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Elizabethan Era > Exploration, Voyages Of Discovery, Raleigh And Virginia > Flashcards

Exploration, Voyages Of Discovery, Raleigh And Virginia Flashcards

1
Q

Which two countries dominated exploration until Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Spain and Portugal

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2
Q

What was the growing wealth and power of Spain based upon?

A

The gold and silver in their Spanish territories, Mexico and Peru

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3
Q

Who were the two most important British explorers?

A

John Hawkins and Francis Drake

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4
Q

Which Flemish mapmaker introduced sea charts in 1569 that showed latitude and longitude?

A

Gerardus Mercator

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5
Q

What could now be used to calculate the latitude (by measuring the angle between the horizon and the North Star)?

A

Astrolabe

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6
Q

Why did Elizabethan sailors rely more on the magnetic compass than the astrolabe?

A

Using the astrolabe was greatly dependent on the visibility

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7
Q

What did Sir John Dee develop?

A

An instrument that enabled sailors to take readings from both compasses to determine the true north from the variation between them

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8
Q

What did the Portuguese develop? (2)

A

The galleon and the caravel

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9
Q

What is a caravel?

A

A small and fast ship

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10
Q

What were ships now fitted with? (2)

A
  • Triangular sails
  • Sophisticated artillery eg. more rapid-firing guns
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11
Q

How did explorers benefit from the printing press?

A

They could use the knowledge of earlier navigators in charts and books

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12
Q

What percentage of all exports was the woollen cloth?

A

75%

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13
Q

Within what range were the annul custom duties?

A

From £35,000 to £50,000

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14
Q

How did trade motivate journeys overseas?

A

The collapse of the cloth trade meant other markets needed to be found

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15
Q

What forms of illegal trade were there? (2)

A

The trade of slaves and items to Spanish colonists

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16
Q

Why did many of the English upper classes (including the Queen) invest in overseas voyages?

A

It meant a fast and big profit

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17
Q

What were the positives of signing on as a sailor? (2)

A
  • Regular wage ensured
  • A way out of poverty
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18
Q

Who did popes bless to convert heathen lands to Christianity?

A

Jesuit priests

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19
Q

What also encouraged a thirst for knowledge and adventure?

A

The ideas of the Renaissance

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20
Q

Where did many believe there was a route to?

A

A route westwards across the Atlantic, leading to the riches of the East like India and China

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21
Q

Give an example of one book by one author about navigation.

A

The Principal Navigations by Richard Hakluyt

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22
Q

Give a specific example of one gentleman-at-arms who kept logs of his voyages with Drake.

A

Francis Petty

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23
Q

Who named the first American colony and what was it called?

A

Sir Walter Raleigh and he called it Virginia

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24
Q

What were English seamen used to doing? (2)

A

Smuggling and piracy

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25
Q

What did Drake and John Hawkins inspire?

A

Great loyalty from their crews that followed them anywhere

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26
Q

What nationality was John Cabot?

A

Italian

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27
Q

Who funded for Cabot’s voyage?

A

Henry VII

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28
Q

What was the plan for Cabot’s voyage?

A

Reaching India by sailing to the north of America

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29
Q

When did Cabot set sail?

A

1497

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30
Q

What did Cabot find, but also not find? (1,3)

A

He found good fishing grounds but no gold, silk or spices

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31
Q

What happened to Cabot in his second voyage of 1498?

A

He never returned

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32
Q

Where did Raleigh set sail for in 1595?

A

South America

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33
Q

What was Raleigh hoping to find in his destination?

A

El Dorado, the legendary city of gold

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34
Q

Did Raleigh find what he wanted?

A

No

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35
Q

Who was Drake’s cousin?

A

John Hawkins

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36
Q

Briefly state the first two voyages Hawkins made.

A
  • W coast of Africa and captured Africans
  • W Indies and C America to sell captured slaves to settlers
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37
Q

In what period were the voyages of Hawkins?

A

1560s

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38
Q

What happened in 1567, during his third voyage, for Hawkins? (2)

A

The Spanish attacked his fleet and he lost 4 ships and over 200 men

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39
Q

What did Hawkins do after his voyages?

A

He worked in England designing ships for the navy

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40
Q

Who thought they could reach China by sailing around the north of Asia?

A

Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor

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41
Q

When did Willoughby and Chancellor set sail?

