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principles > cell physiology > Flashcards

cell physiology Flashcards

histology

1
Q

what are 2 major components of cell’s interior

A
  • nucleus

- cytoplasm

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2
Q

where is the nucleus usually

A

centre

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3
Q

what is nucleus surrounded by

A

double membrane

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4
Q

what separates nucleus from rest of the cell

A

nuclear envelope

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5
Q

what is the nuclear envelope pierced by

A

nuclear pores

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6
Q

what does nucleus contain

A

DNA

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7
Q

what are the types of RNA

A
  • mRNA
  • tNRA
  • rRNA
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8
Q

what does mRNA do

A

deliver coded messages to ribosomes

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9
Q

what is rRNA

A

essential component of ribosomes

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10
Q

what is tRNA

A

transfer delivers appropriate amino acids

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11
Q

examples of organelles

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi complex
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
  • mitochondria
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12
Q

are organelles required for survival

A

yes

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13
Q

what does cytoskeleton do

A

gives cell its shape

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14
Q

what tis cytosol

A

cell ‘liquid’

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15
Q

what occurs in cytosol

A

many chemical reactions

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16
Q

what are the types of endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • rough

- smooth

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17
Q

why is the RER rough

A

studded with ribosomes

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18
Q

what happens in ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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19
Q

what is different in appearance between rough and smooth ER

A

rough is flat like sacs whereas smooth is round tubules

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20
Q

what happens in RER

A

protein synthesis

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21
Q

what happens after proteins made in RER

A

SER packages the secretory product into transport vesicles which bud off and move to the golgi complex

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22
Q

what happens to transportt vesicle from the SER

A

transport vesicle fuse with the golgi complex, open up and empty their contents into the closest golgi sac

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23
Q

is the SER involved in protein synthesis

A

no doesn’t contain ribosomes

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24
Q

what is a vesicle

A

fluid-filled membrane enclosed intracellular cargo container

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25
Q

when is SER abundant

A

in cells that are specialised in lipid metabolism

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26
Q

what are the SER like in the liver

A

contain enzymes specialised for detoxifying harmful substances produced within the body or from outside the body.

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27
Q

what is SER called in muscle cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store

A

calcium used in the process of muscle contraction

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29
Q

what does golgi complex consist of

A

stack of flattened, slightly curved membrane enclosed sacs

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30
Q

what happens in the golgi complex

A

proteins from the ER are modified into their final form e.g. have a carbohydrate attached

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31
Q

what is exocytosis

A

vesicle moves to periphery, fuses with the plasma membrane, opens and empties its contents to the outside
= movement OUT of the cell

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32
Q

what do secretory vesicles only fuse with

A

the plasma membrane

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33
Q

what are lysosomes

A

small membrane-enclosed organelles that break down organic molecules

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34
Q

how are lysosomes formed

A

by budding from the golgi complex

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35
Q

what does lysosome contain

A

powerful hydrolytic enzymes

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36
Q

what do hydrolytic enzymes catalyse

A

hydrolysis

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37
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

reactions that break down organic molecules by the addition of water at a bond site

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38
Q

what does hydrolysis mean

A

splitting of water

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39
Q

how is extracellular material brought into the lysosomes

A

through the process of phagocytosis

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40
Q

what is phagocytosis a type of

A

endocytosis

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41
Q

what is endocytosis

A

internalisation of extracellular material within a cell

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42
Q

what are the 3 types of endcoytosis

A
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor mediated
  • phagocytosis
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43
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

droplet of extracellular fluid is taken up non-selectively

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44
Q

how does pinocytosis occur

A

plasma membrane dips inwards forming a pouch that contains a small amount of ECF it then seals at the surface of the pouch trapping the contents

