Plasma Glucose: Insulin (lec 26) Flashcards

1
Q

Primary regulatory hormones for plasma glucose?

A

insulin and glucagon

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2
Q

Secretion of insulin determined by?

Goal of insulin?

A

abundance of nutrients (fed state) ->

insulin stores the excess as fuel (↓ plasma glu):
↑ glu oxyidation
↑ glycogen synth
↑ fat synth
↑ protein synth
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3
Q

Secretion of glucagon determined by?

Goal of glucagon?

A

starvation (fast state) ->

mobilizes fuel (↑ plasma glu):
↑ glycogenolysis
↑ gluconeogenesis
↑ ketogenesis

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4
Q

Insulin/Glucagon released from?

A

pancreas:
alpha cell -> glucagon
beta cells -> insulin

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5
Q

Islet of Langerhans is?

Types of cells?

A

cluster of endocrine cells in pancreas

alpha -> glucagon
beta -> insulin
delta -> somatostatin

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6
Q

Insulin synth?

A

Similar to peptide hormones:
preproinsulin ->
proinsulin ->
stored in granules

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7
Q

Insulin secretory granules?

A

proinsulin cleaved into insulin/C-peptide

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8
Q

Insulin route of secretion?

A

Glucose -> beta cells ->
ATP prdxn -> ↑ Ca2+ ->
insulin exocytosed

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9
Q

Incretin Effect is?

A

ingested glucose ↑↑ insulin due to gut hormones

vs IV glu

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10
Q

Insulin feedback regulation?

A

nutrients that stim insulin secretion are also disposed by insulin

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11
Q

Insulin action on cell receptors?

A

insulin binds ⍺-recpt -> autophos β subunit -> activate tyrosine kinase/insulin receptor substrates (IRS)

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12
Q

Gluconeogenesis is?

A

synth of new glucose (AA -> glucose)

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13
Q

Glycogen synth is?

A

Δ glucose to glycogen for storage

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14
Q

Glucose uptake is?

A

transport of glucose to tissues

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15
Q

Oxidation is?

A

use of something for fuel (Δ glu to ATP)

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16
Q

Glycogenolysis is?

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

17
Q

Tissue uptake of glu and AA stim by?

A

insulin

18
Q

Tissue release of glu, AA, FFA inhibited by?

A

insulin

19
Q

Insulin effect on liver: Carbs?

A

↑ glucose storage via:

↑ Δ glu to glycogen and fat
↓ gluconeogenesis

20
Q

Insulin effect on liver: Lipids?

A

1) ↑ syth/store fat and↓ fat oxydation

2) Release fats for store or use by skelet mm/adipose tissue

21
Q

Insulin effect on liver: Protein?

A

↑ prot synth

↓ prot degradation

22
Q

Insulin effect on skeletal mm?

A

principal site of glu disposal

↑ glu uptake (GLUT 4)
↑ glycogen synth
↑ glu oxy -> trigly formation
↑ protein synth
↓ protein degrad
23
Q

Insulin effect on adipose tissue?

A

↑ glu uptake (GLUT 4)
↑ glu -> FA
↑ trigly formation

24
Q

Insulin Receptor Substrates activate enzymes that do what?

A

GLUT 4 to membrane -> change glu to glycogen/lipids

upreg of protein synth in nucleus

Pull AA in -> protein synth