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principles > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is trastuzumab used for

A

women with breast cancer who cells express HER3 growth factor

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2
Q

what is pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug

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3
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body

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4
Q

what are the 4 things the body does the the drug

A
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • metabolism
  • excretion
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5
Q

how is vancomycin administered

A

IV as not absorbed by GI tract

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6
Q

how can first pass metabolism be avoided

A

by intravascular, intramuscular or sublingual routes

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7
Q

what is buccal administration

A

in cheeks

rapid absorption

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8
Q

what is used for epidural prescription

A

analgesia

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9
Q

what drugs are inhaled

A

salbutamol

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10
Q

what is sublingual administrated

A

under tongue

e.g. GTN

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11
Q

what is transdermal administration

A

absorption through skin via a patch

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12
Q

what is bioavailability

A

fraction or portion of a drug that enters the systemic circulation

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13
Q

what is clearance of drug

A

volume of plasma cleared of the drug per unit time

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14
Q

what is concentration of a drug

A

amount of drug in a given volume

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15
Q

what is dose

A

amount of drug administered

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16
Q

what is elimination half life

A

the time required for the drug concentration to reach half its original value

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17
Q

what is Vd

A

volume of distribution

low Vd = in circulation
high Vd = diffuse into peripheral tissue compartment

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18
Q

what is distribution of a drug

A

process by which drugs are distributed from the blood stream to organs and cells

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19
Q

how to most drugs circulate in blood stream

A

bound to plasma proteins most commonly albumin

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20
Q

what is free drug

A

active drug

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21
Q

what is bisoprolol

A

beta blocker

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22
Q

what is maximum dose of bisoproolol

A

10mg

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23
Q

what organ is prime site of metabolism

A

liver

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24
Q

how are drugs excreted

A

by the kidneys

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25
Q

what does metabolism do

A

inactivate a drug

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26
Q

how many stages are there in metabolism

A

2

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27
Q

what is phase 1 metabolism

A
  • oxidation
  • reduction
  • hydrolysis
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28
Q

how is oxidation of a drug undertaken

A

by CYP450

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29
Q

what’s phase 2

A

conjugation with glucuronate, sulphate, acetate or other substances

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30
Q

what does phase 2 produce

A

water-soluble drug therefore can be excreted

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31
Q

where does excretion of drug occur

A

via the kidneys

  • faeces
  • breath
  • sweat
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32
Q

how is free drugs filtered out in the kidneys

A

though the glomerulus and excreted in the urines

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33
Q

how are lipid-soluble reabsorbed

A

in the renal tubules

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34
Q

what mutation in malignant melanoma

A

V600E BRAF

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35
Q

what does alteplase prevent

A

acute ischaemic stroke

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36
Q

what does dabigatran precent

A

streak and systemic embolism in AF

37
Q

what decreases in neonates and infants

A

rates of hepatic metabolism and renal excretion of drugs

38
Q

renal function in the elderly..

A

decreases

39
Q

SE of beta blockers

A

bradycardia

40
Q

SE of digoxin

A

bradycardia

41
Q

SE of nitrates

A

postural hypotension

42
Q

SE of alpha adrenoreceptors

A

postural hypotension

43
Q

SE of loop diuretics

A

postural hypotension

44
Q

SE of diuretics

A

glucose intolerance

gout

45
Q

SE of antimuscarinic drugs

A

confusion

cognitive dysfunction

46
Q

SE of opioids

A

confusion

cognitive dysfunction

47
Q

SE of bisphosphonates

A

oesophageal ulceration and stricture formation

48
Q

SE of NSAIDs

A
  • gastric erosion
  • small bowel and colonic lesion
  • upper GI bleed
  • perforated peptic ulcer
  • salt and water retention
  • renal impairment
49
Q

what do teratogens do

A

cause structural malformations in pregnancy

50
Q

examples of teratogens

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • retinoids
  • carbimazole
  • fluconazole
  • NSAIDs
  • cytotoxic drugs
  • lithium
  • misoprostol
51
Q

what SE can fluconazole cause

A

Fallot’s metrology

52
Q

what SE does NSAIDs cause

A

delayed closure of ductus arterioles

53
Q

who is more likely to get an adverse side effect

A

elderly

women

54
Q

SE of ACE inhibitor

A
  • hypotension

- chronic cough

55
Q

SE of ARB

A

hypotension

56
Q

SE of anticoagulant

A
  • GI bleeding

- haemorrhage

57
Q

SE of antipsychotics

A
  • acute dystopia

- parkinsonian

58
Q

SE of cytotoxic agents

A
  • bone marrow dyscraslas

- cancer

59
Q

SE of diuretics

A
  • dehydration

- renal impairment

60
Q

SE of glucocorticoids

A
  • hypoadrenalism

- osteoporosis

61
Q

SE of insulin

A
  • hypoglycaemia
62
Q

SE of tricyclic antidepressants

A
  • dry mouth
63
Q

SE of benzypenicillin

A

anaphylaxis

64
Q

SE of broad-spectrum antibiotics

A
  • rash
65
Q

SE of isoniazid

A

hepatoxicity

66
Q

SE of rifampicin

A

heptaoxicity

67
Q

SE of amiodarone

A

pulmonary fibrosis

68
Q

SE of anticancer drugs

A

second malignancies

69
Q

pneumonic for SE

A 
TREND 
T = time interval
R = rechallenge 
E = exclusion of other cause 
N = nature of reaction 
D = dechallenge
70
Q

what can rifampicin not be given with

A
  • oral contraception

- warfarin

71
Q

what can amiodarone not be given with

A

warfarin

72
Q

what can ciprofloxacin not be given with

A

warfarin

73
Q

what can grapefruit juice not be given with

A

simvastatin

SE: myopathy

74
Q

what can ritonavir not be given with

A

fluticasone

SE: Cushing syndrome

75
Q

what can naproxen not be given with

A

methotrexate

76
Q

what can verapamil not be given with

A

atenolol

SE: bradycardia, heart block

77
Q

what can ramipril not be given with

A

spironolactone

SE: hyperkalaemia

78
Q

what can salbutamol not be given with

A

atenolol

SE: lack of bronchodilatation

79
Q

what can furosemide not be given with

A

digoxin

SE: toxicity

80
Q

what does grapefruit juice inhibit

A

CYP3A4 in the intestinal wall

81
Q

mutation in colon cancer

A

KRAS

82
Q

mutation in GIST

A

c-kit

83
Q

mutation in lung caner

A

EGFR

84
Q

mutation in malignant melanoma

A

BRAF V600E

85
Q

what is warfarin metabolised by

A

CYP2C9

86
Q

what is the mean

A

average distribution of values that are group symmetrically

87
Q

what is the median

A

the middle value of a sample

88
Q

what is the mode

A

the interval in a frequency distribution of values that contain more values than others

e.g. 3246372838378333

mode = 3

89
Q

correlation coefficient

A

r=1 = complete and direct concordance

r =-1 = complete but inverse concordance

r =0 = no concordance

principles (8 decks)

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