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principles > plasma membrane and membrane potential > Flashcards

plasma membrane and membrane potential Flashcards

1
Q

how is intracellular and extracellular fluid separated

A

by the plasma membrane

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2
Q

what does the plasma membrane control

A

entry of nutrient molecules and the exit of secretory and waste products

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3
Q

what does plasma membrane consist of

A

lipids and proteins along with small amount of carbohydrate

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4
Q

how does the plasma membrane appear

A

trilaminar

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5
Q

what is the most abundant lipid in plasma membrane

A

phospholipid

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6
Q

what other lipid is present in plasma membrane

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

what is the tail of the phospholipid

A

hydrophobic

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8
Q

what is the head of the phospholipid

A

hydrophilic (water loving)

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9
Q

how are phospholipids arranged in water

A

in a lipid bilayer

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10
Q

what is the outer layer of plasma membrane exposed to

A

extracellular fluid

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11
Q

what is the inner later of plasma membrane exposed to

A

intracellular fluid

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12
Q

is the lipid bilayer fluid or rigid

A

fluid

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13
Q

what does cholesterol contribute to in the plasma membrane

A

the fluidity and stability of the membrane

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14
Q

where are cholesterol molecules in the plasma membrane

A

tucked in between the phospholipid molecules

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15
Q

what does cholesterol prevent

A

fatty acid chains from packaging together and crystallising

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16
Q

where are integral proteins

A

embedded in the lipid bilayer

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17
Q

what proteins extend through the entire thickness of the membrane

A

transmembrane proteins

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18
Q

where are peripheral proteins

A

they are on outside do not penetrate the membrane

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19
Q

what are the carbohydrate chains on the plasma membrane

A
  • glycoproteins

- glycolipids

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20
Q

what do glycoproteins and glycolipids form

A

glycocalyx

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21
Q

what is cadherin

A

type of cell adhesion molecule

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22
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

intricate meshwork of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery gel-like substance composed of complex carbohydrates

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23
Q

what are the 3 main types of protein fibres in extracellular matrix

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • fibronectin
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24
Q

what does collagen provide

A

tensile strength

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25
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the body

A

collagen

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26
Q

what is scurvy

A

lack of vitamin C

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27
Q

what happens in scurvy

A

collagen fibres are not properly formed so skin and vessels are fragile

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28
Q

what is elastin

A

rubbery protein fibre in tissues that easily stretch and then recoil

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29
Q

where is elastin found

A

in lungs

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30
Q

what does fibronectin promote

A

cell adhesion and holds cell in position

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31
Q

what cells secrete extracellular matrix

A

fibroblasts

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32
Q

what are the 3 types of specialised cell junction

A
  • anchoring
  • communicating
  • tight
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33
Q

what are desmosomes

A

anchoring junction

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34
Q

what is desmosome made of

A
  • dense buttonlike cytoplasmic thickenings (plaques)

- strong glycoprotein filaments

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35
Q

can desmosomes be pulled apart

A

no they resist it

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36
Q

what is the strongest cell to cell interaction

A

desmosome

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37
Q

where are desmosomes found

A
  • skin
  • heart
  • uterus
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38
Q

what do tight junctions do

A

seal off passageways between two cells

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39
Q

where are tight junctions found

A

in sheets of epithelial tissues

40
Q

can material pass through tight junctions

A

no they are impermeable

41
Q

how are gap junctions linked

A

by connecting tunnels called connexons

42
Q

what makes up a connexon

A

six protein subunits arranged in a hollow tubelike structure

43
Q

what are gap junctions

A

communicating junctions

44
Q

where are gap junctions in abundace

A

cardiac muscle cell

45
Q

what do gap junctions ensure in the heart

A

that there is synchronised contraction of a whole muscle mass

46
Q

is the plasma membrane permeable or impermeable

A

selectively permeable

47
Q

what properties determines if a particle can pass through the membrane

A
  • solubility of particle

- size of particle

48
Q

can charges particles permeate the membrane

A

no

49
Q

for a particle to permeate the membrane does it need high or low lipid solubility

A

high

50
Q

does passive forces require energy

A

no

51
Q

does active forces require energy

A

yes

52
Q

what is a difference in concentration between two adjacent areas known as

A

concentration gradient

53
Q

what is net diffusion

A

difference between two opposing movements

54
Q

is diffusion passive or active

A

passive

55
Q

law about diffusion

A

ficks law of diffusion

56
Q

what do ions with the same charge do

A

repel each other

57
Q

what do opposite charges on ions mean

A

attract each other

58
Q

what is electrical gradient

A

promotes movement of ions towards the area of opposite charge

59
Q

can water permeate the plasma membrane

A

yes

60
Q

how does water move across the membrane

A

aquaporins

61
Q

what drives water movement

A

its concentration gradient

62
Q

how does water move

A

passively down its own concentration gradient

63
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a standing or stationary on an object

64
Q

what direction does facilitated diffusion go

A

downhill

65
Q

what direction does active transport go

A

uphill

66
Q

what are the types of active transport

A
  • primary

- secondary

67
Q

what is primary active transport

A

energy is directly required to move a substance against its concentration gradient

68
Q

what does primary active transport use

A

ATP

69
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

uses other ions to assist the uphill movement

70
Q

example of primary active transport

A

Na K/ATPase

71
Q

what direction does Na K/ATPase move Na

A

3 out of cell

72
Q

what direction does Na K/ATPase move K

A

2 into the cell

73
Q

what is the ion movement in Na K/ATPase used for

A

secondary active transport

74
Q

what ion does secondary active transport use

A

Na

75
Q

what are the two types of secondary active transport

A

symport

antiport

76
Q

what is symport

A

movement in same direction as Na

77
Q

what is antiport

A

movement in opposite direction to Na

78
Q

example of antiport

A

Na and H+

79
Q

what is the Na and glucose symport called

A

SGLT1

80
Q

what usually fuses with cells that have been endocytosed

A

lysosome

81
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • endocytosis
82
Q

what uses exocytosis

A

golgi apparatus

83
Q

what is membrane potential

A

separation of opposite charges across the membrane

84
Q

what is membrane potential units

A

mV

85
Q

where is Na most abundant

A

outside the cell

86
Q

where is K most abundant

A

inside the cells

87
Q

what is more soluble K or Na

A

K

88
Q

what is the concentration gradient for K

A

outward

89
Q

what is the concentration gradient for Na

A

inwards

90
Q

what is the membrane potential for K

A

-90mV

91
Q

what is used to calculate equilibrium potential

A

Nernst equation

92
Q

what is the equilibrium potential for Na

A

+60mV

93
Q

what is resting membrane potential of typical nerve cell

A

-70mV

94
Q

why is resting membrane potential nearer K than Na

A

as K has a greater permeability than Na

95
Q

what is the principle ECF anion

A

Cl-

principles (8 decks)

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