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PNE- 155 > PNE 141 Exam Review > Flashcards

PNE 141 Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the insignia of nursing that represents the warmth of caring, symbolizes the striving for excellence and the energy and commitment of the nurse to care for others?

A

Lamp of Learning

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2
Q

What word is derived from the Latin word which means to nourish?

A

Nurse

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3
Q

Based on mythical figures, the _______ __ _______ and the ___________ are modern symbols of medicine?

A

Staff of Aesculapius; Caduceus

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4
Q

Who is known as the father of medicine?

A

Hippocrates

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5
Q

What term is used for treating the person as a whole?

A

Holistic

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6
Q

During the crusades most nursing care was done by _______?

A

male military personnel

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7
Q

During the Reformation (1500s-1800s;Dark Ages of Nursing), the few women that provided nursing care were _________ or ___________?

A

prisoners; prostitutes

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8
Q

Who established the Kaiserswerth School for Nursing (1836)?

A

Pastor Theodor Fleidner

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9
Q

Who was the most famous student at the Kaiserswerth School for Nursing?

A

Florence Nightingale

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10
Q

During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale and 38 other nurses insisted on establishing _________ ________ and providing ________ _________ _______, which reduced the mortality rate?

A

sanitary conditions; quality nursing care

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11
Q

Who founded the American Red Cross?

A

Clara Barton

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12
Q

Name an attribute required to be a nurse?

A

A strong sense of responsibility; highest standards of integrity.

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13
Q

What was one of the original responsibilities of nurses?

A

Managing nutrition and diet

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14
Q

Florence Nightingale was born in _______ in 1820 to wealthy English parents

A

Italy

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15
Q

Nightingale started the first training school at St.Thomas Hospital in __________?

A

London

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16
Q

What are the various names of the “Nightingale Lamp”?

A

Lamp of Learning; Lamp of Nursing

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17
Q

Who founded the school of nursing at John Hopkins University?

A

Isabel Hampton Robb

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18
Q

Who continued to care for the sick when nursing was considered menial?

A

Florence Nightingale

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19
Q

Who organized the school of nursing at Massachusetts General Hospital?

A

Melinda Ann Richards

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20
Q

Who founded American Public health nursing?

A

Lillian Wald

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21
Q

Which 3 nursing programs were established on the basis of the Nightingale plan?

A

Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, New York; Connecticut Training School in New Haven; and Boston Training School at Massachusetts General Hospital

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22
Q

Which factors create a need for more healthcare services in the public sector?

A

homelessness; unemployment; underemployment; lack of health insurance; devastating diseases, such as AIDS or Tuberculosis

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23
Q

What is the importance of nursing uniforms?

A

Easily identifiable and distinguishable from other staff

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24
Q

What religious symbols are represented on nursing pins?

A

A cross (Maltese cross) and the star of David

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25
Q

What was the impact of WW1 on nursing?

A

Marked the first emergency training of nurses; The Army School of Nursing was established, Annie W Goodrich (1876-1955) wrote the cirriculum. Hundreds of women were trained in this program.

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26
Q

Which individual established the first geriatric facility?

A

Saint Helena

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27
Q

What course can be pursued in the (YWCA) Young Women’s Christian Association?

A

A 3 month program to train women in simple nursing care

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28
Q

Which change did the Greeks bring about in the field of nursing?

A

Hospitals or Hostels were set up to care for the sick

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29
Q

When caring for a patient with a chronic disease in the home why should the nurse put greater emphasis on teaching the client and family?

A

Family members may need to operate sophisticated equipment.

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30
Q

During which war did the first emergency training of nurses occur?

A

World War 1

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31
Q

What has been the most influential among the latest nursing trends?

A

Changes in nursing education; limitations on payment for healthcare; Lifestyle factors and greater life expectancy

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32
Q

A/P

A

Anterior/Posterior

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33
Q

approx.

A

Approximately

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34
Q

ARC

A

Aids Related Complex

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35
Q

ARDS

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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36
Q

ASA

A

Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)

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37
Q

ASCVD

A

Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

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38
Q

ASHD

A

Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease

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39
Q

Asst.

A

Assist/Assistant

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40
Q

As Tol.

A

As Tolerated

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41
Q

A.V. Node

A

Atrioventricular Node

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42
Q

Ax

A

Axilla/Axillary

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43
Q

Ap

A

Apical

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44
Q

ACLS

A

Advanced Cardiac Life Support

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45
Q

AJN

A

American Journal of Nursing

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46
Q

ANA

A

American Nursing Association

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47
Q

AD

A

Right Ear

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48
Q

AS

A

Left Ear

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49
Q

AU

A

Both Ears

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50
Q

The _______ assistant is trained academically and clinically to practice medicine under the supervision of a doctor of medicine or osteopathy.

A

(PA) Physicians Assistant

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51
Q

A nursing theory that focused importance of nurses aiding clients to meet or return to meeting their self care needs was developed by theorist ___________ ________?

A

Dorthea Orem

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52
Q

The national organization that focuses on advancing “excellence in nursing education” for all nurses is known as the ________

A

(NLN) National League for Nursing

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53
Q

The _______ assistant, under the direction of a physician, performs duties in the front/back medical office or clinic?

A

Medical Assistant

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54
Q

The LV/LPN works under the direct or indirect supervision of a healthcare provider, such as a physician, dentist, podiatrist or a/an _______

A

(RN) Registered Nurse

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55
Q

Who documents clients care and client response?

A

Communicator

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56
Q

Who assists clients in understanding their rights and responsibilities?

A

Advocate

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57
Q

Who advises clients in learning about their medications and healthcare at home?

A

Teacher

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58
Q

Who helps clients achieve a maximum level of wellness?

A

Care provider

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59
Q

What is the role of a nurse as a student?

A

Bring certain knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities to their nursing program.

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60
Q

What are the key program areas listed as crucial to nursing by the International Council for Nursing (ICN)?

A

Professional nursing practice with a focus on an international classification of nursing practice (ICNP); regulation of standards of nursing; socioeconomic welfare for nurses

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61
Q

What is the purpose of the NALPN

A

to provide standards of nursing care, promote continued post-licensure education and certification, and interpret the role and function of the LV/LPN.