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45
Q

what is dynamin

A

protein responsible for pinching off the endocytic vesicle

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46
Q

is receptor-mediated endocytsosis selective or non-selective

A

selective

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47
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

cell eating

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48
Q

can all cells undertake phagocytosis

A

no only certain cells

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49
Q

what is the main type of cells that do phagocytosis

A

white cells

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50
Q

what is it called when a white cell extends its surface

A

pseudopods

they surround or engulf the particle and trap it within the vesicle

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51
Q

what fuses with the phagocytic cell

A

lysosome

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52
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

membranous organelles that produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide

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53
Q

where do peroxisomes arise

A

from the ER/golgi apparatus

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54
Q

what do peroxisomes contain

A

oxidative enzymes

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55
Q

what do oxidative enzymes do

A

use oxygen to strip oxygen form certain organic molecules

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56
Q

what are mitochondria known as

A

the energy organelles

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57
Q

example of where mitochondria may be

A

in muscle cells of the heart

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58
Q

mitochondria have their own DNA

true or false

A

true

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59
Q

what is the mitochondria membrane like

A

double

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60
Q

what increases the surface area in mitochondria

A

cristae

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61
Q

what is the inner gel like solution called in mitochondria

A

matrix

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62
Q

how are the 2 membranes of the mitochondria separated by

A

narrow intermembrane soace

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63
Q

what is the energy currency in the body

A

ATP

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64
Q

what are dietary carbohydrates broken down into

A

glucose

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65
Q

can glucose be absorbed by the blood

A

yes

66
Q

how is ATP generated in cytosol

A

glycolysis

67
Q

how is ATP generated in mitochondrial matrix

A

TCA cycle

68
Q

how is ATP generated in mitochondrial inner membrane

A

oxidative phosphorylation

69
Q

what is produced from glucose in glycolysis

A

2x pyruvate

70
Q

how many ATP are generated in glycolysis

A

2

71
Q

where does the pyruvate from glycolysis go

A

into mitochondria matrix

72
Q

what does pyruvate become in the mitochondria matrix

A

acetyl-CoA

73
Q

what cycle does acetyl-CoA join

A

TCA cycle

74
Q

how many reactions in TCA cycle

A

8

75
Q

what does acetyl-CoA combine with in TCA cycle

A

oxaloacetate

76
Q

what does acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate become

A

citrate (6C)

77
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation use

A

the released hydrogen

78
Q

what 2 processes does oxidative phosphorylation use

A
  1. electron transport system

2. ATP synthase

79
Q

what does electron transport system consist of

A

electron carriers found in 4 large proteins complexes (1-4)

80
Q

what is the link between TCA cycle and electron transport system

A

NADH

FADH

81
Q

how does NADH act as a link

A

it combines with the free energy

82
Q

what drives ATP synthesis

A

the H+ gradient generated by the electron transport system

83
Q

what energy source works at complex I

A

NADH

84
Q

what energy source works at complex II

A

FADH

85
Q

how many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation produce

A

28

86
Q

how many ATP does one glucose synthesise

A

32

87
Q

is more energy produced aerobically or anaerobically

A

aerobically

88
Q

how far can the degradation of glucose go in anaerobic conditions

A

to the end of glycolysis

89
Q

what is pyruvate converted to in anaerobic conditions

A

lactate

90
Q

what are amino acids used for

A

protein synthesis

91
Q

is ATP stored in the mitochondria

A

no

92
Q

do red blood cells contain mitochondria

A

no

93
Q

how do red blood cells get their energy

A

via glycolysis

94
Q

do red blood cells have a nucleus

A

no

95
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

protein synthesis

96
Q

how do ribosomes undertake protein synthesis

A

by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids

97
Q

how many proteins does one mRNA encode for

A

one

98
Q

where do ribosomes exist

A
  • free in the cytosol

- attached to RER

99
Q

what are the 3 binding site for tRNA in ribosomes

A

E
P
A

100
Q

what is the A site

A

where incoming tRNA with a specific amino acids binds

101
Q

what is the P site

A

tRNA carrying the growing chain is bound to mRNA

102
Q

what is the E site

A

where empty tRNA is bound prior to release

103
Q

what is centrosome

A

cell centre

104
Q

where do microtubules radiate

A

outward from the centrosome

105
Q

what do microtubules do

A

anchor organelles and serve as highways for which vesicles are transported

106
Q

what can centrioles form

A

cilia and flagella

107
Q

what is cytosol

A

the semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles

108
Q

what occurs in cytosol

A
  • enzymatic regulation
  • protein synthesis
  • storage of fat, carbohydrate
109
Q

