Exploration, Voyages Of Discovery, Raleigh And Virginia Flashcards
1
Q
Which two countries dominated exploration until Elizabeth’s reign?
A
Spain and Portugal
2
Q
What was the growing wealth and power of Spain based upon?
A
The gold and silver in their Spanish territories, Mexico and Peru
3
Q
Who were the two most important British explorers?
A
John Hawkins and Francis Drake
4
Q
Which Flemish mapmaker introduced sea charts in 1569 that showed latitude and longitude?
A
Gerardus Mercator
5
Q
What could now be used to calculate the latitude (by measuring the angle between the horizon and the North Star)?
A
Astrolabe
6
Q
Why did Elizabethan sailors rely more on the magnetic compass than the astrolabe?
A
Using the astrolabe was greatly dependent on the visibility
7
Q
What did Sir John Dee develop?
A
An instrument that enabled sailors to take readings from both compasses to determine the true north from the variation between them
8
Q
What did the Portuguese develop? (2)
A
The galleon and the caravel
9
Q
What is a caravel?
A
A small and fast ship
10
Q
What were ships now fitted with? (2)
A
- Triangular sails
- Sophisticated artillery eg. more rapid-firing guns
11
Q
How did explorers benefit from the printing press?
A
They could use the knowledge of earlier navigators in charts and books
12
Q
What percentage of all exports was the woollen cloth?
A
75%
13
Q
Within what range were the annul custom duties?
A
From £35,000 to £50,000
14
Q
How did trade motivate journeys overseas?
A
The collapse of the cloth trade meant other markets needed to be found
15
Q
What forms of illegal trade were there? (2)
A
The trade of slaves and items to Spanish colonists
16
Q
Why did many of the English upper classes (including the Queen) invest in overseas voyages?
A
It meant a fast and big profit
17
Q
What were the positives of signing on as a sailor? (2)
A
- Regular wage ensured
- A way out of poverty
18
Q
Who did popes bless to convert heathen lands to Christianity?
A
Jesuit priests
19
Q
What also encouraged a thirst for knowledge and adventure?
A
The ideas of the Renaissance
20
Q
Where did many believe there was a route to?
A
A route westwards across the Atlantic, leading to the riches of the East like India and China
21
Q
Give an example of one book by one author about navigation.
A
The Principal Navigations by Richard Hakluyt
22
Q
Give a specific example of one gentleman-at-arms who kept logs of his voyages with Drake.
A
Francis Petty
23
Q
Who named the first American colony and what was it called?
A
Sir Walter Raleigh and he called it Virginia
24
Q
What were English seamen used to doing? (2)
A
Smuggling and piracy
25
What did Drake and John Hawkins inspire?
Great loyalty from their crews that followed them anywhere
26
What nationality was John Cabot?
Italian
27
Who funded for Cabot's voyage?
Henry VII
28
What was the plan for Cabot's voyage?
Reaching India by sailing to the north of America
29
When did Cabot set sail?
1497
30
What did Cabot find, but also not find? (1,3)
He found good fishing grounds but no gold, silk or spices
31
What happened to Cabot in his second voyage of 1498?
He never returned
32
Where did Raleigh set sail for in 1595?
South America
33
What was Raleigh hoping to find in his destination?
El Dorado, the legendary city of gold
34
Did Raleigh find what he wanted?
No
35
Who was Drake's cousin?
John Hawkins
36
Briefly state the first two voyages Hawkins made.
- W coast of Africa and captured Africans
- W Indies and C America to sell captured slaves to settlers
37
In what period were the voyages of Hawkins?
1560s
38
What happened in 1567, during his third voyage, for Hawkins? (2)
The Spanish attacked his fleet and he lost 4 ships and over 200 men
39
What did Hawkins do after his voyages?
He worked in England designing ships for the navy
40
Who thought they could reach China by sailing around the north of Asia?
Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor
41
When did Willoughby and Chancellor set sail?
1553
42
What place is Muscovy?
Moscow
43
What was the result of Willoughby and Chancellor's voyage? (3)
- Willoughby died after his ship was trapped in the ice, north of Norway
- Chancellor reached Muscovy
- Muscovy Company was formed to trade with Russia
44
Between what years did John Davis make 3 voyages to N America?
1585 to 1587
45
What was John Davis in search of?
A route to China
46
What stopped Davis after he reached Baffin Island? (2)
The cold and the ice
47
What did Martin Frobisher believe was possible?
China could be reached by sailing around N America
48
In 1576, what did Frobisher reach and what was there?
Baffin Island, where he found a rock that he hoped had gold (it didn't!)
49
How many more voyages did Frobisher make before being stopped by the weather conditions?
2
50
What did Drake do in 1577? (2)
He sailed around S America and attacked Spanish towns in Mexico, capturing gold, silver and jewels
51
What did Drake do after his voyage?
Returned to England through the Pacific and Indian Ocean and up W of Africa
52
Who was the first Englishman to sail around the world?
Francis Drake
53
What did Sir Humphrey Gilbert want to do and what did he believe?