A

1553

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42
Q

What place is Muscovy?

A

Moscow

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43
Q

What was the result of Willoughby and Chancellor’s voyage? (3)

A
  • Willoughby died after his ship was trapped in the ice, north of Norway
  • Chancellor reached Muscovy
  • Muscovy Company was formed to trade with Russia
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44
Q

Between what years did John Davis make 3 voyages to N America?

A

1585 to 1587

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45
Q

What was John Davis in search of?

A

A route to China

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46
Q

What stopped Davis after he reached Baffin Island? (2)

A

The cold and the ice

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47
Q

What did Martin Frobisher believe was possible?

A

China could be reached by sailing around N America

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48
Q

In 1576, what did Frobisher reach and what was there?

A

Baffin Island, where he found a rock that he hoped had gold (it didn’t!)

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49
Q

How many more voyages did Frobisher make before being stopped by the weather conditions?

A

2

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50
Q

What did Drake do in 1577? (2)

A

He sailed around S America and attacked Spanish towns in Mexico, capturing gold, silver and jewels

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51
Q

What did Drake do after his voyage?

A

Returned to England through the Pacific and Indian Ocean and up W of Africa

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52
Q

Who was the first Englishman to sail around the world?

A

Francis Drake

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53
Q

What did Sir Humphrey Gilbert want to do and what did he believe?

A

He wanted to establish an English settlement in N America and believed there was a route to China around N America

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54
Q

When did Gilbert set sail and what did he reach?

A

1583, reaching Newfoundland

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55
Q

What happened when Gilbert explored N America?

A

His ship was hit by storms and he never returned

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56
Q

What did Raleigh want to do?

A

Establish an English colony in N America

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57
Q

Why did Raleigh call the colony Virginia?

A

It was named after the Virgin Queen Elizabeth

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58
Q

What else did Raleigh organise for the colony?

A

Two expeditions to take settlers to the colony

59
Q

What happened in each of Raleigh’s expeditions?

A
  • The first group of settlers came home after a year
  • The second group were never seen again
60
Q

What were Drake’s aims in his voyage, that then became a circumnavigation of the world and how did he hope to achieve this? (5)

A
  • Revenge for the attack on Hawkins’ fleet in 1568 by attacking C America through Pacific Ocean where defences were weaker
  • Capture gold, silver and other treasures for himself and reward courtiers
  • Weaken the greatest Catholic power in Europe
  • Discover new lands and make England more powerful
  • Establish new and better trade routes and find new markets
61
Q

What were the names of all of the ships, type of ship, their weights and who they were captained by, in Drake’s circumnavigation? (5)

A
  • Pelican, 80 tons, Francis Drake
  • Elizabeth, around 80 tons, John Winter
  • Marigold, bark of 30 tons, John Thomas
  • Swan, flyboat of 50 tons, John Chester
  • Christopher, pinnace of 15 tons, Thomas Moore
62
Q

In total how many sailors were there in the circumnavigation?

A

164 sailors

63
Q

When and from where did Drake and his crew set off?

A

Plymouth on 15 November 1577

64
Q

What happened after the ships left the harbour?

A

They had to return after 3 days for repair, due to the damage caused by the storms

65
Q

What was Drake’s ship renamed as?

A

Golden Hind

66
Q

In what month did Drake and his crew set sail again from Plymouth and what route did they take?

A

In December and they sailed down W of Africa to Cape Verde Islands

67
Q

What did they do at the Cape Verde Islands?

A

They captured a Portuguese ship and its cargo of wine

68
Q

Where did Drake’s crew head after the attack?

A

They neared the Equator and Brazil

69
Q

When did Drake and his crew reach Port St Julian?

A

20 June 1578

70
Q

How many sailors were killed, which increased tension in the crew, and why did this happen?

A

2 because they were involved in a fight with the locals when they went to trade

71
Q

Why were there quarrels between the crew?

A

The weather conditions bothered all of them

72
Q

Which friend did Drake charge with mutiny and order for execution?

A

Sir Thomas Doughty

73
Q

What did Drake do after charging his friend?

A

He put all his men and stores onto his 3 best ships and burnt the others

74
Q

Through which route did the remaining ships enter the Strait of Magellan on 21 August?

A

Down the E of S America

75
Q

What did Drake discover when entering the Strait of Magellan?