what are inclusions

A

excess nutrients not used for ATP production

110
Q

what is most important storage product

A

fat

111
Q

where is fat storage

A

adipose tissue

112
Q

what is glycogen

A

storage form of glucose

113
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver and muscle

114
Q

what does cytoskeleton do

A

support and organise cell components and control their movements

115
Q

what makes up cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubule
  • intermediate filament
  • microfilament
116
Q

what makes up microfilament

A

actin

117
Q

examples of intermediate filament

A

keratin

118
Q

role of microtubules

A

help maintain asymmetric cell shapes and play a role in complex cell movements

119
Q

what is the largest of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

120
Q

what makes up microtubules

A

tubulin

121
Q

what is microtubule essential for

A

maintaining the shape of the cell

122
Q

what does microtubule contain

A
  • kinesin

- dynein

123
Q

what direct does dynein move

A

towards the centrosome

124
Q

what is the dominant structural form of cilia and flagella

A

microtubules

125
Q

what is function of lysosome

A

cells digestive system, destroys foreign substances

126
Q

function of inclusion

A

store excess nutrients

127
Q

function of microfilament

A

contraction

128
Q

what is function of intermediate filaments

A

resist mechanical stress

129
Q

are cilia and flagella intracellular or extracellular organisms

A

intracellular

130
Q

where are cilia found

A

respiratory tract

female oviduct

131
Q

role of cilia

A

keep foreign bodies out of the lung by sweeping motion

132
Q

what are the only cells that have flagella

A

sperm

133
Q

what is shorter cilia or flagella

A

cilia

134
Q

where do cilia and flagella arise

A

centrioles

135
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

DNA containing chromosomes of the nucleus are replicated

results in 2 identical sets

136
Q

how are the replicated chromosomes pulled apart

A

by mitotic spindle

137
Q

what is the mitotic spindle made of

A

microtubules

138
Q

what are microfilaments important in

A

cellular contractile systems and mechanical stiffeners

139
Q

what is the smallest element of cytoskeleton

A

microfilament

140
Q

what is microfilament composed of

A

actin

141
Q

how many strands is actin

A

2

142
Q

what are the 4 humans cells that can move on their own

A
  • sperm
  • white cells
  • fibroblast
  • skin cells
143
Q

how does sperm move

A

by flagella

144
Q

how do the 3 other cells move on their own

A

amoeboid movement

145
Q

what does amoeboid movement depend upon

A

actin filaments

146
Q

what cells are the most active crawlers in the body

A

white cells

147
Q

where do white cells go

A

to areas of infection or inflammation

148
Q

what do fibroblast do

A

go to wounds and help repair the damage

149
Q

what are fibroblast responsible for

A

scar formation

150
Q

what do microfilament help strengthen

A

microvilli

151
Q

where are microvilli

A
  • small intestine

- kidney tubules

152
Q

what are microvilli

A

hair like projections on epithelial surfaces

153
Q

what do microvilli do

A

increase surface area available for absorbing digested nutrients

154
Q

what are intermediate filaments important in

A

mechanical stress

155
Q

how do intermediate filaments appear

A

irregular, threadlike

156
Q

what do intermediate filaments form

A

tough, durable fibres

157
Q

how many types of intermediate are found in cells

A

one

158
Q

where are neurofilaments found

A

in the nerve cell axons

159
Q

what intermediate filament is found in skin

A

keratin

160
Q

what other features are keratin structures

A

hair and nails

161
Q

what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

progressive degeneration and death of motor neurones

162
Q

what can ALS lead to

A

gradual loss of control of skeletal muscles, including those used for breathing and can lead to death

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