Diet and Health

Question 1

What’s an antigen?

Answer 1

Protein molecules often found on the surface of cells. They can be recognised by the white blood cells, so they know whether it’s an invading cell

Question 2

What is a vaccine?

Answer 2

An injection of weak or dead pathogens into the body for the immune system to fight off, making it quicker to produce antibodies if it comes back

Question 3

What is herd immunity?

Answer 3

If a large part of the population is immune to a disease, it won’t spread as much.

Question 4

What do painkillers do?

Answer 4

It relieves you of pain but doesn’t actually get rid of the pathogen

Question 5

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 5

They work inside your body to kill bacterial pathogens.

Question 6

What are the disadvantages of antibiotics?

Answer 6

Antibiotics only kill bacterial infections and can’t kill viral pathogens.

They can make pathogens resilient to antibiotics if the bacteria survives and adapts. This can lead to full resilience, so it can’t be stopped

Question 7

How was penicillin found?

Answer 7

Alexander Fleming left his Petri dish out and mould grew on it. He saw that a ring of mould had been destroyed, due to the anti-bacterial chemical.

Question 8

What must a good medicine be?

Answer 8

Effective- it must prevent or cure a disease or at least make you feel better

Safe- the drug must not be too toxic or have unacceptable side effects

Stable- you must be able to use the medicine under normal conditions and store it

Successfully enters and exits your body- it must reach its target and be cleared when done

Question 9

What are the stages of testing drugs?

Answer 9

Tested on cells, tissues and organs in a laboratory

Tested on animals to show the side effects and effects on living organisms

Clinical trials: very low dosage on healthy people to check for side effects

Small number of patients to see if it treats the disease

Bigger clinical trials

Public

Question 10

What’s a double blind trial?

Answer 10

Where patients in a clinical trial are given placebos or the real medicine. They’re allocated to random groups then neither the doctors nor the patients know who has the placebo

Question 11

What are placebos?

Answer 11

A fake version of the real medicine, looking identical but having no medicinal affect

Question 12

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 12

Proteins that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals in the body

Question 13

What are Hybridomas?

Answer 13

A fusion between a tumour cell and a B lymphocyte cell. This is so they can divide quickly and produce antibodies

Question 14

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 14

They only target one pathogen

Since they’re not natural, they aren’t permanent

They’re expensive

Question 15

Advantages of a monoclonal antibody

Answer 15

Only kills the cells affected by the pathogen

Can kill serious illnesses effectively, without side effects

They can track a pathogen or cancer cell and signal to the immune system

Question 16

What does carbohydrates do and what is the enzyme for them?

Answer 16

Carbohydrates - provide long lasting energy

Amylase

Question 17

What do fats do and what is the enzyme for it?

Answer 17

Fats provide energy, act as an energy store and provide insulation
Lipase

Question 18

What do proteins do and what is the enzyme for them?

Answer 18

Proteins are needed for growth and repair of tissue and to provide energy in emergencies

Protease

Question 19

What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins made out of?

Answer 19

Carbs - glucose

Fats - fatty acids

Proteins - amino acids

Question 20

What is your metabolism?

Answer 20

The rate of the energy needed to fuel the chemicals reactions in your body

Question 21

What can obesity increase the risk of?

Answer 21

Diabetes (type 2), arthritis, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease

Question 22

What can be the problems of being malnourished be?

Answer 22

Slow growth, fatigue and poor resistance to infection

Question 23

What is the body mass index?

Answer 23

It’s used as a guide to help decide whether someone is underweight, normal, overweight or obese (calculated from their height and weight)

Question 24

What is cholesterol?

Answer 24

A fatty substance that’s essential for good health

Question 25

Why does high cholesterol cause coronary heart disease?

Answer 25

Fatty cholesterol deposits clog coronary arteries. This reduces blood flow to the heart which can lead to chest pain or heart attack

Question 26

Where does cholesterol come from?

Answer 26

The liver controls the amount of cholesterol in the body The amount it makes is a result of your diet

Question 27

What are HDLs and LDLs and what do they do?

Answer 27

Fat attached to protein They transport cholesterol around the body High density Lipoproteins carry cholesterol to the liver for removal Low density Lipoproteins carry fat to cells - excess LDLs can cause a build up of cholesterol in the arteries

Question 28

What is a risk factor?

Answer 28

Something that increased the risk

Question 29

What are the risk factors of heart disease?

Answer 29

High cholesterol | High blood pressure

Question 30

What are the risk factors for high blood pressure?