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62
Q

Are there any states where a nurse can practice without a license?

A

NO

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63
Q

BBB

A

Bundle Branch Block

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64
Q

BCLS

A

Basic Cardiac Life Support

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65
Q

BCP

A

Birth Control Pills

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66
Q

B.E.

A

Barium Enema

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67
Q

bid

A

Twice a Day

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68
Q

BKA

A

Below Knee Amputation

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69
Q

BM

A

Bowel Movement

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70
Q

BMR

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

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71
Q

B.P.

A

Blood Pressure

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72
Q

BPH

A

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

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73
Q

BRP

A

Bathroom Privilages

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74
Q

BSE

A

Breast Self Exam

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75
Q

BSO

A

Bilateral Salping-oophorectomy

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76
Q

BTL

A

Bilateral Tubal Ligation

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77
Q

BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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78
Q

b/w

A

Between

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79
Q

Bx

A

Biopsy

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80
Q

C

A

Centigrade

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81
Q

_
c

A

With

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82
Q

C1,C2,etc.

A

First Cervical Vertebrae, Second Cervical Vertebrae, etc

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83
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

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84
Q

CA

A

Cancer

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85
Q

CABG

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

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86
Q

CAD

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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87
Q

cap

A

Capsule

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88
Q

cath

A

Catheter/Catheterized

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89
Q

CBC

A

Complete Blood Count

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90
Q

C/C

A

Chief Complaint

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91
Q

cc

A

Cubic Centimeter

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92
Q

CCU

A

Coronary Care Unit

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93
Q

CDC

A

Center for Disease Control

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94
Q

CHF

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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95
Q

CHO

A

Carbohydrate

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96
Q

Cl

A

Chloride

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97
Q

cm

A

Centimeter

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98
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

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99
Q

c/o

A

Complains/ Complaints of

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100
Q

CO2

A

Carbon Dioxide

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101
Q

cont

A

Continued/ Continuous

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102
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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103
Q

CP

A

Cerebral Palsy

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104
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

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105
Q

C&S

A

Culture and Sensitivity

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106
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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107
Q

CT

A

Computerized Technology

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108
Q

Cu

A

Copper

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109
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

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109
Q

CVP

A

Central Venous Pressure

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110
Q

CXR

A

Chest X-ray

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111
Q

cysto

A

Cystoscope/Cystoscopy

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112
Q

CF

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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113
Q

CHD

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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114
Q
A

Change

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115
Q

A nurse is interested in achieving a license as a medical doctor. What is the initial requirement to obtain this license?

A

A minimum of 4 years of an undergraduate study

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116
Q

A RN has recently specialized in the field of surgery. As an RN in the surgical dept. what is the specialized role?

A

First assistant in surgery

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117
Q

After obtaining a licensure, in which kinds of care is the LPN nursing student likely to be involved?

A

providing routine wound care, caring for IV medication delivery system, reporting client reactions to prescribed meds, providing bedside care, and administering prescribed oral meds

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118
Q

What is the purpose of the (NFLPN) National Federation of Licensed Practical Nursing?

A

Promoting continued post licensure education, granting advanced certificates to LV/LPN, providing standards for nursing care and supporting federal and state legislation for the LV/LPN

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119
Q

What is the focus of the National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES)

A

The role of the LV/LPN in healthcare delivery, preparing the LPN student for healthcare practice, and licensing the LV/LPN for client care practice

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120
Q

What is a mandatory licensure?

A

Requires that the nurse functions be performed only by those licensed in the state

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121
Q

What are the 2 types of licensure that can be pursued by the new nurse?

A

Permissive and Mandatory

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122
Q

A nurse wants to know the importance of licensure. Which responses are accurate?

A

Protects the public from unethical nurses, identifies a nurse as a qualified healthcare provider, and assures a minimal level of nursing competency

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123
Q

A LPN has recently moved to a new state & is seeking employment. What licensing applies to this nurse’s situation?

A

Endorsement

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124
Q

Why is it important for the nurse to be familiar with nursing theories?

A

Nursing programs are based on nursing theories, nursing theories are the basis for nursing care, and theories provide the purpose for nursing actions

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125
Q

What nurse’s pledge do the LPN’s recite at graduation?

A

Practical Nurse’s Pledge

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126
Q

What are the concepts of Florence Nightingale’s nursing theory that are still practiced today?

A

Nature alone cures. Nursing assists the person to an improved condition.

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127
Q

Sister Callista Roy identified a nursing theory model that is still in practice today. What was the concept?

A

An individual’s state of health/ wellness moves back & forth on a continum.

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128
Q

When verbalizing events with the healthcare team members, which role is the nurse performing?

A

Communicator

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129
Q

What activity does a nurse perform when functioning in the care provider role?

A

Helps clients achieve the maximum level of wellness

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130
Q

What activity does a nurse perform when functioning in the advocate role?

A

Informs the RN that the clients pain meds are not effective

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131
Q

What activity does a nurse perform when functioning in the teacher role?

A

Reinforces instructions for a client recovering from surgery

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132
Q

The LPN student wishes to join the ANA & requests info on the eligibility for the membership. What should she know?

A

The person should be a RN

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133
Q

What key program area is identified as crucial to nursing by the International Council for Nursing?

A

Social economic welfare for nurses

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134
Q

Which nursing organization represents nurses economically by assisting in collective bargaining situations?

A

(ANA) American Nurses Association

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135
Q

What is the term that applies to the available insurance policies found within a Health Insurance Marketplace?

A

Affordable Care Act

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136
Q

What is the term for the minimal level or need for healthcare services?

A

Acuity

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137
Q

Another term for case management?

A

Managed Care

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138
Q

HMO’s

A

Health Maintenance Organizations

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139
Q

What is the specialized care of the terminally ill called?

A

Hospice

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140
Q

What is the term for part time supervision of clients with chronic conditions?

A

Respite

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141
Q

The ability to access a healthcare provider via telephone or computer audio/video link?

A

Telehealth

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142
Q

SNF/ICF

A

Skilled Nursing Facility/Intermediate Care Facility

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143
Q

What are services offered by community health departments?

A

immunizations, well baby checks, WIC, treatment of specific diseases such as tuberculosis or STD’s

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144
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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145
Q

What is the agency that assigns recognition to hospitals?

