PMI: Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
testis (pl. testes)
A
primary male sex organ, paired, oval-shaped, and enclosed in a sac (scrotum)
the testes produce spermatozoa (sperm cells) and hormone testosterone
AKA testicle
2
Q
seminiferous tubules
A
approximately 900 coiled tubes within the testes in which spermatogenesis occurs
3
Q
sperm
A
the microscopic male germ cell, which, when united with the ovum produces a zygote (fertilized egg) that subsequent development becomes an embryo
AKA spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa)
4
Q
testosterone
A
principle male sex hormone
chief function to stimulate the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics (i.e. facial hair)
5
Q
epididymis (pl. epididymides)
A
coiled tube attached to each testis that provides for storage, transit, and maturation of sperm; continuous with each vas deferens
6
Q
vas deferens
A
duct (tube) carrying the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
urethra also connects with urinary bladder and carries urine outside the body
circular muscle constricts during intercourse to prevent urination
AKA ductus deferens
7
Q
spermatic cord
A
encloses each vas deferens with nerves, lymphatics, arteries, and veins
8
Q
seminal vesicles
A
two accessory glands located posterior to the base of the bladder that open into the vas deferens
9
Q
prostate gland
A
walnut-shaped gland that encircles the proximal section of the urethra
secretes a fluid that aids in the movement of sperm and ejaculation
10
Q
semen
A
composed of sperm, seminal fluids, and other secretions
11
Q
scrotum
A
sac containing the testes and their corresponding epididymides, from which each vas deferens begins
suspended on both sides and posterior to the penis
12
Q
penis
A
male organ of urination and coitus
13
Q
glans penis
A
enlarged tip on the end of the penis
14
Q
prepuce
A
fold of skin covering the glans penis in uncircumcised male (foreskin of the penis)
15
Q
genitalia, genitals
A
reproductive organs (male or female), includes internal and external reproductive organs
16
Q
gonads
A
primary reproductive organs
testes in males
ovaries in females
17
Q
andr/o
A
male
18
Q
balan/o
A
glans penis
19
Q
epididym/o
A
epididymis
20
Q
orch/o
A
testis, testicle
21
Q
orchi/o
A
testis, testicle
22
Q
orchid/o
A
testis, testicle
23
Q
prostat/o
A
prostate gland
24
Q
sperm/o
A
sperm, spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa)
25
spermat/o
sperm, spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa)
26
vas/o
vessel, duct
27
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle(s)
28
cyst/o
bladder, sac
29
crypt/o
hidden
30
lith/o
stone(s), calculus
31
olig/o
scanty, few
32
a-
absence of, without
33
an-
absence of, without
34
hyper-
above, excessive
35
-algia
pain
36
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
37
-ia
diseased or abnormal state, condition of
38
-ic
pertaining to
39
-ism
state of
40
-itis
inflammation
41
-lith
stone(s), calculus
42
-tomy
cut into, incision
43
-pexy
surgical fixation
44
-pathy
disease
45
-plasia
condition of formation, development, growth
46
-plasty
surgical repair
47
-rrhea
flow, discharge
48
-stomy
creation of artificial opening
49
andropathy
disease of the male (specific to the male, i.e. orchitis)
50
anorchism
state of absence of testis (unilateral or bilateral)
51
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis
52
balanorrhea
discharge from the glans penis
53
benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy (BPH)
excessive development pertaining to the prostate gland
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland which causes narrowing of the urethra which interferes with the passage of urine
symptoms: urinary frequency, nocturia, urinary retention, incomplete emptying of the bladder
54
cryptorchidism
state of hidden testis
during fetal development, testes are located in abdominal region near kidneys, before birth they move down to scrotal sac, failure to descend causes condition
AKA undescended testicle(s)
55
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis
56
orchiepididymitis
inflammation of the testis and epididymis
57
orchitis
inflammation of the testis
AKA orchiditis
58
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate gland
59
prostatocystitis
inflammation of the prostate gland and urinary bladder
60
prostatolith
stone(s) in the prostate gland
61
prostatorrhea
discharge from the prostate gland
62
prostatovesiculitis
inflammation of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles
63
erectile dysfunction (ED)
inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection sufficient to perform sexual intercourse
formerly known as impotence
64
hydrocele
fluid-filled sac around the testicle, causes scrotal swelling
65
infertility
reduced or absent ability to achieve pregnancy after one year of frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse
66
phimosis
tightness of the prepuce that prevents its retraction over the glans penis
may be congenital or result of balanitis
treated with circumcision
67
priapism
persistent abnormal erection of the penis accompanied by pain and tenderness
68
prostate cancer
cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged or older
69
spermatocele
distention of the epididymis containing an abnormal cyst-like collection of fluid and sperm cells, may cause scrotal swelling
70
testicular cancer
cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15-35 y/o
71
testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis
occurs most often during puberty and often presents with a sudden onset of severe testicular or scrotal pain
72
variocele
enlarged veins of the spermatic cord, may cause scrotal swelling
73
balanoplasty
surgical repair of the glans penis
74
epididymectomy
excision of the epididymis
75
orchiectomy
excision of the testis
AKA orchidectomy (castration, if bilateral)
76
orchiopexy
surgical fixation of the testicle
performed to bring undescended testicles back into scrotum
AKA orchidopexy
77
orchioplasty
surgical repair of the testis
78
orchiotomy
incision into the testis
AKA orchidotomy
79
prostatectomy
excision of the prostate gland
80
prostatocystotomy
incision into the prostate gland and the urinary bladder
81
prostatolithotomy
incision into the prostate gland to remove stone(s)
82
prostatovesiculectomy
excision of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles
83
vasectomy
