse.
185
The mechanical process of respiration that moves air to and from alveoli.
Ventilation
186
Denotes dyspnea that is relieved when person sits up(mh)
Orthopnea
187
______ is the respiratory center (mh)
Medulla
188
An excess of CO2 in the blood can lower _____? (Mh)
Blood pH
189
The volume of air inhales and exhaled with each breath (mh)
Tidal volume
190
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation (mh)
Inspiratory reserve volume
191
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation (mh)
Residual volume
192
The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration (mh)
Inspiration capacity
193
__________ in the medulla stimulate the muscles of respiration in response to changes in CO2 levels (mh)
Chemoreceptors
194
Lung capacities vary with ? (Mh)
Sex, size, physical condition, and age
195
____ is the exchange of gasses between a persons external environment and internal cells (mh)
Respiration
196
External respiration is gas exchange at what level? (Mh)
Lung level
197
Internal respiration is gas exchange at what level? (Mh)
Cellular level
198
For the respiratory system to function it must remain ___? (Mh)
Moist (to dissolve gases)
199
What gas stimulates breathing? (Mh)
CO2