A

The Joint Commission

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146
Q

QA

A

Quality Assurance- a pledge to the public that healthcare services will provide optimal achievable goals and maintain excellence in the services rendered.

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147
Q

The fee or premium paid in advance to the HMO is called?

A

capitation

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148
Q

PPO

A

Preferred Provider Organizations-groups of healthcare practitioners who contract with the PPO to provide services

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149
Q

What is a federal insurance program that is available to meet most people aged 65 years and older; some with disabilities younger than 65 & people with end stage renal disease

A

Medicare

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150
Q

What is a type of insurance program for employees who have become unable to work?

A

(SSDI) Social Security Disability Insurance

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151
Q

What is the insurance that is a joint effort of federal and state governments?

A

Medicaid

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152
Q

DRGs

A

Diagnostic Related Groups-payment based off of medical diagnosis

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153
Q

OT

A

Occupational Therapy

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154
Q

PT

A

Physical Therapy

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155
Q

D/C; d/c

A

discontinue or discharge

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156
Q

D&C

A

dilation and curettage

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157
Q

DES

A

Diethylstilbestrol

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158
Q

DM

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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159
Q

DNR

A

Do Not Resuscitate

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160
Q

D.O.

A

Doctor of Osteopathy

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161
Q

DOA

A

Dead on Arrival

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162
Q

DPT

A

Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

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163
Q

D/5/W

A

Dextrose 5% Water

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164
Q

D/5/NS

A

Dextrose 5% Normal Saline

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165
Q

Dr

A

Doctor

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166
Q

DRG

A

Diagnostic Related Group

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167
Q

dr; 3

A

Dram

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168
Q

DT’s

A

Delirium Tremens

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169
Q

DVT

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

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170
Q

Dx

A

Diagnosis

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171
Q

DJD

A

Degenerative Joint Disease

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172
Q

ED

A

Emergency Department

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173
Q

An air freshner in a client’s room, the patient begins to experience bronchial spasms. What legal and ethical issue is the nurse facing?

A

Negligence

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174
Q

A photo is submitted for publication without a patients permission. The nurse is liable for what legal offense?

A

Libel

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175
Q

What source establishes the standards for confidentiality that directs the actions of a professional nurse?

A

HIPAA

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176
Q

HIPAA

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

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177
Q

What care should the nurse take when updating computerized med. records to best protect the client’s right to privacy?

A

Always log off before leaving the computer, protect the computer screen so as not to be seen by unauthorized individuals

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178
Q

What area of professional nursing is defined in detail by the US Nursing Practice Act & Canadian Nurses (Reg) Act?

A

Defining legal boundaries for nursing’s scope of practice, est. licensing requirements, identifying requirements for required continuing education, and est. requirements for approved schools of nursing

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179
Q

If a nurse fails to provide care within her profession’s scope of practice, who will ensure the prescribed punishment?

A

State Board of Nursing

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180
Q

A nurse fails to report a pt’s. reaction to a med. to the PCP. When the pt gets and infection, what should the nurse be cited for?

A

Abandonment of Care

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181
Q

Which nursing actions are not performed in a legally responsible manner?

A

Advising a client concerning a malpractice suit against a staff member, always working extra shifts when asked to volunteer to do so, not bothering other staff members to help with moving an obese client, save time by asking a nurse how to do a task instead of the proc. manager.

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182
Q

There is a reason to question a med. prescription. Which is an appropriate action for the nurse to take?

A

Contact the primary provider to discuss the nurse’s concerns

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183
Q

When faced with a non-hospital emergency situation what are the legal concerns for a nurse?

A

The Good Samaritan Act protects nurse’s from liability, the nurse is expected to act resonably & prudent, the nurse is required to assist at the scene of an accident when needed & the nurse is not liable for emergency care within the limits of first aid

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184
Q

How can the nurse provide the role of advocate to a pt scheduled for a cardiac cath?

A

Ask them what they were told by the cardiologist about the scheduled cardiac cath

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185
Q

What are personal values?

A

One’s culture contributes to one’s personal values; to best support client’s values we need to clarify our own; personal values change over the course of a lifetime; when made to face trauma a person’s personal values can change

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186
Q

What is the basis for maintaining a competent practice?

A

Ignorance is NOT a legal defense

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187
Q

What nursing action will best protect a nurse from being liable for malpractice?

A

effective, appropriate documentation of all nursing care

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188
Q

What is a living will?

A

A written and legally witnessed document that requests no extraordinary measures.

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189
Q

What client would be considered a vulnerable person and require special attention?

A

A 4-year old child with a heart valve malfunction

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190
Q

Which assessment will the nurse note when determining if a client is brain dead?

A

The presence of unresponsive pupils; the absence of cephalic reflexes and the absence of external stimuli response

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191
Q

Can the nurse bring charges against a client, and how should she respond?

A

Yes, like in situations where the client knowingly attacks the nurse

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192
Q

What is an felony?

A

serious crime

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193
Q

What is a crime?

A

wrong committed against a person or property or public good

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194
Q

Define misdemeanor?

A

A crime that is considered not as serious as a felony

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195
Q

What is the term for the legal responsibility for one’s actions or failure to act appropriately?

A

Liability

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196
Q

Another term for mercy killing?

A

euthanasia

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197
Q

A term for the physical contact with another person without that person’s consent?

A

Battery

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198
Q

A threat or an attempt to do bodily harm

A

Assault

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199
Q

What is the term for professional negligence?

A

Malpractice

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200
Q

Malicious verbal statements that are false or injurious

A

Slander

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201
Q

PHI/EPHI

A

(Electronic) Protected Health Information

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202
Q

NCLEX

A

National Council Licensing Examination

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203
Q

CAT

A

Computerized Adaptive Testing

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204
Q

PSDA

A

Patient Self Determination Act; Example: Living will

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205
Q

Loss of circulation and respiratory functions results in ?

A

Legal Death

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206
Q

Irreversible cessation of all neurological functions of the entire brain including the brain stem is referred to as?

