Leisure, Education And The Problem Of The Poor Flashcards
1
Q
What 3 types of people fit into the group of gentlemen?
A
Nobles, lords and gentry
2
Q
What 3 types of people fit into the group of citizens and burgesses?
A
Lawyers, master craftsmen and merchants
3
Q
Who were Yeomen (another group of people)?
A
Farmers who owned their own land
4
Q
What 4 types of people fit into the fourth sort?
A
Farm labourers, servants, shopkeepers, craftspeople, the poor and the unemployed
5
Q
What group did the majority of people belong to?
A
The fourth sort
6
Q
What opportunities were there for the better off to increase their wealth and social status? (5)
A
- Education
- Buying land
- Moving into trade and commerce
- Following a career into court or government
- Marrying into the class above
7
Q
What were houses starting to be built more out of, even though most of them were made out of wood?
A
Stone and brick
8
Q
Do many houses have rooms on several floors?
A
Yes
9
Q
What panels are there on the walls to keep them warm?
A
Oak panels
10
Q
What 2 things were hung on walls?
A
- Tapestries
- Painted cloths
11
Q
Do people have more furniture now?
A
Yes
12
Q
What are spoons now made of, instead of wood?
A
Silver and pewter
13
Q
What mattresses do they sleep on rather than straw?
A
Feather mattresses
14
Q
What do they have under their heads at night, instead of logs?
A
Place pillows
15
Q
For which group of people were inns and taverns an important part of everyday life?
A
The lower classes
16
Q
Was tobacco expensive?
A
Yes
17
Q
Which group of people particularly gambled on the outcome of sports like bear baiting?
A
The poorest classes
18
Q
What was bear baiting?
A
It was to chain a bear against another dog and see who won
19
Q
What feast days were celebrated then? (3)
A
- Saints’ Days
- May Day
- Plough Monday
20
Q
Between which groups were archery and fishing popular?
A
All groups
21
Q
What sports did the fourth sort take part in? (3)
A
- Wrestling
- Running
- Football
22
Q
What sports did gentlemen take part in?
A
- Fencing
- Tennis
- Bowls
23
Q
What did gentlemen most likely own?
A
Translations of famous Greek and Roman texts
24
Q
Which 2 groups generally attended theatres?
A
- Gentlemen
- The fourth sort
25
Which groups took part in hunting?
All classes
26
Which 2 animals did the upper classes generally hunt for?
- Deer
- Hawking
27
What animal were the fourth sort more likely to hunt for?
Rabbit
28
Who did nobles employ?
Household musicians
29
What did the gentry buy and organise?
They bout madrigal songbooks an organised musical evenings
30
What did the fourth sort sing?
Ballads, with some of their own words
31
Why was there not a single theatre when Elizabeth became Queen?
Many authorities thought travelling actors were a threat to the law and should be punished as vagabonds
32
Give an example of one powerful noble who protected groups of actors and ensured their plays continued to be performed.
Earl of Leicester
33
When did the first theatre open in London?
1576
34
Who was the first theatre built by and what was it called?
James Burbage and it was called the Theatre
35
Which theatre was built in 1577?
The Curtain
36
Which theatre was built in 1587?
The Rose
37
When was the Globe built?
1599
38
How much was the cost to stand in the pit?
One penny
39
What were the people who stood in the pit called?
Groundlings
40
What happened to the groundlings if it rained?
They got wet
41
How many pennies did it cost to stand/sit in a covered gallery?
2 or 3 pennies
42
Where did the upper class sit?
Stools on the stage
43
Who were the most imposing actors then? (2)
Richard Burbage and Edward Allen
44
What were the 3 reasons for opposition of theatres for some Elizabethans?
It encouraged:
- Idleness
- Spread disease
- Create unrest
45
What did Puritans believed about theatres?
It was the work of the devil
46
Who asked the Privy Council to control the theatres?
Lord Mayor of London
47
How did the Councillors respond to the request of shutting down theatres?
They were only prepared to close them when plague was a threat
48
In 1572, how much did the Queen tip the Lord Chamberlain's men when they performed for her in Court?
£3
49
In what year was censorship introduced?
1572
50
What did all acting companies have to have?
A royal licence
51
Who did all the play scripts go to?
The Master of Revels
52
What was the Master of Revels responsible for?
Coordinating all theatrical entertainment at Court before they were performed
53
How often were theatres expected to put on a new play?
Every few days
54
In Elizabeth's reign, could the majority of people afford to send their children to school?
No
55
By the end of Elizabeth's reign, what percentage of men and women could read/write?