He wanted to establish an English settlement in N America and believed there was a route to China around N America
54
When did Gilbert set sail and what did he reach?
1583, reaching Newfoundland
55
What happened when Gilbert explored N America?
His ship was hit by storms and he never returned
56
What did Raleigh want to do?
Establish an English colony in N America
57
Why did Raleigh call the colony Virginia?
It was named after the Virgin Queen Elizabeth
58
What else did Raleigh organise for the colony?
Two expeditions to take settlers to the colony
59
What happened in each of Raleigh's expeditions?
- The first group of settlers came home after a year
- The second group were never seen again
60
What were Drake's aims in his voyage, that then became a circumnavigation of the world and how did he hope to achieve this? (5)
- Revenge for the attack on Hawkins' fleet in 1568 by attacking C America through Pacific Ocean where defences were weaker
- Capture gold, silver and other treasures for himself and reward courtiers
- Weaken the greatest Catholic power in Europe
- Discover new lands and make England more powerful
- Establish new and better trade routes and find new markets
61
What were the names of all of the ships, type of ship, their weights and who they were captained by, in Drake's circumnavigation? (5)
- Pelican, 80 tons, Francis Drake
- Elizabeth, around 80 tons, John Winter
- Marigold, bark of 30 tons, John Thomas
- Swan, flyboat of 50 tons, John Chester
- Christopher, pinnace of 15 tons, Thomas Moore
62
In total how many sailors were there in the circumnavigation?
164 sailors
63
When and from where did Drake and his crew set off?
Plymouth on 15 November 1577
64
What happened after the ships left the harbour?
They had to return after 3 days for repair, due to the damage caused by the storms
65
What was Drake's ship renamed as?
Golden Hind
66
In what month did Drake and his crew set sail again from Plymouth and what route did they take?
In December and they sailed down W of Africa to Cape Verde Islands
67
What did they do at the Cape Verde Islands?
They captured a Portuguese ship and its cargo of wine
68
Where did Drake's crew head after the attack?
They neared the Equator and Brazil
69
When did Drake and his crew reach Port St Julian?
20 June 1578
70
How many sailors were killed, which increased tension in the crew, and why did this happen?
2 because they were involved in a fight with the locals when they went to trade
71
Why were there quarrels between the crew?
The weather conditions bothered all of them
72
Which friend did Drake charge with mutiny and order for execution?
Sir Thomas Doughty
73
What did Drake do after charging his friend?
He put all his men and stores onto his 3 best ships and burnt the others
74
Through which route did the remaining ships enter the Strait of Magellan on 21 August?
Down the E of S America
75
What did Drake discover when entering the Strait of Magellan?
He discovered that Tierra del Fuego was not a large continent but a group of islands
76
How did this discovery when at the Strait of Magellan help Drake and his crew circumnavigate?
They could sail to the Cape of Good Hope by going south of Tierra del Fuego
77
In what month did Drake's remaining ships reach the Pacific Ocean and go up the W of America?
September
78
How long did the stormy weather in the Pacific Ocean last?
1 month
79
What happened to Marigold and Elizabeth after the storms?
Marigold sank and Elizabeth got lost, but managed to get back to England.
80
What was the result of the loss of Elizabeth?
Only one ship was remaining, which was running low on food and water itself
81
What happened when Drake landed on the island of Mocha?
He was wounded by arrows to the head by the inhabitants
82
After recovering from their wounds, which country did Drake and his crew attack?
Peru
83
At each of the cities of Peru, what did Drake seize and attack? (3)
- Valparaiso: gold, wine, coins
- Arica: silver
- Lima: 12 ships that had silk and Spanish coins
84
At this point why did Drake chase Cacafuego?
It had recently left port
85
What was Cacafuego?
A Spanish treasure ship
86
What did Cacafuego contain? (4)
- Jewels
- 13 chests of coins
- 80 pounds weight of gold
- Silver
- Seized £140,000
87
What was the last place that Drake attacked?
Guatulco
88
When returning from the last attack, why didn't Drake retrace his steps? (2)
- He would face attacks from expecting Spanish ships
- He would have to go through the dangerous Magellan strait as well
89
At this point, when returning, how many men and how many ships were there?
1 ship with 55 men
90
What route was Drake now to take?
He had to find a new one around N America
91
Where did Drake first land when he was returning and what did he call it (w/translation)?
California, which he named Nova Albion (New England)
92
How did Drake obtain feathers and tobacco from his first landing during his return?
The people thought he was a God and offered it to him
93
Where did Drake sail through and arrive at, after leaving his first destination?
W across the Pacific Ocean to the Molucca Islands
94
How long did it take Drake to arrive at his second destination, on the way back?
2 months
95
Next, at what place did he make a trade treaty with the King to trade in spices?
Ternate
96
Why did a lot of the spices have to be thrown overboard in January?
The ship's load had to be lightened when it ran aground on dangerous rocks
97
What did Drake's route follow after the third destination?
He went through the East Indies and followed the coast of Java
98
What did Drake discover about one of the countries previously thought to be connected to a continent?