A

Brain Death

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207
Q

UNOS

A

United Network of Organ Sharing

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208
Q

AHA

A

American Hospital Association- adopted Patient’s Bill of Right’s

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209
Q

EDD

A

Expected Date of Delivery

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210
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

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211
Q

ECG/EKG

A

Electrocardiogram

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212
Q

EENT

A

Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat

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213
Q

Endo

A

Endoscopy

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214
Q

EOM

A

Extraocular Movement

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215
Q

ER

A

Emergency Room

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216
Q

ESI

A

Epidural Steroid Injection

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217
Q

etc.

A

And so on.

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218
Q

ETOH

A

Ethyl Alcohol

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219
Q

exam

A

Examination

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220
Q

exp lap

A

Exploratory Laparotomy

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221
Q

expir

A

Expiration

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222
Q

ESRD

A

End-Stage Renal Disease

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223
Q

ESR

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

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224
Q

EMS

A

Emergency Medical Service

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225
Q

EGD

A

Esophaogastroduodenoscopy

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226
Q

A legal document in which a person either states choices for medical treatment or names someone to make treatment choices if they loose decision making ability

A

Advance Directive

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227
Q

The term for when tests, treatments, meds. have been explained to the person as well as the outcome, complications and alternative procedures

A

Informed consent

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228
Q

Formal written rules of behavior that governs conduct and are enforced by authority

A

Laws

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229
Q

Philosophic studies that examine the actions, values and moral principles of human behaviors and that provide fundamental ideas of societal & cultural values of right vs. wrong

A

Ethics

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230
Q

When a healthcare professional acts negligently and injury occurs to the client in their care, this is called?

A

Tort

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231
Q

simple survival or physical needs also called?

A

deficiency

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232
Q

The more complex needs related to personal fulfillment are called?

A

growth needs

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233
Q

F

A

Fahrenheit

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234
Q

FBS

A

Fasting Blood Sugar

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235
Q

Fe

A

Iron

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236
Q

FH

A

Family History

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237
Q

FHR/FHS

A

Fetal Heart Rate/ Fetal Heart Sound

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238
Q

fld

A

Fluid

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239
Q

foley cath

A

Foley Catheter

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240
Q

ft

A

Feet

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241
Q

FTT

A

Failure To Thrive

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242
Q

FUO

A

Fever of Unknown Origin

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243
Q

Fx

A

Fracture

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244
Q

FF

A

Force Fluids

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245
Q

gal

A

Gallon

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246
Q

G.B.

A

Gallbladder

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247
Q

G.C.

A

Gonorrhea

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248
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

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249
Q

Gm

A

Gram

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250
Q

gtt

A

Drops

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251
Q

gr

A

Grain

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252
Q

GTT

A

Glucose Tolerance Test

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253
Q

GU

A

Genitourinary

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254
Q

gyn

A

Gynecology

255
Q

>

A

Greater Than

256
Q

GSW

A

Gun Shot Wound

257
Q

Basic needs ranked from the lowest to the highest levels of importance to the individual’s survival is called?

A

hierarchy of needs

258
Q

Once this type of need is met a person can progress to more complex needs, such as safety, love, and self-esteem?

A

survival needs

259
Q

Focusing on a lower level need that has already been fulfilled which is common in illness or injury is called?

A

Regression

260
Q

First level needs are known as ?

A

Physiologic needs

261
Q

Survival needs are also known as ______ and must be met to sustain life

A

Primary/Priority needs

262
Q

This type of need is met to give quality of life?

A

Secondary needs

263
Q

Most essential of all basic survival needs?

A

Oxygen

264
Q

Average Oral Temperature?

A

98.6 F; 37C

265
Q

This type of need is met in the 3rd level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs; the need for love, affection and belonging

A

Social needs

266
Q

Another term for self-image; self-respect

A

Self-esteem

267
Q

When a person has met their full potential and have met the highest level of needs is called?

A

self-actualized

268
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization- est. to improve worldwide health

269
Q

The balance of all components of the human organism?

A

homeostasis

270
Q

A change in the structure or function of body tissues, biologic systems, or the human mind is called_______?

A

Disease

271
Q

The response to disease that causes a change in function is called________?

A

Illness

272
Q

A change in the structure and function of body tissues caused by invasion of harmful microorganisms is called ________?

A

Infection

273
Q

The # of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population is called ________?

A

Morbidity

274
Q

The chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder is called __________?

A

Mortality

275
Q

CDC

A

Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Monitor morbidity and mortality rates

276
Q

Illnesses that interfere with the wellness-illness continuum for a short period of time are called __________?

A

Acute Illnesses

277
Q

Long term health disturbances are called _________?

A

Chronic Illnesses

278
Q

LTC

A

Long Term Care

279
Q

Patterns of living that we choose to follow are called?

A

Lifestyle factors

280
Q

Risk Factors

A

May or may not be preventable

281
Q

Chemicals that cause cancer are called?

A

Carcinogens

282
Q

Infants born before their expected dates are called _______?

A

Preterm births

283
Q

A mental or physical tension exerted on an individual’s homeostasis is called ________?

A

Stress

284
Q

Behaviors that provide protection from internal conflicts are known as ?

A

defense mechanisms

285
Q

BAC

A

Blood Alcohol Concentration

286
Q

The narrowing of the arteries over time by cholesterol?

A

arteriosclerosis

287
Q

Impaired fasting glucose/Impaired glucose tolerance

A

Prediabetes

288
Q

Loss of bone density is known as ?

A

Osteoporosis

289
Q

Diseases are categorized by their causes otherwise known as their ___________

A

etiology

290
Q

A detectable structural change occurred in one or more organs that also alters usual function is called ____________

A

Organic disease

291
Q

A disorder in which a structural cause cannot be identified?

A

Functional Disease

292
Q

The person is said to be ___________ if he or she cannot perform usual activities.

A

dysfunctional

293
Q

May be genetic or may be caused by another unfavorable condition that affects normal fetal development

A

Congenital disorders

294
Q

What means the area of invasion is limited to one area or organ?

A

Local

295
Q

Infections that involve the whole body?

A

Systemic

296
Q

Term meaning the infection can be transferred from one person to another.

