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pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is trastuzumab used for

A

women with breast cancer who cells express HER3 growth factor

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2
Q

what is pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

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3
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body

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4
Q

what are the 4 things the body does the the drug

A
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
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5
Q

how is vancomycin administered

A

IV as not absorbed by GI tract

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6
Q

how can first pass metabolism be avoided

A

by intravascular, intramuscular or sublingual routes

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7
Q

what is buccal administration

A

in cheeks

rapid absorption

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8
Q

what is used for epidural prescription

A

analgesia

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9
Q

what drugs are inhaled

A

salbutamol

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10
Q

what is sublingual administrated

A

under tongue

e.g. GTN

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11
Q

what is transdermal administration

A

absorption through skin via a patch

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12
Q

what is bioavailability

A

fraction or portion of a drug that enters the systemic circulation

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13
Q

what is clearance of drug

A

volume of plasma cleared of the drug per unit time

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14
Q

what is concentration of a drug

A

amount of drug in a given volume

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15
Q

what is dose

A

amount of drug administered

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16
Q

what is elimination half life

A

the time required for the drug concentration to reach half its original value

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17
Q

what is Vd

A

volume of distribution

low Vd = in circulation
high Vd = diffuse into peripheral tissue compartment

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18
Q

what is distribution of a drug

A

process by which drugs are distributed from the blood stream to organs and cells

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19
Q

how to most drugs circulate in blood stream

A

bound to plasma proteins most commonly albumin

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20
Q

what is free drug

A

active drug

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21
Q

what is bisoprolol

A

beta blocker

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22
Q

what is maximum dose of bisoproolol

A

10mg

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23
Q

what organ is prime site of metabolism

A

liver

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24
Q

how are drugs excreted

A

by the kidneys

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25
what does metabolism do
inactivate a drug
26
how many stages are there in metabolism
2
27
what is phase 1 metabolism
- oxidation - reduction - hydrolysis
28
how is oxidation of a drug undertaken
by CYP450
29
what's phase 2
conjugation with glucuronate, sulphate, acetate or other substances
30
what does phase 2 produce
water-soluble drug therefore can be excreted
31
where does excretion of drug occur
via the kidneys - faeces - breath - sweat
32
how is free drugs filtered out in the kidneys
though the glomerulus and excreted in the urines
33
how are lipid-soluble reabsorbed
in the renal tubules
34
what mutation in malignant melanoma
V600E BRAF
35
what does alteplase prevent
acute ischaemic stroke
36
what does dabigatran precent
streak and systemic embolism in AF
37
what decreases in neonates and infants
rates of hepatic metabolism and renal excretion of drugs
38
renal function in the elderly..
decreases
39
SE of beta blockers
bradycardia
40
SE of digoxin
bradycardia
41
SE of nitrates
postural hypotension
42
SE of alpha adrenoreceptors
postural hypotension
43
SE of loop diuretics
postural hypotension
44
SE of diuretics
glucose intolerance | gout
45
SE of antimuscarinic drugs
confusion | cognitive dysfunction
46
SE of opioids
confusion | cognitive dysfunction
47
SE of bisphosphonates
oesophageal ulceration and stricture formation
48
SE of NSAIDs
- gastric erosion - small bowel and colonic lesion - upper GI bleed - perforated peptic ulcer - salt and water retention - renal impairment
49
what do teratogens do
cause structural malformations in pregnancy
50
examples of teratogens
- ACE inhibitors - retinoids - carbimazole - fluconazole - NSAIDs - cytotoxic drugs - lithium - misoprostol
51
what SE can fluconazole cause
Fallot's metrology
52
what SE does NSAIDs cause
delayed closure of ductus arterioles
53
who is more likely to get an adverse side effect
elderly | women
54
SE of ACE inhibitor
- hypotension | - chronic cough
55
SE of ARB
hypotension
56
SE of anticoagulant
- GI bleeding | - haemorrhage
57
SE of antipsychotics
- acute dystopia | - parkinsonian
58
SE of cytotoxic agents
- bone marrow dyscraslas | - cancer
59
SE of diuretics
- dehydration | - renal impairment
60
SE of glucocorticoids
- hypoadrenalism | - osteoporosis
61
SE of insulin
- hypoglycaemia
62
SE of tricyclic antidepressants
- dry mouth
63
SE of benzypenicillin
anaphylaxis
64
SE of broad-spectrum antibiotics
- rash
65
SE of isoniazid
hepatoxicity
66
SE of rifampicin
heptaoxicity
67
SE of amiodarone
pulmonary fibrosis
68
SE of anticancer drugs
second malignancies
69
pneumonic for SE
``` TREND T = time interval R = rechallenge E = exclusion of other cause N = nature of reaction D = dechallenge ```
70
what can rifampicin not be given with
- oral contraception | - warfarin
71
what can amiodarone not be given with
warfarin
72
what can ciprofloxacin not be given with
warfarin
73
what can grapefruit juice not be given with
simvastatin SE: myopathy
74
what can ritonavir not be given with
fluticasone SE: Cushing syndrome
75
what can naproxen not be given with
methotrexate
76
what can verapamil not be given with
atenolol SE: bradycardia, heart block
77
what can ramipril not be given with
spironolactone SE: hyperkalaemia
78
what can salbutamol not be given with
atenolol SE: lack of bronchodilatation
79
what can furosemide not be given with
digoxin SE: toxicity
80
what does grapefruit juice inhibit
CYP3A4 in the intestinal wall
81
mutation in colon cancer
KRAS
82
mutation in GIST
c-kit
83
mutation in lung caner
EGFR
84
mutation in malignant melanoma
BRAF V600E
85
what is warfarin metabolised by
CYP2C9
86
what is the mean
average distribution of values that are group symmetrically
87
what is the median
the middle value of a sample
88
what is the mode
the interval in a frequency distribution of values that contain more values than others e.g. 3246372838378333 mode = 3
89
correlation coefficient
r=1 = complete and direct concordance r =-1 = complete but inverse concordance r =0 = no concordance

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