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Biology > Plants And Energy Flow > Flashcards

Plants And Energy Flow Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

What 4 things are needed for photosynthesis to happen?

A

Light to provide energy

Chlorophyll absorbs the energy, combines it with CO2 and water to make glucose (oxygen being a byproduct)

Carbon dioxide from the air

Water from the soil

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3
Q

What 6 things does glucose do in a plant?

A

Respiration - releases energy that enables them to convert the glucose into other things to build new cells and grow

Making fruits - glucose with fructose is turned into sucrose for storing in fruits

Cell walls - converted into cellulose

Making proteins

Stored in seeds - converged to lipids in seeds

Stored as starch - stored in roots, stems and leaves ready for use in winter when there’s no leaves

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4
Q

What is a plant’s rate of photosynthesis affected by?

A

The amount of light, CO2 and the temperature

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5
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis if the light intensity is increased?

A

It will increase steadily until a certain point, where CO2 or temperature is now the limiting factor, so they need to be increased to raise the rate

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6
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis if carbon dioxide is increased?

A

It will increase up until a certain point, where sunlight or temperature will then be the limiting factor

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7
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis if temperature is increased?

A

It will increase the temperature up to a point, but if it gets too hot it will denature the enzymes and the rate of photosynthesis will drastically decrease

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8
Q

What is the layout of a leaf? (Cells and layers)

A

Waxy cuticle - to prevent water loss

Upper epidermis - to control interactions between inside and outside the leaf (CO2, sunlight, water)

Palisade mesophyll layer - Tightly packed layers of cells with chloroplast for photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll layer - more chloroplasts but spongy air for diffusion

Lower epidermis

Waxy cuticle with stomata

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9
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The transfer of water through a plant

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10
Q

How are leaves adapted to their task?

A

Broad so large surface area exposed to light

Thin to allow easy diffusion

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11
Q

What do veins do in plants?

A

Transfer water and nutrients to parts in the plant

Carries food away from the leaves to the rest of the plant

Provides structural support

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12
Q

How does transpiration work?

A

Water is evaporated through the stomata in the leaves.

This creates a shortage in water in the leaves.

Therefore, water is brought up from the roots to the leaves so there’s a constant transpiration stream through the plant

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13
Q

What are the benefits of transpiration?

A

The constant stream of water keeps the plant cool

It provides the plant with a constant supply of water

It creates pressure in the plant, keeping it turgid

Minerals needed by the plant can be taken up with the water

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14
Q

what 4 things affect transpiration rate?

A

Light intensity - the brighter the light, the greater the rate as stomata closes when it’s dark so water can’t escape

Temperature - More evaporation of water means faster transpiration

Air movement - Wind increases transpiration rates as it carries the water vapour away so there’s a bigger concentration difference.

Humidity - If it’s dry it will happen quicker as there is less water concentration outside the leaf.

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15
Q

What adaptations do leaves have to prevent water loss?

A

A waxy waterproof cuticle

Stomata located on the underside of the leaf where it’s cooler and shady, so less evaporation

The more stomata, the more water loss there is, so plants in hot countries have less and smaller stomata

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16
Q

Why does a cell get turgid when there’s water in the plant?

A

Because water is drawn into the cell by osmosis, making it turgid as the water pushes against the cell wall, creating pressure

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17
Q

Why does a plant droop if it doesn’t have enough water?

A

The cytoplasm would start to shrink to conserve water and pulls away from the cell wall, making the cell wall droop

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18
Q

What are differences between xylem and phloem tubes?

A

Xylem - takes water and minerals up
Made of dead cells joined end to end with ‘no end’ walls
The sides are strong and stiff
They carry water from the roots in a transpiration stream

Phloem - Transports food (glucose)
Made of living cells with perforated end plates to allow stuff to pass through
Transport in both directions
The movement of food is known as translocation

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19
Q

What are the three main minerals of a plant?

A

Nitrates - make amino acids and proteins needed for cell growth.

Phosphates - Make DNA and cell membranes needed for respiration and growth.

Potassium - To help the enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respiration.

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20
Q

What happens to a plant if it doesn’t get the three main minerals?

A

Nitrates - it will be stunted and will have yellow old leaves

Phosphates - It’ll have poor root grows and purple old leaves

Potassium - poor fruit and flower growth and discoloured leaves

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21
Q

How does active transport work?

A

energy is used from respiration to pull in minerals against the concentration gradient

22
Q

How are minerals and water taken into the roots?