A

Contagious

297
Q

The growth of abnormal tissue or tumors is _________

A

Neoplastic

298
Q

A growth of cells similar to the tissue in which it appears is also known as __________

A

benign

299
Q

A wild and disorderly growth of cells that is unlike the tissue from which it originated

A

Malignant

300
Q

Malignant cells tend to spread in a process known as _______

A

metastasis

301
Q

The study of communities is known as _________

A

demography

302
Q

A group of individuals who interact with each other for the mutual benefit of their common interests to support a sense of unity and belonging

A

Community

303
Q

Aggregate health of a population is known as _________

A

Community Health

304
Q

UNICEF

A

(United Nations Childrens Fund) helps children in developing countries

305
Q

Which organization investigate and control communicable diseases, protection from disease carried by immigrants, control of sanitation, prevention of disease spread through interstate commerce and control the manufacture and sale of biologic products

A

(USPHS)-United States Public Health Service
-also motor vehicle safety
-vaccines
-safer workplaces
-control of infectious disease etc.

306
Q

(FDA) Food and Drug Administration

A

Promote and protect public health by helping safe and effective products reach the market in a timely way and monitoring products for a continued safety after they are in use

307
Q

The Nations Medical research agency aka ________

A

NIH - National Institutes of Health

308
Q

Airbourne, droplet and contact are all examples of ?

A

Transmission-Based Precautions

309
Q

Provides financial compensation when a worker is injured while at work

A

Worker’s Compensation

310
Q

Contamination and impurity is called_____

A

Pollution

311
Q

Subgroups in a community with unique or special healthcare needs, such as those experiencing homelessness, older adults younger individuals and migrant workers or immigrants

A

Target Populations

312
Q

The study of mutual relationships between living beings and their enviroments is called

A

ecology/bionomics

313
Q

A chemical element that occurs in nature as a by product of disintegration of radium

A

Radon

314
Q

Plumbism

A

Lead poisoning

315
Q

Radiation

A

Ionizing waves of energy that penetrate objects

316
Q

Medical waste is considered to be __________

A

Biohazardous

317
Q

(H)

A

Hypodermic

318
Q

h/hr

A

Hour

319
Q

HA

A

Headache

320
Q

HBV

A

Hepatitis B Virus

321
Q

HCTZ

A

Hydrochloric Acid

322
Q

hgb & hct

A

Hemoglobin & Hematocrit

323
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

324
Q

hg

A

Mercury

325
Q

H &P

A

History and Physical

326
Q

HNP

A

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

327
Q

H2O

A

Water

328
Q

H2O2

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

329
Q

HOB

A

Head of Bed

330
Q

hosp

A

Hospital

331
Q

hs

A

Bedtime

332
Q

ht

A

Height

333
Q

hx

A

History

334
Q

HDL

A

High Density Lipoprotein

335
Q

HOSA

A

Health Occupations Students of America

336
Q

HOH

A

Hard of Hearing

337
Q

I

A

Iodine

338
Q

ICU

A

Intensive Care Unit

339
Q

I &D

A

Incision and Drainage

340
Q

IDDM

A

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

341
Q

IM

A

Intramuscular

342
Q

I & O

A

Intake and Output

343
Q

IPPB

A

Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing

344
Q

iss

A

one and one half

345
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

346
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous Pyelogram

347
Q

INT

A

Intermittent

348
Q

IBS

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

349
Q

ICP

A

Intracranial Pressure

350
Q

JCAHO

A

Joint Commission Accreditation Health Care Organization

351
Q

What is the accumulated learning for generational groups of individuals that includes the combination of knowledge, belief systems and behaviors?

A

Culture

352
Q

What is the term used to differentiate large groups of humankind that share common biological and sociological characteristics?

A

Race

353
Q

What is the term for a common heritage shared by a specific culture?

A

Ethnicity

354
Q

Racial and ethic _____________ populations are groups whose numbers are less than half the total amount of a total group

A

underrepresented

355
Q

_________ __________ reflects the fact that most societies are made up of a multitude of different cultures.

A

Cultural diversity

356
Q

__________ ____________ __________ of disease are factors that cannot be changed such as age, gender, race, family history, genetic variation, ethic origin and birth weight

A

Non-modifiable risk factors

357
Q

What are modifiable risk factors of disease?

A

Factors that can be changed or controlled such as diet, physical activity, smoking, BP, cholesterol, Weight

358
Q

___________ is a belief based on preconceived notions about certain groups of people?

A

Prejudice

359
Q

__________ __________ refers to the ability to respect the beliefs, language, interpersonal styles, and behaviors of individuals.

A

Cultural competence

360
Q

The term for classifying or categorizing people and believing that all those belonging to a certain group are alike?

A

Stereotype

361
Q

___________ is the belief that one’s own culture is the best and only acceptable culture, which shows an inability to understand, appreciate and work with other cultures

A

Ethnocentrism

362
Q

_______ are concepts the members of a culture hold to be true

A

Beliefs

363
Q

___________ shape how an individual perceives right from wrong and what is desirable and valuable.

A

Values

364
Q

___________ evolve from values, which become rules for behavior in a group

A

Norms

365
Q

A social, religious, or cultural custom that forbids discussion or practice of a particular person, place or thing?

A

Taboos

366
Q

Formal ceremonies consisting of prescribed actions in a specific order often done by respected leaders of a group is known as _________

A

Rituals

367
Q

Another term for a traditional healer often associated with the Native American culture?

A

Shaman

368
Q

A Latino folk healer is also known as a ____________

A

curandero/a

369
Q

Muslims follow the guidance of a specially educated Muslim trained in law and beliefs called ___________

A

Mullah

370
Q

Christians often see a ___________ for rituals.

A

Priest, Minister

371
Q

The Jewish use a _________ who is also specially educated in the laws and beliefs of their culture.

A

Rabbi

372
Q

The belief that supernatural forces dominate is also known as _______-___________

A

Magico-religious

373
Q

The belief that physical and biomedical processes can be studied and manipulated to control life is known as ?

A

Scientific/biomedical

374
Q

What is the belief that forces of nature must be kept balanced called?

A

Hollistic-medicine

375
Q

The belief that illness develops when life forces are out of balance

A

Ying/Yang; Hot-cold theories

376
Q

Life is governed by the law of __________ stating that rebirth depends on one’s behavior in life

A

Karma

377
Q

Caring for clients while taking into consideration their religious and sociocultural backgrounds is called ________

A

Transcultural Nursing

378
Q

Which food, when prepared according to Kosher Law, can be included in the Jewish diet of a client needing protein?

