Organs and systems 2

Question 1

How are the lungs formed?

Answer 1

Air goes down the trachea
Separated into two pipes called bronchi
Separates into branches called Bronchioles
Bronchioles end in alveoli

Question 2

What happens to your lungs when you breathe in and out?

Answer 2

Breathing in - Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm flattens
Volume increases
Decrease in pressure, drawing air in

Breathing out - Intercostal muscles relax
Volume decreases
Air is forced out
Diaphragm moves up

Question 3

What does mucus and cilia do?

Answer 3

Catch dust and microbes before they reach the lungs

The cilia push microbes out as phlegm

Question 4

What is your lung capacity?

Answer 4

The total volume of air you can fit in your lungs

Question 5

What is your tidal volume?

Answer 5

The volume of air you breathe in (our out) in one breath

Question 6

What is the residual volume of your lungs?

Answer 6

There’s always some air left in your lungs after breathing to make sure they stay open.

Question 7

What is vital capacity?

Answer 7

The amount of usable air in your lungs

Question 8

What is a spirometer?

Answer 8

It measures lung capacity

Question 9

What can lung disease be caused by?

Answer 9

Industrial materials - Asbestos (found in roof tiles) can cause cancer

Genetic causes - Cystic fibrosis causes a thick mucus to build up in the lungs

Lifetstyle causes - Smoking causes lung cancer

Asthma - airways constricting making it harder to breathe

Question 10

What are the clusters of pacemaker cells in the heart called and what do they do?

Answer 10

The sino-atrial-node (SAN) stimulates the atria to contract

There is a slight delay so the blood can get through and an electrical signal is sent to the atrio-ventricular-node (AVN) stimulates the ventricle to contract

Question 11

What’s an electrocardiogram?

Answer 11

It measures the electric activity of the heart

They can show heart attacks or irregular heartbeats

Question 12

What’s an echocardiogram?

Answer 12

An ultrasound scan of the heart

This can show an enlarged heart, decreased pumping ability or the health of the valves

Question 13

What are the 5 main risk factors for heart disease

Answer 13

Unhealthy diet
Drinking alcohol
Smoking
Stress
Drugs

Question 14

What’s haemophilia?

Answer 14

a genetic condition in which the blood doesn’t clot easily

Question 15

What’s a blood transfusion?

Answer 15

when a donor gives blood

Question 16

What does blood type mean?

Answer 16

The letter refers to the type of antigen on the surface of a person’s red blood cell

Question 17

What are Nephrons?

Answer 17

The filtration units in the kidneys

Question 18

What is reabsorbed from the kidneys?

Answer 18

All glucose is reabsorbed so active transport is needed

Sufficient ions are reabsorbed, excess ions are not

Sufficient water is reabsorbed

Question 19

What hormone controls the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?

Answer 19

ADH, produced by the pituitary gland

Question 20

What does ADH do?

Answer 20

Makes the kidneys reabsorb more water

Question 21

What is dialysis?

Answer 21

where machines do the job of the kidneys

Question 22

How does dialysis work?

Answer 22

The person’s blood flows along a partially permeable membrane surrounded by dialysis fluid.

It’s permeable to ions and water substances, but not big molecules like protein

The dialysis fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood

So dissolved ions and glucose won’t be lost from the blood

Waste substances will cross the barrier though.

Question 23

How many times do you have to do the dialysis method?

Answer 23

Three times a week, 3-4 hours

Question 24

What makes a viable organ transplant via a donor?

Answer 24

Must be alive or recently alive
Relatively young
Good tissue match
The right size

Question 25

What are the advantages of an internal skeleton?

Answer 25

It can easily grow with the body
It’s easy to attach muscles to it
It’s more flexible than an external skeleton

Question 26

Why are long bones hollow?

Answer 26

They contain blood marrow but they are also more flexible and stronger

Question 27

What does bone marrow do?

Answer 27

It creates red blood cells

Question 28

How are bones formed?

Answer 28

In the womb you have cartilage

Chemicals are used to turn the cartilage into bone

You can measure how old someone is by measuring how much cartilage they have

Question 29

what are ligaments?

Answer 29

An elastic material hat holds bones together

Question 30

Why is cartilage left at the end of bones?

Answer 30

To prevent the bones from rubbing together

Question 31

What two types of bone joints are there?

Answer 31

Ball and socket

Hinge

Question 32

What are tendons?

Answer 32

what attaches the bone to the muscle

Question 33

How do muscles move bone?

Answer 33

By contracting and relaxing

They can only pull on a bone

Question 34

What are antagonistic pairs in muscles?

Answer 34

when two muscles are on either side of a bone so they are able to pull it in separate directions

Question 35

What are the disadvantages of replacing a joint with an artificial joint?

Answer 35

The surrounding tissue can become inflamed

Could be easily dislocated

Risk of infection

They will need to be replaced in about 12-15 years