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Biology > Diet and Health > Flashcards

Diet and Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s an antigen?

A

Protein molecules often found on the surface of cells. They can be recognised by the white blood cells, so they know whether it’s an invading cell

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2
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

An injection of weak or dead pathogens into the body for the immune system to fight off, making it quicker to produce antibodies if it comes back

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3
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If a large part of the population is immune to a disease, it won’t spread as much.

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4
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

It relieves you of pain but doesn’t actually get rid of the pathogen

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5
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They work inside your body to kill bacterial pathogens.

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics only kill bacterial infections and can’t kill viral pathogens.

They can make pathogens resilient to antibiotics if the bacteria survives and adapts. This can lead to full resilience, so it can’t be stopped

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7
Q

How was penicillin found?

A

Alexander Fleming left his Petri dish out and mould grew on it. He saw that a ring of mould had been destroyed, due to the anti-bacterial chemical.

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8
Q

What must a good medicine be?

A

Effective- it must prevent or cure a disease or at least make you feel better

Safe- the drug must not be too toxic or have unacceptable side effects

Stable- you must be able to use the medicine under normal conditions and store it

Successfully enters and exits your body- it must reach its target and be cleared when done

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9
Q

What are the stages of testing drugs?

A

Tested on cells, tissues and organs in a laboratory

Tested on animals to show the side effects and effects on living organisms

Clinical trials: very low dosage on healthy people to check for side effects

Small number of patients to see if it treats the disease

Bigger clinical trials

Public

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10
Q

What’s a double blind trial?

A

Where patients in a clinical trial are given placebos or the real medicine. They’re allocated to random groups then neither the doctors nor the patients know who has the placebo

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11
Q

What are placebos?

A

A fake version of the real medicine, looking identical but having no medicinal affect

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12
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Proteins that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals in the body

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13
Q

What are Hybridomas?

A

A fusion between a tumour cell and a B lymphocyte cell. This is so they can divide quickly and produce antibodies

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14
Q

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

They only target one pathogen

Since they’re not natural, they aren’t permanent

They’re expensive

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15
Q

Advantages of a monoclonal antibody

A

Only kills the cells affected by the pathogen

Can kill serious illnesses effectively, without side effects

They can track a pathogen or cancer cell and signal to the immune system

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16
Q

What does carbohydrates do and what is the enzyme for them?

A

Carbohydrates - provide long lasting energy

Amylase

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17
Q

What do fats do and what is the enzyme for it?

A

Fats provide energy, act as an energy store and provide insulation
Lipase

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18
Q

What do proteins do and what is the enzyme for them?

A

Proteins are needed for growth and repair of tissue and to provide energy in emergencies

Protease

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19
Q

What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins made out of?

A

Carbs - glucose

Fats - fatty acids

Proteins - amino acids

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20
Q

What is your metabolism?

A

The rate of the energy needed to fuel the chemicals reactions in your body

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21
Q

What can obesity increase the risk of?

A

Diabetes (type 2), arthritis, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease

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22
Q

What can be the problems of being malnourished be?

A

Slow growth, fatigue and poor resistance to infection

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23
Q

What is the body mass index?

A

It’s used as a guide to help decide whether someone is underweight, normal, overweight or obese (calculated from their height and weight)

24
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A fatty substance that’s essential for good health

25
Q

Why does high cholesterol cause coronary heart disease?

A

Fatty cholesterol deposits clog coronary arteries. This reduces blood flow to the heart which can lead to chest pain or heart attack

26
Q

Where does cholesterol come from?

A

The liver controls the amount of cholesterol in the body

The amount it makes is a result of your diet

27
Q

What are HDLs and LDLs and what do they do?

A

Fat attached to protein
They transport cholesterol around the body

High density Lipoproteins carry cholesterol to the liver for removal

Low density Lipoproteins carry fat to cells - excess LDLs can cause a build up of cholesterol in the arteries

28
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Something that increased the risk

29
Q

What are the risk factors of heart disease?

A

High cholesterol

High blood pressure

30
Q

What are the risk factors for high blood pressure?

A 
Salt intake
Age (as you get older the risk increases)
If you’re overweight
If you drink alcohol
If you’re stressed
31
Q

What are the effects of high blood pressure?

A

Your blood vessels can burst, causing problems depending on where in the body they are (eg. Strokes, brain damage, kidney damage)

32
Q

What are statins and what do they do?