A

Beef

379
Q

Which group eats rice with almost every meal?

A

Chinese American

380
Q

A nurse should be aware that “soul food” is a concept of which cultural group?

A

African Americans

381
Q

Which foods are most associated with Middle Eastern Americans?

A

Lamb and Goat

382
Q

Which culture believes in the Yin/Yang balance for health?

A

Chinese

383
Q

What is allowed in a Muslim diet?

A

Halal

384
Q

Which food choice would be best for ensuring adequate vitamin B12 intake in a vegan?

A

Breakfast cereal fortified with B12

385
Q

The client consumes high amounts of Na and fats. This predisposes the client to what medical diagnosis?

A

Gallbladder Disease, Obesity, arteriosclerosis and hypertension

386
Q

What food should be omited from a Puerto Rican’s diet in the chart?

A

Sour food

387
Q

What is an Ovo-vegetarian

A

They can eat plant foods but NO dairy products

388
Q

Which cultural group has a high incidence of intolerance to lactose?

A

Native Americans

389
Q

T/F in the Filipino culture food is often used as gifts and to express appreciation

A

True

390
Q

T/F all cultures celebrate social, cultural and religious events by sharing food?

A

True

391
Q

T/F Vegetarians have lower rates of coronary artery disease, hypertension and obesity

A

True

392
Q

K

A

Potassium

393
Q

Kg

A

Kilogram

394
Q

KUB

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder

395
Q

KVO

A

Keep Vein Open

396
Q

L

A

Liter

397
Q

(L) or Lt

A

Left

398
Q

L1,L2,L3

A

First, Second, Third Lumbar Vertebrae etc.

399
Q

lab

A

Laboratory

400
Q

lap

A

Laparotomy

401
Q

lb

A

Pound

402
Q

lg

A

Large

403
Q

<

A

Less Than

404
Q

liq

A

Liquid

405
Q

LLQ

A

Left Lower Quadrant

406
Q

LMP

A

Last Menstrual Period

407
Q

LOC

A

Level of Conciousness

408
Q

LP

A

Lumbar Puncture

409
Q

LUQ

A

Left Upper Quadrant

410
Q

LDL

A

Low Density Lipoprotein

411
Q

LPN

A

Licensed Practical Nurse

412
Q

LVN

A

Licensed Vocational Nurse

413
Q

LFT’s

A

Liver Function Tests

414
Q

The concept a nurse uses when teaching clients about the interrelationships among nutrition, activity and diet therapy

A

MyPlate

415
Q

What is the role of Niacin in healthy human nutrition?

A

It assists in the release of energy from carbs, fat and proteins

416
Q

Monnosaccharides and disaccharides are classified as what?

A

Simple carbs

417
Q

Someone recovering from a muscle injury should focus what into their diet?

A

Protein

418
Q

Which vitamin is referred to as ascorbic acid?

A

Vitamin C

419
Q

What benefit of breastfeeding should the nurse highlight when teaching the mother?

A

It decreases the chances of the baby being anemic

420
Q

What are the consequences of a high sodium diet?

A

The risk of developing hypertension

421
Q

What foods should someone with pancreatitis avoid?

A

Chocolate Milk

422
Q

A chemical compound or element found in food that is necessary for good health?

A

Nutrient

423
Q

What info concerning saturated fatty acids should the nurse teach the client when discussing high cholesterol?

A

The fat is solid at room temperature

424
Q

What information is published by the (EER) Estimated Energy Requirements

A

The average dietary energy intake that will maintain energy in a person

425
Q

What vitamins are water soluable?

A

C and B complex

426
Q

What would the BMI of >43 indicate?

A

Very obese

427
Q

What effects of (PCM) should the nurse monitor in a client with this diagnosis

A

Delayed wound healing

428
Q

What are the stored form of carbs made of simple sugars & stored mainly in the liver and muscles?

A

Glycogen

429
Q

What is included on the list of macronutrients?

A

Carbs, Proteins and Fats

430
Q

What are complete incomplete proteins?

A

Complete proteins provide essential amino acids for growth and maintenance

431
Q

What signs should the nurse look out for that indicate riboflavin deficiency?

A

Inflammation of the tongue

432
Q

What trace mineral deficiency would be responsible for a client’s stunted growth?

A

Zinc

433
Q

A diet high in ____________ helps maintain a normal growth rate?

A

amino acids

434
Q

A client on a vegan diet may be lacking what vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

435
Q

What substance is typically added to the diet of an alcoholic

A

Thiamine

436
Q

What is the main source of starch?

A

Grains, roots, bulbs, legumes, tubers and seeds

437
Q

Liver, dairy products, and green leafy veggies; also enables the eye to adapt to dim light

A

Vitamin A

438
Q

This vitamin maintains serum calcium concentrations; sources are sunlight, liver and fortified milk

A

Vitamin D

439
Q

Coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells; activates folate; sources are meat, fish, and poultry

A

Vitamin B12

440
Q

Synthesis of blood clotting proteins; sources are green leafy veggies

A

Vitamin K

441
Q

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant sources include citrus fruits

A

Vitamin C

442
Q

What vitamin acts as an antioxidant to prevent vitamin A from being destroyed and protects cell membrane; sources are veg. oils, nuts & seeds

A

Vitamin E

443
Q

Supplies a large amount of energy in a small amount of food, excess stored as adipose tissue and conserves body temp

A

Fat

444
Q

Builds and repairs all tissue; helps build blood from antibodies to fight infection

A

Protein

445
Q

Major source of energy, provides fiber, spares protein, excess is stored as fat; sources are bread and cereals, and rice

