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plasma membrane and membrane potential Flashcards

1
Q

how is intracellular and extracellular fluid separated

A

by the plasma membrane

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2
Q

what does the plasma membrane control

A

entry of nutrient molecules and the exit of secretory and waste products

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3
Q

what does plasma membrane consist of

A

lipids and proteins along with small amount of carbohydrate

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4
Q

how does the plasma membrane appear

A

trilaminar

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5
Q

what is the most abundant lipid in plasma membrane

A

phospholipid

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6
Q

what other lipid is present in plasma membrane

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

what is the tail of the phospholipid

A

hydrophobic

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8
Q

what is the head of the phospholipid

A

hydrophilic (water loving)

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9
Q

how are phospholipids arranged in water

A

in a lipid bilayer

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10
Q

what is the outer layer of plasma membrane exposed to

A

extracellular fluid

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11
Q

what is the inner later of plasma membrane exposed to

A

intracellular fluid

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12
Q

is the lipid bilayer fluid or rigid

A

fluid

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13
Q

what does cholesterol contribute to in the plasma membrane

A

the fluidity and stability of the membrane

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14
Q

where are cholesterol molecules in the plasma membrane

A

tucked in between the phospholipid molecules

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15
Q

what does cholesterol prevent

A

fatty acid chains from packaging together and crystallising

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16
Q

where are integral proteins

A

embedded in the lipid bilayer

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17
Q

what proteins extend through the entire thickness of the membrane

A

transmembrane proteins

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18
Q

where are peripheral proteins

A

they are on outside do not penetrate the membrane

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19
Q

what are the carbohydrate chains on the plasma membrane

A
  • glycoproteins

- glycolipids

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20
Q

what do glycoproteins and glycolipids form

A

glycocalyx

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21
Q

what is cadherin

A

type of cell adhesion molecule

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22
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

intricate meshwork of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery gel-like substance composed of complex carbohydrates

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23
Q

what are the 3 main types of protein fibres in extracellular matrix

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • fibronectin
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24
Q

what does collagen provide

A

tensile strength

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25
what is the most abundant protein in the body
collagen
26
what is scurvy
lack of vitamin C
27
what happens in scurvy
collagen fibres are not properly formed so skin and vessels are fragile
28
what is elastin
rubbery protein fibre in tissues that easily stretch and then recoil
29
where is elastin found
in lungs
30
what does fibronectin promote
cell adhesion and holds cell in position
31
what cells secrete extracellular matrix
fibroblasts
32
what are the 3 types of specialised cell junction
- anchoring - communicating - tight
33
what are desmosomes
anchoring junction
34
what is desmosome made of
- dense buttonlike cytoplasmic thickenings (plaques) | - strong glycoprotein filaments
35
can desmosomes be pulled apart
no they resist it
36
what is the strongest cell to cell interaction
desmosome
37
where are desmosomes found
- skin - heart - uterus
38
what do tight junctions do
seal off passageways between two cells
39
where are tight junctions found
in sheets of epithelial tissues
40
can material pass through tight junctions
no they are impermeable
41
how are gap junctions linked
by connecting tunnels called connexons
42
what makes up a connexon
six protein subunits arranged in a hollow tubelike structure
43
what are gap junctions
communicating junctions
44
where are gap junctions in abundace
cardiac muscle cell
45
what do gap junctions ensure in the heart
that there is synchronised contraction of a whole muscle mass
46
is the plasma membrane permeable or impermeable
selectively permeable
47
what properties determines if a particle can pass through the membrane
- solubility of particle | - size of particle
48
can charges particles permeate the membrane
no
49
for a particle to permeate the membrane does it need high or low lipid solubility
high
50
does passive forces require energy
no
51
does active forces require energy
yes
52
what is a difference in concentration between two adjacent areas known as
concentration gradient
53
what is net diffusion
difference between two opposing movements
54
is diffusion passive or active
passive
55
law about diffusion
ficks law of diffusion
56
what do ions with the same charge do
repel each other
57
what do opposite charges on ions mean
attract each other
58
what is electrical gradient
promotes movement of ions towards the area of opposite charge
59
can water permeate the plasma membrane
yes
60
how does water move across the membrane
aquaporins
61
what drives water movement
its concentration gradient
62
how does water move
passively down its own concentration gradient
63
what is hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by a standing or stationary on an object
64
what direction does facilitated diffusion go
downhill
65
what direction does active transport go
uphill
66
what are the types of active transport
- primary | - secondary
67
what is primary active transport
energy is directly required to move a substance against its concentration gradient
68
what does primary active transport use
ATP
69
what is secondary active transport
uses other ions to assist the uphill movement
70
example of primary active transport
Na K/ATPase
71
what direction does Na K/ATPase move Na
3 out of cell
72
what direction does Na K/ATPase move K
2 into the cell
73
what is the ion movement in Na K/ATPase used for
secondary active transport
74
what ion does secondary active transport use
Na
75
what are the two types of secondary active transport
symport | antiport
76
what is symport
movement in same direction as Na
77
what is antiport
movement in opposite direction to Na
78
example of antiport
Na and H+
79
what is the Na and glucose symport called
SGLT1
80
what usually fuses with cells that have been endocytosed
lysosome
81
3 types of endocytosis
- phagocytosis - pinocytosis - endocytosis
82
what uses exocytosis
golgi apparatus
83
what is membrane potential
separation of opposite charges across the membrane
84
what is membrane potential units
mV
85
where is Na most abundant
outside the cell
86
where is K most abundant
inside the cells
87
what is more soluble K or Na
K
88
what is the concentration gradient for K
outward
89
what is the concentration gradient for Na
inwards
90
what is the membrane potential for K
-90mV
91
what is used to calculate equilibrium potential
Nernst equation
92
what is the equilibrium potential for Na
+60mV
93
what is resting membrane potential of typical nerve cell
-70mV
94
why is resting membrane potential nearer K than Na
as K has a greater permeability than Na
95
what is the principle ECF anion
Cl-

principles (8 decks)

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