A

Minerals are taken via active transport

Water is taken via osmosis

23
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

A feeding level (on the food chain)

24
Q

What does interdependent mean?

A

Each species relies on other species in an ecosystem for survival

25
Q

How much biomass is transferred over trophics?

A

10%

26
Q

Why isn’t the full biomass transferred over trophics?

A

Because they need the energy to stay alive, respiring and maintaining body temperature

27
Q

How do you find the energy lost in every trophic?

A

Take away the energy required by an organism from what it’s eaten

28
Q

What are two examples of biofuels?

A

Fast growing Trees - There’s no overall carbon emission as the replacement trees still remove carbon from the atmosphere

Fermenting biomass - using microorganisms to make fuel from plant and animal waste.

29
Q

What are 3 reasons why biofuels are good?

A

They’re renewable

Reduces air pollution

You can produce your own energy by recycling household waste

30
Q

What is Mycoprotein?

A

Protein made from fungi that can be a substitute for meat

31
Q

How do you produce Mycoprotein?

A

Grown in fermentors

All they need to grow is food, oxygen and the right temperature, making it cheaper than other methods

32
Q

What is a fermentor?

A

A big container with liquid where microorganisms can grow

33
Q

What are the 4 main ways to maximise food production?

A

Increase the energy transfer

Reduce disease

Improve feeding/growing conditions

Control predators

34
Q

Why does reducing the number of stages in a food chain increase food production?

A

You reduce the amount of energy lost in the trophics

35
Q

Why does limiting the amount of energy animals use increase their food production?

A

Because they’re not using their biomass to work their muscles or respire as much so they produce more food.

36
Q

What are fish farms?

A

Fish are kept in cages to avoid them swimming around (And reducing their biomass)

They’re kept in cages from predators and are fed special pellets that maximise energy transfer

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of intensive farming?

A

Intensive farming is uncomfortable for the animals and cruel

Spread of disease is easy in the cramped conditions

To prevent disease, the animals are given antibiotics, which then enter humans and gain an immunity

It’s expensive to keep the right environment in the barn

38
Q

What is biological control?

A

Using living things instead of chemicals to control pests

39
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of biological control?

A

Advantages - The method only affects the pest animal (Pesticide would kill anything)
No chemicals are used so less pollution

Disadvantages - It’s slower than pesticides
It won’t kill all the pests
It takes more management and planning
Control organisms can drive out species or become pests

40
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

It’s where plants are grown without soil.

41
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of hydroponics?

A 
Advantages - Takes up less space
No weeding required
Can grow anywhere
Avoids pests
Minerals and water can be controlled

Disadvantages - Expensive
Need to work out the nutrients
Growers need to be trained
Plants need support as there’s no soil

42
Q

What are 5 organic farming techniques?

A

Use of organic fertilisers, recycling the nutrients left in waste.

Crop rotation - growing a cycle of different crops each year, stopping the pests of one crop building up

Weeding - physically removing the weeds instead of spraying them with a chemical

Varying seed planting times - sowing seeds at different times in the year to avoid major pests

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of organic farming?

A

It takes up more space than intensive farming

Can’t grow as much food

more labour intensive, but provides jobs

Uses fewer chemicals

Better for the environment

44
Q

Why does dead matter decay?

A

Microorganisms break it down with enzymes

45
Q

what are detritivores?

A

Organisms that feed on decaying matter and breaks it up into smaller bits (woodlice, maggots)

46
Q

What are Saprophytes?

A

Organisms that feed on decaying matter by digesting it via enzymes that break it down so it can be absorbed (fungi and bacteria)

47
Q

What is nitrogen used for?

A

making proteins for growth

48
Q

How do plants, animals and decomposers get nitrogen to make protein?

A

Plants - get it from the soil

Animals - Get it from eating plants or each other

Decomposers - Get it by breaking down organisms so the nitrogen is recycled

49
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process of turning nitrogen in air to a compound for use

50
Q

what are the two ways in which nitrogen fixation can happen?

A

Lightning - there’s so much energy that it’s enough to make nitrogen react with oxygen

Nitrogen fixing bacteria in roots or soils

51
Q

what 4 stages are in the nitrogen cycle?

A

Decomposers - decomposes proteins and urea and turns them into ammonia

Nitrifying bacteria - turn ammonia in decaying matter to nitrates

Nitrogen fixing bacteria - turn nitrogen in air into nitrogen compounds

Denitrifying bacteria - turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas

52
Q

What is a biosphere

A

An artificial atmosphere

Biology (11 decks)

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