A

Carbohydrates

446
Q

M

A

Male

447
Q

m

A

minimum

448
Q

max

A

maximum

449
Q

mcg

A

microgram

450
Q

med

A

medicine

451
Q

mEq

A

milliequivileant

452
Q

Mg

A

magnesium

453
Q

mg

A

milligram

454
Q

MI

A

Myocardial Infarction

455
Q

min

A

minute

456
Q

mm

A

millimeter

457
Q

MMR

A

Measles, Mumps, Rubella

458
Q

M/N

A

Midnight

459
Q

mo

A

Month

460
Q

mod

A

Moderate

461
Q

ht

A

height

462
Q

hx

A

history

463
Q

HDL

A

High Density Lipoprotein

464
Q

HOSA

A

Health Occupations Students of America

465
Q

HOH

A

Hard of hearing

466
Q

I

A

Iodine

467
Q

ICU

A

Intensive care unit

468
Q

I&D

A

Incision and drainage

469
Q

IDDM

A

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

470
Q

IM

A

Intramuscular

471
Q

I&O

A

Intake and Output

472
Q

IPPB

A

Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing

473
Q

iss

A

One and One half

474
Q

IV

A

Intravenous

475
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous Pyelogram

476
Q

INT

A

Intermittent

477
Q

IBS

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

478
Q

ICP

A

Intracranial Pressure

479
Q

MOM

A

Milk of Magnesium

480
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

481
Q

MS

A

Morphine Sulphate/ Multiple Sclerosis

482
Q

MVA

A

Motor Vehicle Accident

483
Q

MVC

A

Motor Vehicle Collision

484
Q

MD

A

Muscular Dystrophy

485
Q

Insulin is stored in the ________ as _________ for later use

A

liver; glucose

486
Q

Vitamin A, D, E and K are examples of what kind of soluable vitamins?

A

Fat-soluable

487
Q

Thiamin(B1), Riboflavin(B2), NIacin(B3), B6, Folate and B12 are all examples of ________ ________ vitamins

A

Water-soluable

488
Q

__________ fats have fewer essential fatty acids than the original oil

A

Hydrogenated

489
Q

Foods that are solid at room temp due to already containing the full complement hydrogen

A

Saturated Fat

490
Q

The deficiency __________ is most common in children and is caused by the lack of the bones hardening

A

Rickets

491
Q

Bleeding gums, loose teeth, sore and stiff joints are symptoms of ___________ or a Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

492
Q

Non-digestible food ingredients that selectively feed probiotic bacteria

A

Prebiotics

493
Q

Healthy live bacteria

A

Probiotics

494
Q

A disease of the nervous system that leads to paralysis and death from heart failure

A

Beriberi

495
Q

A niacin deficiency can lead to a disease known as ________

A

Pellagra

496
Q

The percentage of total fats, carbs, proteins and some vitamins or minerals in one serving of food is known as

A

(%DV) Percent Daily Value

497
Q

A waxy, fat-like substance that can form clumps between arterial wall is _____________

A

plaque

498
Q

Foods that provide significant amounts of key nutrients per volume consumed

A

nutrient density

499
Q

Two types of protein deficiencies that are identified but not commonly found in the US

A

marasmus and kwashiorkor

500
Q

GDM

A

Gestational diabetes mellitus

501
Q

COW

A

Computer on Wheels

502
Q

PKU

A

Phenylketouria- metabolic disorder in infants

503
Q

What diet would the nurse discuss when caring for a client diagnosed with malabsorption syndrome?

A

Low fat diet

504
Q

A client suffering from severe weight loss has been prescribed supplemental nourishment. When should it be given?

A

Between meals

505
Q

What type of nutrition is provided for a client whose GI tract is not functioning properly?

A

(TPN) Total Parentrial Nutrition

506
Q

A client needs to have a NG tube inserted, it is difficult to breath through her left nare. What does the nurse do next?

A

Place the NG tube down the left nare

507
Q

A client has been on nutritional supplement for a week. What S/E of the supplement should the nurse monitor?

A

Diarrhea, constipation and gas

508
Q

A client with severe edema has been prescribed a moderate Na restriction. What quantity of Na should this client have?

A

Recommended 1500mg per day

509
Q

What type of diet is needed for weight gain?

A

Reduced calorie diet

510
Q

An 1800 calorie diet that is a balance between carbs, fats and protein is what type of diet?

A

A diabetic diet

511
Q

What foods would be eliminated from a clients diet who is on Coumadin (warfarin)?

A

Green leafy veggies

512
Q

What is a button feeding device?

A

A small silicone device used in place of a gastrostomy tube

513
Q

What is the recommended diet for a client who is endentulous (without teeth)?

A

Mechanical Soft Diet

514
Q

How do you determine the accurate measurement of the length of the tube to be inserted in an NG tube?

A

From the tip of the nose to the earlobe to the top of the xiphoid process

515
Q

What should be documented after feeding the client?

A

Appetite, fluid intake and calorie intake

516
Q

What suggestion should be given to a client with polydipsia to facilitate compliance?

A

Take half of the fluid during the day; the other half in the evening

517
Q

What is the goal of a therapeutic diet for diabetes?

A

Regulates the amount of certain nutrients

518
Q

T/F A progression of a clients diet should always start with a clear liquid diet?

A

True

519
Q

TPN is administered via what route?

A

Central vein near the heart

520
Q

What should you assess a lactose intolerant client for after ingesting lactose?

A

Gas

521
Q

What is the sequence of progression for a diet following surgery?

A

Clear liquid-full liquid-soft-and regular diet

522
Q

What problems can be anticipated with a high fiber diet?

A

Cramping and Diarrhea

523
Q

What type of diet would be ordered for a client who has kidney and end-stage liver disorder?

A

Protein Restricted Diet

524
Q

The pH of stomach content is _____ and ____ or more for lung content

A

0-4; 7

525
Q

What determines correct placement of a feeding tube before each use?

A

Attach syringe to tube, aspirate contents and instill 30ml of air and listen for the whoosh

526
Q

N

A

Normal; Nitrogen

527
Q

Na

A

Sodium

528
Q

N/A

A

Not Applicable

529
Q

NB

A

Newborn

530
Q

neg

A

negative

531
Q

neuro

A

Neurology; Neurological

532
Q

NG

A

Nasogastric

533
Q

NIDDM

A

Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

534
Q

NKA

A

No known allergies

535
Q

NKDA

A

No known drug allergies

536
Q

no; #

A

Number

537
Q

NPO

A

Nothing by mouth

538
Q

NSR

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm

539
Q

NSS

A

Normal Saline Solution

540
Q

NTG

A

Nitroglycerin

541
Q

NTE

A

Not to Exceed

542
Q

N & V

A

Nausea and Vomitting

543
Q

NAPNES

A

National Association Practical Nurse Education Service

544
Q

NCLEX

A

National Council Licensing Examination

545
Q

O2

A

Oxygen

546
Q

OB

A

Obstetrics

547
Q

OBS

A

Organic Brain Syndrome

548
Q

occ

A

Occasional

549
Q

O.D.