Answer 30

``` Salt intake Age (as you get older the risk increases) If you’re overweight If you drink alcohol If you’re stressed ```

Question 31

What are the effects of high blood pressure?

Answer 31

Your blood vessels can burst, causing problems depending on where in the body they are (eg. Strokes, brain damage, kidney damage)

Question 32

What are statins and what do they do?

Answer 32

They’re a drug that lowers blood cholesterol to lower the risk of heart disease

Question 33

What is the difference between sedative drugs and stimulants?

Answer 33

Sedatives relax you and decrease the activity in your brain, slowing down the response time of the nervous system (Alcohol, tranquillisers) Stimulants increase the activity of your brain to make you alert and awake (Nicotine, caffeine, ecstasy)

Question 34

What health issues can tobacco smoke form for you?

Answer 34

It contains carbon monoxide, which latches onto haemoglobin In blood cells so the blood can carry less oxygen In pregnant women this can lead to the baby’s stunted growth It also contains chemicals that form cancer

Question 35

What damage can the tar in cigarettes do?

Answer 35

Damages the cilia (hairs in your lungs) so they can’t catch infections entering the lungs, therefore there is more chest infections

Question 36

What are solvents and what do they do?

Answer 36

They’re found in fuel, spray paints and deodorant and can be misused as drugs by inhaling fumes They slow down messages in the nervous system This can cause brain damage and irritate the lungs

Question 37

What is paracetamol and what does it do?

Answer 37

It’s a painkiller and can reduce fever An overdose can be deadly and cause awful liver damage and is even worse after alcohol, so it’s bad for hangovers

Question 38

What are opiates?

Answer 38

Morphine and opium All painkillers that can also be addictive

Question 39

What are infectious diseases?

Answer 39

A disease that can transmitted from one person to another either directly (person to person) or indirectly ( a carrier is involved like a mosquito)

Question 40

What are pathogens?

Answer 40

Microorganisms that cause disease

Question 41

What are the 4 types of disease?

Answer 41

Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi and viruses

Question 42

What are properties of harmful bacteria?

Answer 42

Very small living cells which can reproduce rapidly in the body (warm conditions) They damage your cells and produce toxins

Question 43

What are properties of viruses?

Answer 43

Viruses aren’t cells and are usually protein around genetic material They invade the nucleus of a cell and use its DNA to reproduce The cell will then burst, releasing new viruses Cell damage is what makes you feel ill

Question 44

What is cancer?

Answer 44

The rapid and uncontrollable reproduction of useless/mutated cells

Question 45

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour?

Answer 45

Benign - where the tumour grows until there’s no room and stay where they are, only dangerous if it’s on a vital organ Malignant - the tumour can grow and spread to other sites in the body

Question 46

What are the first lines of defence for the immune system?

Answer 46

Skin - a physical barrier against microorganisms that, when broken, can be shut by blood clots Respiratory system - mucus and cilia catch dust and bacteria before they reach the lungs The eyes - the eyes produce tears which kill bacteria on the surface of the eye (chemical barrier)

Question 47

What is the second line of defence for the immune system?

Answer 47

Phagocytes detect things that are foreign to the body and engulf and digest them They attack anything that shouldn’t be there They also trigger and inflammatory response, so blood flow to that area is increased so the right cells can get there quicker

Question 48

What is the third line of defence for the immune system?

Answer 48

Specific white blood cells produce antibodies which find foreign antigens (on the invading cell) The antibodies lock on and mark them for destruction for T-cells (although the antibodies are specific) Antibodies are then produced rapidly to Mark all other cells The memory cells then record the white blood cell for that specific disease in case it comes again, so they can reproduce quickly

Question 49

How do vaccinations work?

Answer 49

A dead or inactive version of the disease is injected into your body Your immune system creates antibodies to attack them then the memory cells remember the antibodies so if the real disease comes along, the body is prepared

Question 50

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 50

Active is where the body makes its own antibodies, either naturally or from a vaccine Passive is where antibodies are passed on (eg via breast milk) they are temporary

Question 51

What are the disadvantages and advantages of vaccines?

Answer 51

You don’t get ill Vaccines can stop a spread of worldwide disease There could be short side effects (nausea, inflammation at the site of injection) Religion Bacteria could become immune

Question 52

How did Semmelweis cut death rates for pregnant woman by 12% in 1840s?

Answer 52

He told doctors to wash their hands with an antiseptic solution

Question 53

How do bacteria evolve to be resistant?

Answer 53

If an antibiotic is taken to kill a disease but some of the bacteria survive, they will become resistant to that and multiply, breeding a harder to kill version of that disease

Question 54

Why is it important for patients to not use antibiotics for petty reasons and finish their course?

Answer 54

Because if they continuously use antibiotics for everything, the bacteria could become immune

Question 55

Can antibiotics kill viruses?

Answer 55

No, only bacteria Viruses reproduce using your body cells