30% of men and fewer than 10% of women
56
Were the majority of the gentry and yeomen literate or illiterate?
Literate
57
Who benefitted the most from educational opportunities?
Boys from well-off families
58
What was used to discipline people who had not done their work or broken a rule?
Birch rods to beat people
59
Could bright boys from lower classes go to grammar school or university?
Yes. They could go to uni with financial support.
60
What fraction of the students graduating from Oxford and Cambridge were from the lower classes?
2/3
61
Give an example of a boy from a lower class who went to Cambridge.
Christopher Marlowe was the son of a cobbler, who won a scholarship to go to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
62
What ages went to Parish/Petty Schools?
Ages 4 to 7
63
What happened in a Parish School?
They were taught to read and write as preparation for grammar school
64
Was there at least a small number of girls who went to grammar school?
Yes
65
What could Parish schools be attached to? (3)
A grammar school, the village church, local woman's house
66
What was the local woman's house also called?
Dame schools
67
Who would most likely go to a grammar school? (3)
Sons of gentry, merchants and yeomen
68
What ages went to grammar schools?
7 to 15
69
How many new grammar schools were founded in Elizabeth's reign?
72
70
What subjects were mainly taught? (2)
- Latin
- Greek
71
Which two schools were the earliest independent/public schools?
Winchester and Eton
72
What language were all the lessons taught in at these public schools?
Latin
73
What was there more emphasis on in public schools? (3)
Conduct, courtesy and etiquette
74
What did all degrees at uni involve? (8)
- Grammar
- Rhetoric
- Logic
- Maths
- Music
- Theology
- Astronomy
- Geometry
75
What did most undergraduates choose to specialise in?
Law
76
Who used law as a traditional route into professions?
Non-noble classes
77
How was a gentlemen distinguishable from the lower classes? (3)
- Could speak and write proper English
- Knowledge of French and Latin
- Correct social etiquette
78
How did the number of students entering the top two universities changed?
The numbers increased, as people began to understand the importance of education
79
Where were sons and daughters of the nobility first educated and by who?
At home by a private tutor
80
At age 15, what would sons of the nobility do? (2)
They may go to uni or attend one of the new public schools
81
Where were the lower classes taught to read and write first by who?
Their masters at their place of work
82
What was one method of agriculture that farmer switched to and why?
Enclosing land with sheep on it instead of growing crops because labours did not have to be employed to work the land
83
What happened to the village labourers when farmers switched to other methods of agriculture? (2)
They lost their jobs and homes and moved to towns hoping to find work
84
What is rack-renting and what was the result of this on farmers?
Having the rent excessively high which meant many farmers could not afford to pay these higher rents and moved to towns
85
What was the only important industry in the 1500s?
The cloth trade, where English woollen cloth was exported to Europe
86
When did the cloth trade collapse and what was the result of this?
1550s meaning thousands of people lost their jobs
87
Why had the population nearly fallen by half in 1348-49?
The Black Death
88
After 1570, what began to rise more steeply?
Price of food
89
What did most historians believe the reason for inflation was? (2)
There was an increase in demand for some goods, because of the growing population and an inability to produce enough.
90
When did Henry VIII order the debasement of the coinage?
1540s
91
What is the debasement of the coinage?
Melting down coins to decrease the quantity of gold/silver in it
92
How was the debasement of the coinage beneficial to Henry VIII?
He made himself nearly a million pounds
93
What was the result of the debasement of the coinage on merchants and shopkeepers? (2)
They did not trust the value of the coin and so they began to put up prices
94
How did the Dissolution of the Monasteries affect the number of people in poverty?
The homeless and the unemployed could no longer go there for food and shelter so numbers increased
95
What did Puritans feel very strongly about?
The importance of hard work
96
What did many landowners do as Poor Relief?
They gave gifts of money and food to the poor
97
Did Elizabeth have a permanent army to deal with rebellions?
No
98
What part of society were large numbers of beggars wandering around a threat to?
The social hierarchy
99
In what way did people think diseases were spread?
Through wandering vagabonds
100
At this point, was there a police force to catch criminals?
No
101
What did the Doxy do? (3)
The Doxy carried a bag where she hid things she stole, often knitted while begging
102
What happened to children of convicted beggars?
They were to placed in domestic service
103
What were the Local Justices of the Peace ordered to do? (3)
- Keep a register of the poor in the parish
- Raise a poor rate to pay for food
- Provide shelter
104
When was the Act for the Relief of the Poor made a law?
1576
105
What did the Act for the Relief of the Poor say? (2)
- Towns were required to find work for sturdy beggars
- If they refused this offer, they were sent to a House of Correction
