plasma proteins Flashcards
what is plasma, what is it used for
blood + an anticoagulant added
used for transfusions
what is serum, what is it used for
collected after blood has been allowed to clot (so has no clotting factors)
used for lab testing
most abundant plasma protein
albumin- 58%
albumin
-what it is
-structure
-where it is made
-what it does
-carrier protein (most prominent in blood, 58%)
-11 hydrophobic pockets (how it carries things)
-made in liver from ALB gene
-maintains oncotic pressure (detoxifies ROS, transports nitric oxide)
the major plasma proteins
Albumin
Immunoglobulin
Protease inhibitors (serpin)
Transferrin
Ceruloplasmin
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen
Plasminogen
transferrin function
transports iron through body
ceruloplasmin function, & involved in what
carries copper
&
involved in iron homeostasis
haptoglobin function, & marker for what
binds free hemoglobin to remove via spleen
marker for hemolytic anemia
fibrinogen converted to what, & for what
converted by thrombin to fibrin
for clotting
plasminogen function
zymogen that degrades fibrin to remove blood clots
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
-tissue source
-can dx what
liver
liver damage / disease
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
-tissue source
-can dx what
liver, muscle
liver / muscle disease
ALP (alkaline phosphatases)
-tissue source
-can dx what
liver, bone, placenta
hepatobiliary & bone disease (& increases with pregnancy)
GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase)
-tissue source
-can dx what
liver, bile duct
hepatobiliary disease (NOT found in bone disease)
NTP (5’-nucleotidase)
-tissue source
-can dx what
liver, other
similar to GGT
CK (creatine kinase)
-tissue source
-can dx what
muscle
muscle damage / disease
amylase
-tissue source
-can dx what
pancreas
pancreatic disease
lipase
-tissue source
-can dx what
pancreas
pancreatic disease (more specific than amylase)
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
-tissue source
-can dx what
RBC, liver, muscle, most cells
general marker of cell death
ALT function
mobilizes AA energy stores (transfers glucose to muscle, & amino groups to liver)
alpha-KG + alanine
<–(ALT)–>
glutamate + pyruvate
biomarker to dx cardiac damage
cardiac troponin
creatinine
-what it is
-can dx what
-how is it measured
(a metabolite) byproduct of normal muscle metabolism
elevated blood creatinine = kidney malfunction
measured by direct / indirect bilirubin
what is indirect bilirubin
-solubility
-how does it react in an in vitro assay
-how do you calculate it
unconjugated bilirubin
more lipid soluble
reacts slowly (bc less water soluble)
indirect bilirbin = total bilirubin - direct bilirubin
what is direct bilirubin
-solubility
-how does it react in an in vitro assay
conjugated bilirubin
more water soluble
reacts quickly
how does total bilirubin react in an in vitro assay, & how do you calculate it
reacts quickly in appropriate solvent
total bilirubin = indirect bilirubin + direct bilirubin
tests for normal liver function
albumin
PT (prothrombin time)
biomarkers for liver damage
ALT
AST
alkaline phosphatase
GGT
elevated creatinine means
kidney malfunction
AST:ALT > 2 means
alcoholic liver disease
AST:ALT > 5 means
rhabdomyolysis
AST, ALT > 1000 U/L means
viral hepatitis, drugs, ischemia
^ alk phosph & ^ GGT means
cholangitis, pancreatic mass, primary biliary cirrhosis
^ alk phosph & normal GGT means
bone disease
ALT:ALP > 5 means
hepatocellular liver damage
ALT:ALP > 2 means
cholestatic liver damage
^ GGT means
hepatobiliary disease