A

He discovered that Tierra del Fuego was not a large continent but a group of islands

76
Q

How did this discovery when at the Strait of Magellan help Drake and his crew circumnavigate?

A

They could sail to the Cape of Good Hope by going south of Tierra del Fuego

77
Q

In what month did Drake’s remaining ships reach the Pacific Ocean and go up the W of America?

A

September

78
Q

How long did the stormy weather in the Pacific Ocean last?

A

1 month

79
Q

What happened to Marigold and Elizabeth after the storms?

A

Marigold sank and Elizabeth got lost, but managed to get back to England.

80
Q

What was the result of the loss of Elizabeth?

A

Only one ship was remaining, which was running low on food and water itself

81
Q

What happened when Drake landed on the island of Mocha?

A

He was wounded by arrows to the head by the inhabitants

82
Q

After recovering from their wounds, which country did Drake and his crew attack?

A

Peru

83
Q

At each of the cities of Peru, what did Drake seize and attack? (3)

A
  • Valparaiso: gold, wine, coins
  • Arica: silver
  • Lima: 12 ships that had silk and Spanish coins
84
Q

At this point why did Drake chase Cacafuego?

A

It had recently left port

85
Q

What was Cacafuego?

A

A Spanish treasure ship

86
Q

What did Cacafuego contain? (4)

A
  • Jewels
  • 13 chests of coins
  • 80 pounds weight of gold
  • Silver
  • Seized £140,000
87
Q

What was the last place that Drake attacked?

A

Guatulco

88
Q

When returning from the last attack, why didn’t Drake retrace his steps? (2)

A
  • He would face attacks from expecting Spanish ships
  • He would have to go through the dangerous Magellan strait as well
89
Q

At this point, when returning, how many men and how many ships were there?

A

1 ship with 55 men

90
Q

What route was Drake now to take?

A

He had to find a new one around N America

91
Q

Where did Drake first land when he was returning and what did he call it (w/translation)?

A

California, which he named Nova Albion (New England)

92
Q

How did Drake obtain feathers and tobacco from his first landing during his return?

A

The people thought he was a God and offered it to him

93
Q

Where did Drake sail through and arrive at, after leaving his first destination?

A

W across the Pacific Ocean to the Molucca Islands

94
Q

How long did it take Drake to arrive at his second destination, on the way back?

A

2 months

95
Q

Next, at what place did he make a trade treaty with the King to trade in spices?

A

Ternate

96
Q

Why did a lot of the spices have to be thrown overboard in January?

A

The ship’s load had to be lightened when it ran aground on dangerous rocks

97
Q

What did Drake’s route follow after the third destination?

A

He went through the East Indies and followed the coast of Java

98
Q

What did Drake discover about one of the countries previously thought to be connected to a continent?

A

He discovered Java was an island

99
Q

After this discovery of the island, what was the final route Drake took back home?

A

He sailed across the Indian Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope and up W Africa

100
Q

When did Drake arrive again, after his circumnavigation?

A

26 September 1580

101
Q

Between what period did Drake and his crew sail to Brazil?

A

Dec 1577 - Apr 1578

102
Q

Between what period did Drake and his crew sail from Brazil to Guatulco?

A

Apr 1578 - Apr 1579

103
Q

Between what period did Drake and his crew sail from S America to Plymouth?

A

Apr 1579 - Sep 1580

104
Q

Where was Drake knighted?

A

The Golden Hind

105
Q

Overall how much money did Drake bring back?

A

£140,000, which is equivalent to 200 million pounds

106
Q

How was the Queen able to pay off the national debt?

A

Using her share of Drake’s money that he brought back

107
Q

What were the East Indies also called?

A

Spice Islands

108
Q

In what period and what did Raleigh serve in as a volunteer in the French Protestant Army?

A

French Religious Wars in the 1570s

109
Q

In what year was Raleigh given command of his first ship, the Falcon?

A

1578

110
Q

What was Raleigh’s relationship with Sir Humphrey Gilbert?

A

They were half-brothers

111
Q

Where did Gilbert and Raleigh sail to?

A

N America to establish an English settlement

112
Q

What happened when Raleigh and Gilbert reached the coast of Nova Scotia?

A

Gilbert drowned, as they did not have a suitable location

113
Q

What things did the Queen grant Raleigh?