He discovered Java was an island
99
After this discovery of the island, what was the final route Drake took back home?
He sailed across the Indian Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope and up W Africa
100
When did Drake arrive again, after his circumnavigation?
26 September 1580
101
Between what period did Drake and his crew sail to Brazil?
Dec 1577 - Apr 1578
102
Between what period did Drake and his crew sail from Brazil to Guatulco?
Apr 1578 - Apr 1579
103
Between what period did Drake and his crew sail from S America to Plymouth?
Apr 1579 - Sep 1580
104
Where was Drake knighted?
The Golden Hind
105
Overall how much money did Drake bring back?
£140,000, which is equivalent to 200 million pounds
106
How was the Queen able to pay off the national debt?
Using her share of Drake's money that he brought back
107
What were the East Indies also called?
Spice Islands
108
In what period and what did Raleigh serve in as a volunteer in the French Protestant Army?
French Religious Wars in the 1570s
109
In what year was Raleigh given command of his first ship, the Falcon?
1578
110
What was Raleigh's relationship with Sir Humphrey Gilbert?
They were half-brothers
111
Where did Gilbert and Raleigh sail to?
N America to establish an English settlement
112
What happened when Raleigh and Gilbert reached the coast of Nova Scotia?
Gilbert drowned, as they did not have a suitable location
113
What things did the Queen grant Raleigh?
- He was knighted
- Captain of Queen's bodyguard
- Vice Admiral of Devon and Cornwall
- Considerable lands in England and Ireland
114
In what year did Raleigh persuade the Queen to agree for him to explore the coast of N America (later named Virginia)?
1584
115
Did Raleigh actually sail in the expeditions he planned?
No
116
What were the advantages of establishing a colony in N America? (5)
- Base for attacking Spain
- No Spanish + French settlers!
- Better life for poor
- Richer local resources
- Prestige
117
In April 1584, what did Raleigh dispatch, where and why?
Two small ships to modern day North Carolina on a reconnaissance expedition
118
What did the reports of this 1584 expedition say? (3)
- Fertile land
- Full of animals
- Civilised N Americans
119
Why did Raleigh not go on the first expedition he organised?
The Queen did not want her favourite to leave court
120
Under the commandment of who and when did male settlers leave for N America?
Under Ralph Lane in 1585
121
How many male settlers were there and which Sir did they go with?
108 of them with Sir Richard Grenville
122
What was the result of Grenville's ship hitting rocks as it came into land?
Supplies and seed crops were damaged
123
On what island did Lane begin the construction of a fort to settle?
Roanoke Island
124
After a couple of months why did Grenville return to England?
He went to get more settlers and supplies
125
In what month, year and why was Lane forced to abandon Roanoke Island?
June 1586 because of hostilities between the local Secotans and the English
126
Who fuelled the second expedition and how?
Ralph Lane did so by enthusing about Chesapeake Bay
127
How was it justified that Chesapeake Bay was the best place to settle?
- It would enable searches for the gold mines
- There would be a passage for boats through the East
128
At the end of the first of Raleigh's expedition, what titles did he carry? (2)
He had been knighted and made 'Lord and Governor of Virginia'
129
Who did Raleigh take instead of who he took in the first expedition in 1587?
Settler families instead of soldiers
130
What part of Chesapeake Bay to Raleigh go to and why?
North because it was a better harbour
131
Who was the second expedition led by and who was he?
John White, who had been on the past voyages
132
Why were they forced to land in N Carolina again in the second expedition?
The master pilot was worried about hurricanes and refused to go any further. He put the settlers at Roanoke Island.
133
What was it like on the second colony?
- Relations with native Americans was bad
- It was too late to plant seeds
134
Who was the master pilot of the second expedition?
Simon Fernandes
135
Why did White leave to England, but was unable to return to Roanoke Island again?
He went to bring back more supplies but all the ships were needed for defence against the Armada.
136
In what year did White finally return to Roanoke Island and what did he discover?
1590, which is when he discovered a message saying CRO.
137
What did White deduce from his discovery?
The colonists had moved to the nearby island of Croatoan
138
Why was White unable to reach the escaped colonists again, which meant he eventually returned to England?
This was because of the continued bad weather
139
What is this second colony also known as?
The Lost Colony
140
What are 3 likely things that could have happened to the colonists?
- Disease
- Violence
- Split up into smaller groups and spread out
141
Why did Raleigh's settlements in Virginia fail? (6)
- Food supplies did not survive the journey
- Failure of ships to return with supplies and men
- Relations with Native Americans deteriorated
- Dependency on Native Americans' food
- Seeds were sown at the wrong time of year
- Disease
142
How were Raleigh's expeditions important, even though they failed? (6)
- Laid foundations for colonisation of America
- Made profit
- New goods to trade
- Increased navigational knowledge
- John Hariot's book, describing plants, animals and minerals of the area in detail
- John White's paintings, showing much evidence of the places and people encountered
143
Who was Thomas Hariot?
Raleigh's assistant on the 1585 Roanoke voyage
144
Who was John White?
Someone hired by Raleigh to record the expedition in art