excision of the duct (partial excision of the vas deferens bilaterally resulting in male sterilization)
84
vasovasostomy
creation of artificial openings between ducts
severed ends of the vas deferens are reconnected in attempt to restore fertility in men who have a vasectomy
85
vesiculectomy
excision of the seminal vesicles
86
ablation
destruction of abnormal or excessive tissue by melting vaporizing, or eroding
87
circumcision
surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin)
88
enucleation
excision of a whole organ or mass without cutting into it
89
hydrocelectomy
surgical removal of a fluid-filled sac around the testicle causing scrotal swelling (hydrocele)
90
laser surgery
use of a focused light to excise or vaporize abnormal tissue and to control bleeding
common types:
holmium laser enucleation of the prostate gland (HoLEP)
photoselective vaporization of the prostate gland (PVP)
91
morcellation
cutting or grinding solid tissue into smaller pieces for removal
92
robotic surgery
use of small surgical instruments attached to a computer and operated by the surgeon from a console several feet from the operating table
93
sterilization
surgical procedure that prevents pregnancy
94
transurethral incision of the prostate gland (TUIP)
surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions in the bladder neck and the prostate gland
no prostate tissue is removed
95
transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)
treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in BPH by using heat generated by microwave
96
transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)
surgical removal of pieces of the prostate gland tissue by using an instrument inserted through the urethra
capsule is left intact
97
incisional surgeries
1. simple prostatectomy
2. TUIP
3. TURP
98
laser surgeries
1. HoLEP
2. PVP
99
other surgical procedures
1. TUMP
2. water vapor energy (WAVE) ablation
100
MRI ultrasound fusion biopsy
combination of MRI with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) to obtain tissue from prostate lesion
software merges existing MR image with live US images, the combined MRI-TRUS image is used to direct biopsy needle into area of prostate
AKA MRI-TRUS fusion, MR-US fusion, fusion guided biopsy
101
multiparametric MRI
MRI procedure providing information of anatomic structure and physiology for the staging of prostate cancer
uses combination of different MRI modalities to better understand size and extent of prostate tumors
102
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
ultrasound procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer
sound waves are sent and received by transducer probe that is placed in the rectum
103
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
blood test that measures level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
elevated test may indicate presence of prostate cancer, urinary/prostatic infection, or excess prostate tissue (BPH or prostatitis)
104
semen analysis
microscopic observation of ejaculated semen revealing size, structure, and movement - used to evaluate male infertility and determine effectiveness of vasectomy
AKA sperm count, sperm test
105
total testosterone
blood test to measure the level of hormone responsible for male physical characteristics
106
aspermia
condition of without sperm (absence of semen or ejaculation)
107
oligospermia
condition of scanty sperm, may contribute to infertility
108
orchialgia
pain in the testis
AKA testalgia
109
chlamydia
STI caused by bacterium C. trachomatis
can be asymptomatic, symptoms occur when serious which include dysuria, penile/vaginal discharge, genital itching, bleeding in between menstrual periods
110
genital herpes
STI caused by HSV type 2
111
gonorrhea
STI caused by bacterial organism that inflames mucous membranes of the GU tract
112
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
STI caused by a retrovirus that infects T-helper cells of the immune system, may be acquired in utero or transmitted through infected blood via needle sharing
advanced HIV progresses to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
113
human papillomavirus (HPV)
STI caused by viral infection
more than 40 types that cause benign or cancerous growths in male and female genitals (genital warts)
114
sexually transmitted infection (STI)
infection spread through sexual contact
115
syphilis
infection caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum usually sexually transmitted, but can be acquired in utero and by direct contact with infected skin
if untreated, becomes systemic and can progress through 3 stages separated by latent periods
116
trichomoniasis
STI caused by one-cell organism Trichomonas infecting the GU tract
men may be asymptomatic or may develop urethritis, enlarged prostate gland, epididymitis
women may have vaginal itching, dysuria, vaginal/urethral discharge
117
artificial insemination
introduction of washed and concentrated sperm into the female reproductive tract, used as treatment for infertility
118
condom
cover for the penis worn to prevent contraception and spread of STI
119
spermicide
agent that destroys spermatozoa, used to prevent contraception
120
azoospermia
lack of live sperm in semen (absence of semen or ejaculation)
121
ejaculation
ejection of semen from the male urethra
122
orgasm
climax of sexual stimulation
123
puberty
period when secondary sex characteristics develop and ability to reproduce sexually begins
124
BOO
bladder outlet obstruction
125
LUTS
lower urinary tract symptoms
126
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy
127
ED
erectile dysfunction
128
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
129
HPV
human papillomavirus
130
STD
sexually transmitted disease
131
STI
sexually transmitted infection
132
DRE
digital rectal examination
133
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
134
TRUS
transrectal ultrasound
135
HoLEP
holmium laser enucleation of the prostate gland
136
PVP
photoselective vaporization of the prostate gland
137
RP
radical prostatectomy
138
TUIP
transurethral incision of the prostate gland
139
TUMT
transurethral microwave thermotherapy
140
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate gland
141
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
physical examination in which the healthcare provider palpates the prostate through the rectal wall to determine the size, shape, and consistency of the gland