A

Right Ear

550
Q

oint

A

Ointment

551
Q

OOB

A

Out of Bed

552
Q

O&P

A

Ova and Parasites

553
Q

OR

A

Operating Room

554
Q

ORIF

A

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation

555
Q

O.S.

A

Left Eye

556
Q

O.T.

A

Occupational Therapy

557
Q

O.U.

A

Both Eyes

558
Q

oz

A

Ounce

559
Q

OTC

A

Over the Counter

560
Q

What is the term for a person who drinks excessive amounts of water

A

polydipsia

561
Q

Trouble swallowing

A

Dysphagia

562
Q

What is a G tube (gastrostomy tube)

A

A tube placed directly into the stomach through the abdominal wall

563
Q

What tube may be inserted into the jejunum of the small intestine

A

J tube

564
Q

____ is injected directly into the blood circulation and bypasses the digestive tract

A

TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition)

565
Q

_______ contains lesser concentrations of the same ingredients found in the central vein TPN, administered into the peripheral vein.

A

PPN (Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition)

566
Q

In what stage of the nursing process would the nurse be administering meds. to the client.

A

Implementation

567
Q

What step should be performed before notifying the physician of a client’s admission?

A

Nursing Assessment

568
Q

What is the correct sequence for the first 4 steps of scientific problem solving?

A

Identify the problem, gather info, formulate solutions, action to test

569
Q

What step in the nursing process is similar to the scientific problem-solving process?

A

Nursing Diagnosis

570
Q

The statement “ My BP is usually 130/82” is ________

A

Objective

571
Q

What are the 2 types of nursing diagnosis?

A

Actual and Potential

572
Q

Goal oriented & continuous, client oriented and systemic all describe the ___________ ___________

A

Nursing Process

573
Q

Assessing a rash on a clients hand is what type of observation?

A

visual

574
Q

A clients skin feels warm, this is what type of observation?

A

Tactile

575
Q

What is the foundation upon which a nurse manages the care of multiple clients simutaneously?

A

Every client has an individual nursing care plan

576
Q

Which step in the nursing process should be completed before identifying goals for care?

A

Nursing Diagnosis

577
Q

The client continuing to loose weight and only eating small amounts of food would indicate that the nursing care plan must be ____________

A

revised

578
Q

Obtaining the clients medical history is what step in the nursing process

A

Nursing Assessment

579
Q

Size, location and color of a wound are __________ data

A

Objective

580
Q

Respirations are 16 Beats per minute are ________ data

A

Objective

581
Q

The giving of actual nursing care is called

A

Implementation

582
Q

The systematic and continuous collection of data is

A

Nursing assessment

583
Q

The development of goals for care and possible activities to meet them is

A

Planning

584
Q

The measurement of effectiveness of nursing care is

A

Evaluation

585
Q

p

A

pulse

586
Q

-
p

A

After

587
Q

P.A.

A

Physician’s Assistant

588
Q

P&A

A

Percussion and Auscultation

589
Q

pc

A

After meals

590
Q

PCA

A

Patient Controlled Analgesia

591
Q

PCN

A

Penicillin

592
Q

P.E.

A

Physical Examination or Pulmonary Embolism

593
Q

ped

A

Pediatrics

594
Q

PEG

A

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastric Tube

595
Q

PERRLA

A

Pupils Equal, Round, React to light accomodation

596
Q

pH

A

Hydrogen concentration

597
Q

PID

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

598
Q

P.M.

A

Afternoon

599
Q

PMS

A

Pre Menstrual Syndrome

600
Q

Pnx

A

Pneumonia

601
Q

po/PO

A

By mouth

602
Q

post-op

A

Post-Operative

603
Q

ppBTL

A

Post Partum Bilateral Tubal Ligation

604
Q

prep

A

Preperation

605
Q

pre-op

A

Pre-Operative

606
Q

PRN

A

Whenever Necessary

607
Q

PROM

A

Premature Rupture of Membranes

608
Q

pt

A

Patient

609
Q

P.T.

A

Physical Therapy

610
Q

PUD

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease

611
Q

PVC

A

Premature Ventricular Contraction

612
Q

PZI

A

Protamine Zinc Insulin

613
Q

PPE

A

Personal Protective Equipment

614
Q

q

A

Every

615
Q

qid

A

Four times daily

616
Q

qh

A

every hour

617
Q

qhs

A

every bedtime

618
Q

q2h,q3h

A

every 2 hours, every 3 hours etc.

619
Q

qod

A

Every other day

620
Q

qns

A

Quantity Not Sufficient

621
Q

qs

A

Quantity Sufficient

622
Q

qt

A

Quart

623
Q

List the steps in order of the nursing process

A

Assessing, Diagnosing, Planning, Implementing, evaluating and reassessing

624
Q

NANDA

A

North American Nursing Diagnosis Association

625
Q

CMS

A

Center

626
Q

NCHS

A

National Center for Health Statistics

627
Q

ICD-10

A

International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision

628
Q

AEB

A

As Evidenced By

629
Q

An ________ _________ is measurable patient behavior that indicates whether the person has achieved the expected benefit of nursing care

A

expected outcome

630
Q

An expected outcome or goal that a client can reasonably meet in a matter or hours or a few days

A

short-term objective

631
Q

An outcome that the client ultimately hopes to achieve but which requires a longer period of time to accomplish

A

long-term goal/objective

632
Q

Nursing actions that do not require a healthcare providers orders

A

Independent actions

633
Q

___________ ________ are based on orders or specific directions from the healthcare provider

A

Dependent actions

634
Q

Another term for being responsible for the actions you perform

A

accountability

635
Q

Another term for manually performing a task

A

Technical skills

636
Q
A

PNE- 155 (9 decks)

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