A
  • He was knighted
  • Captain of Queen’s bodyguard
  • Vice Admiral of Devon and Cornwall
  • Considerable lands in England and Ireland
114
Q

In what year did Raleigh persuade the Queen to agree for him to explore the coast of N America (later named Virginia)?

A

1584

115
Q

Did Raleigh actually sail in the expeditions he planned?

A

No

116
Q

What were the advantages of establishing a colony in N America? (5)

A
  • Base for attacking Spain
  • No Spanish + French settlers!
  • Better life for poor
  • Richer local resources
  • Prestige
117
Q

In April 1584, what did Raleigh dispatch, where and why?

A

Two small ships to modern day North Carolina on a reconnaissance expedition

118
Q

What did the reports of this 1584 expedition say? (3)

A
  • Fertile land
  • Full of animals
  • Civilised N Americans
119
Q

Why did Raleigh not go on the first expedition he organised?

A

The Queen did not want her favourite to leave court

120
Q

Under the commandment of who and when did male settlers leave for N America?

A

Under Ralph Lane in 1585

121
Q

How many male settlers were there and which Sir did they go with?

A

108 of them with Sir Richard Grenville

122
Q

What was the result of Grenville’s ship hitting rocks as it came into land?

A

Supplies and seed crops were damaged

123
Q

On what island did Lane begin the construction of a fort to settle?

A

Roanoke Island

124
Q

After a couple of months why did Grenville return to England?

A

He went to get more settlers and supplies

125
Q

In what month, year and why was Lane forced to abandon Roanoke Island?

A

June 1586 because of hostilities between the local Secotans and the English

126
Q

Who fuelled the second expedition and how?

A

Ralph Lane did so by enthusing about Chesapeake Bay

127
Q

How was it justified that Chesapeake Bay was the best place to settle?

A
  • It would enable searches for the gold mines
  • There would be a passage for boats through the East
128
Q

At the end of the first of Raleigh’s expedition, what titles did he carry? (2)

A

He had been knighted and made ‘Lord and Governor of Virginia’

129
Q

Who did Raleigh take instead of who he took in the first expedition in 1587?

A

Settler families instead of soldiers

130
Q

What part of Chesapeake Bay to Raleigh go to and why?

A

North because it was a better harbour

131
Q

Who was the second expedition led by and who was he?

A

John White, who had been on the past voyages

132
Q

Why were they forced to land in N Carolina again in the second expedition?

A

The master pilot was worried about hurricanes and refused to go any further. He put the settlers at Roanoke Island.

133
Q

What was it like on the second colony?

A
  • Relations with native Americans was bad
  • It was too late to plant seeds
134
Q

Who was the master pilot of the second expedition?

A

Simon Fernandes

135
Q

Why did White leave to England, but was unable to return to Roanoke Island again?

A

He went to bring back more supplies but all the ships were needed for defence against the Armada.

136
Q

In what year did White finally return to Roanoke Island and what did he discover?

A

1590, which is when he discovered a message saying CRO.

137
Q

What did White deduce from his discovery?

A

The colonists had moved to the nearby island of Croatoan

138
Q

Why was White unable to reach the escaped colonists again, which meant he eventually returned to England?

A

This was because of the continued bad weather

139
Q

What is this second colony also known as?

A

The Lost Colony

140
Q

What are 3 likely things that could have happened to the colonists?

A
  • Disease
  • Violence
  • Split up into smaller groups and spread out
141
Q

Why did Raleigh’s settlements in Virginia fail? (6)

A
  • Food supplies did not survive the journey
  • Failure of ships to return with supplies and men
  • Relations with Native Americans deteriorated
  • Dependency on Native Americans’ food
  • Seeds were sown at the wrong time of year
  • Disease
142
Q

How were Raleigh’s expeditions important, even though they failed? (6)

A
  • Laid foundations for colonisation of America
  • Made profit
  • New goods to trade
  • Increased navigational knowledge
  • John Hariot’s book, describing plants, animals and minerals of the area in detail
  • John White’s paintings, showing much evidence of the places and people encountered
143
Q

Who was Thomas Hariot?

A

Raleigh’s assistant on the 1585 Roanoke voyage

144
Q

Who was John White?

A

Someone hired by Raleigh to record the expedition in art

Elizabethan Era (6 decks)

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