Plots And Revolts, At Home And Abroad Flashcards
What two things had the Earl of Northumberland lost prior to the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
- Warden of the Middle March
- Copper Mines
Which two Earls were involved in the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
- Earl of Northumberland
- Earl of Westmorland
What did the Warden of the Middle March do?
Defending the border against Scotland
What did the Earls do at the start of the revolt?
They stormed into Durham Cathedral and held a Catholic service
What were the 3 aims of the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
- To restore Catholicism
- To restore political power of the Northern nobility
- To remove ‘evil disposed councillors’, who directed the Queen ‘wrongly’
Give one example of an ‘evil disposed councillor’, according to the Earls.
William Cecil
What did the rebels of the Revolt of the Northern Earls wear?
Catholic badges and emblems
What plan had both the Earls taken part in prior to the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
The plan to marry Mary Queen of Scots to the Duke of Norfolk
Who was the Duke of Norfolk?
The most powerful noble in England
In this plan to marry Queen of Scots, what was one of the nobles’ motives?
They thought this would push Elizabeth to name a successor
Give an example of one of the nobles with this motive to force Elizabeth.
Earl of Leicester
What did Elizabeth when she found out the Earls’ plan?
She summoned them to court
After the Earls were summoned to court, why may have they thought their only option was to revolt?
It was likely they would be sent to prison or executed.
Which two people were willing to support the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
Philip II and the Pope
Where was Roberto Ridolfi from?
Florence, Italy
What do some historians believe about Ridolfi?
He may have been employed by Elizabeth’s government to trap the Duke of Norfolk and bring out his execution
What did Mary Queen of Scots use Ridolfi to do and why?
She used him to carry messages to the Duke of Alva, the Pope and Philip II in order to ask them to organise an invasion of England
What were the 3 aims of the Ridolfi Plot?
- To restore Catholicism
- Overthrow Elizabeth
- Replace her with Mary Queen of Scots
When did Ridolfi travel to meet the Duke of Alva?
The spring of 1571
Where was the Duke of Alva based?
The Netherlands
What did Ridolfi say to Alva, but what was the result?
He explained how the Spanish army would successfully invade England, but Alva was unconvinced. He told Philip II he should only invade after Elizabeth had been overthrown
Why did Ridolfi travel in to the Vatican then Madrid?
He was unaware of this and went to see the Pope and Philip II
How was Norfolk eventually arrested in September?
His servants betrayed him during interrogation
After Norfolk’s arrest as well, what did Ridolfi write to Mary when he was staying in Paris?
He said he was going to retire into privacy.
Who was the Secretary of State?
Francis Walsingham
When was the Duke of Norfolk put on trial?
January 1572
In what month was Norfolk executed?
June
Where did Ridolfi go after the plot was discovered?
He went to Rome, where he was made a papal senator then returned to Florence
What was Ridolfi’s profession before this?
He was a banker
What did Elizabeth do to Ridolfi, which still didn’t alter Spain’s relationship with Britain?
She expelled him
After the Ridolfi Plot, who used the opportunity to put pressure that Catholics should be treated harsher?
Protestant MPs
After the Ridolfi Act which Act was passed as a result of the Revolt of the Northern Earls and what did it say?
Rebellion Act, which said that anyone who claimed that she was not the rightful Queen was a traitor
What happened on St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 1572?
Thousands of Protestants had been murdered in Paris
Who was Francis Throckmorton?
A English Catholic who carried letters between Mary Queen of Scots and French/Spanish ambassadors
When was the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
1569
When was the Ridolfi Plot?
1572
When was the Throckmorton Plot?
1583
In what month of what year was Throckmorton put under surveillance?
April 1583
In what month was Throckmorton arrested?
June
What was found when Throckmorton’s house was searched?
Papers incriminating Catholic nobles with harbours suitable for invasion
What did Throckmorton claim?
He said that the plan had got no further because the money promised by Philip II did not arrive
What did Throckmorton initially confess?
He confessed that Mary Queen of Scots was part of the plot
How was Throckmorton able to withdraw his initial confession?
He said that the confession was obtained under torture.
Which Spanish ambassador was expelled after the Throckmorton Plot?
Mendoza
Where, in what month and year was Throckmorton executed?
At Tyburn in July 1584
Who else were arrested in the Throckmorton Plot?
Lord Henry Howard and Henry Percy
Who was Henry Percy related to?
He was the brother of the Earl of Northumberland (leader of the Revolt of the Northern Earls)
What happened to Henry Percy?
He committed suicide when imprisoned in the Tower
What happened to Henry Howard?
He was released, after being questioned twice
In which month and year was William of Orange assassinated?
July 1584
Who was William of Orange?
The leader of the Dutch rebels
What was the Queen worried about?
She was worried that Catholics were only waiting for a signal from the Pope or military support from Spain/France.
In response to the increasing risks for Elizabeth, what did the government do?
They intensified their efforts by trying to find concrete evidence that would incriminate Mary
When did the Babington Plot take place?
1586
Who was Anthony Babington?
A Catholic who had been a page to the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was responsible for Mary’s custody
In 1586, what had Babington been influenced to do by his Catholic friends?
He had been influenced to join more serious plotting
Who was the latest (Babington) plot originated from, which Babington was unaware of?
A fanatical priest
What were the three aims of the Babington Plot?
- To murder Elizabeth
- Make Mary Queen
- Restore Catholicism
In what month and year did Babington write to Mary, outlining the 6 steps that needed to be taken to rid Protestantism?
July 1586
What did the first four steps talk about?
Planning for a successful invasion by a foreign army
What did the fifth step talk about?
The freeing of Mary
What did the sixth step talk about?
‘The dispatch of the usurper’ (seizing power)
What did the government do in Mary’s household?
They placed spies, who persuaded Mary it was safe to receive and send letters through beer barrels
Who were the intercepted letters sent to?
Francis Walsingham
What was the concrete evidence in a letter posted by Mary on 17 July 1586?
She wrote that the assassins would need ‘four stout men furnished with good and speedy horses’
What happened to Babington and two other conspirators?
They were arrested when trying to flee
What happened to the rest involved in the Babington Plot?
They were tried and executed for treason in September 1586
In September 1586 where was Mary Queen of Scots moved to begin her trial?
Fotheringhay Castle
When was Mary found guilty, with the recommendation of execution?
At the end of October
Who was mainly responsible for the increasing penalties against Catholics?
Walsingham
Give one example of torture to get confessions.
Torture on the rack
What were town councils and custom officers authorised to do?
They could search foreigners houses for messages and letters