A

They’re a drug that lowers blood cholesterol to lower the risk of heart disease

33
Q

What is the difference between sedative drugs and stimulants?

A

Sedatives relax you and decrease the activity in your brain, slowing down the response time of the nervous system
(Alcohol, tranquillisers)

Stimulants increase the activity of your brain to make you alert and awake
(Nicotine, caffeine, ecstasy)

34
Q

What health issues can tobacco smoke form for you?

A

It contains carbon monoxide, which latches onto haemoglobin In blood cells so the blood can carry less oxygen

In pregnant women this can lead to the baby’s stunted growth

It also contains chemicals that form cancer

35
Q

What damage can the tar in cigarettes do?

A

Damages the cilia (hairs in your lungs) so they can’t catch infections entering the lungs, therefore there is more chest infections

36
Q

What are solvents and what do they do?

A

They’re found in fuel, spray paints and deodorant and can be misused as drugs by inhaling fumes

They slow down messages in the nervous system
This can cause brain damage and irritate the lungs

37
Q

What is paracetamol and what does it do?

A

It’s a painkiller and can reduce fever

An overdose can be deadly and cause awful liver damage and is even worse after alcohol, so it’s bad for hangovers

38
Q

What are opiates?

A

Morphine and opium

All painkillers that can also be addictive

39
Q

What are infectious diseases?

A

A disease that can transmitted from one person to another either directly (person to person) or indirectly ( a carrier is involved like a mosquito)

40
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

41
Q

What are the 4 types of disease?

A

Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi and viruses

42
Q

What are properties of harmful bacteria?

A

Very small living cells which can reproduce rapidly in the body (warm conditions)

They damage your cells and produce toxins

43
Q

What are properties of viruses?

A

Viruses aren’t cells and are usually protein around genetic material

They invade the nucleus of a cell and use its DNA to reproduce
The cell will then burst, releasing new viruses

Cell damage is what makes you feel ill

44
Q

What is cancer?

A

The rapid and uncontrollable reproduction of useless/mutated cells

45
Q

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour?

A

Benign - where the tumour grows until there’s no room and stay where they are, only dangerous if it’s on a vital organ

Malignant - the tumour can grow and spread to other sites in the body

46
Q

What are the first lines of defence for the immune system?

A

Skin - a physical barrier against microorganisms that, when broken, can be shut by blood clots

Respiratory system - mucus and cilia catch dust and bacteria before they reach the lungs

The eyes - the eyes produce tears which kill bacteria on the surface of the eye (chemical barrier)

47
Q

What is the second line of defence for the immune system?

A

Phagocytes detect things that are foreign to the body and engulf and digest them

They attack anything that shouldn’t be there

They also trigger and inflammatory response, so blood flow to that area is increased so the right cells can get there quicker

48
Q

What is the third line of defence for the immune system?

A

Specific white blood cells produce antibodies which find foreign antigens (on the invading cell)

The antibodies lock on and mark them for destruction for T-cells (although the antibodies are specific)

Antibodies are then produced rapidly to Mark all other cells

The memory cells then record the white blood cell for that specific disease in case it comes again, so they can reproduce quickly

49
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

A dead or inactive version of the disease is injected into your body

Your immune system creates antibodies to attack them then the memory cells remember the antibodies so if the real disease comes along, the body is prepared

50
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

Active is where the body makes its own antibodies, either naturally or from a vaccine

Passive is where antibodies are passed on (eg via breast milk) they are temporary

51
Q

What are the disadvantages and advantages of vaccines?

A

You don’t get ill
Vaccines can stop a spread of worldwide disease

There could be short side effects (nausea, inflammation at the site of injection)
Religion
Bacteria could become immune

52
Q

How did Semmelweis cut death rates for pregnant woman by 12% in 1840s?

A

He told doctors to wash their hands with an antiseptic solution

53
Q

How do bacteria evolve to be resistant?

A

If an antibiotic is taken to kill a disease but some of the bacteria survive, they will become resistant to that and multiply, breeding a harder to kill version of that disease

54
Q

Why is it important for patients to not use antibiotics for petty reasons and finish their course?

A

Because if they continuously use antibiotics for everything, the bacteria could become immune

55
Q

Can antibiotics kill viruses?

A

No, only bacteria

Viruses reproduce using your body cells

Biology (11 decks)

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