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Biology > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Balanced equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration
Temperature

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3
Q

Uses of glucose in plants

A

Respiration

Making more complex substances (contributes to biomass)

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4
Q

Why are plants the primary producer of most food chains?

A

They convert light energy from the Sun to biomass needed for food chains to work

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5
Q

Photosynthesis definition

A

Endothermic reaction where plants turn carbon dioxide and water into sugars

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6
Q

How does water move from soil to root hair cell?

A

Osmosis

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7
Q

How do minerals move from soil to root hair cell?

A

Active transport

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8
Q

Adaptations of root hair cell

A 
Hair-like structure = larger surface area
No chloroplasts (no photosynthesis underground)
Thin cell wall (shorter path for minerals and water molecules to take)
Many mitochondria (more energy for active transport)
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9
Q

Phloem structure and function

A

Made of elongated living cells with small pore in end walls to allow molecules to flow through
Transport food substances (mainly sucrose) for immediate use or storage
Active transport so requires energy from respiration
Transport is in both directions

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10
Q

Xylem structure and function

A

Made of dead cells joined end to end with no walls between them and with hole down the middle
Strengthened by lignin
Carry water and mineral ions from root to stem and leaves

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11
Q

Translocation definition

A

Transport of food substances in the phloem in a plant

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12
Q

Transpiration stream definition

A

Movement of water from roots, through xylem and out of leaves through evaporation
Consequently carried dissolved mineral ions

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13
Q

Transpiration definition

A

Loss of water from plants

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14
Q

Transpiration method

A

Caused by evaporation and diffusion from plant’s surface mostly leaves)
Loss of water creates shortage of water in leaf, causing water to go up plant due to decrease in pressure
Happens due to adhesion of water to walls and cohesion of water molecules (due to polarity of molecule)

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15
Q

Environmental factors of transpiration rate

A

Light intensity - causes stomata to open wider so faster transfer of gases
Temperature - water particles have more energy so evaporate and diffuse faster
Air flow - causes water vapour to be swept away from leaf so higher concentration difference is made

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16
Q

Why does the potometer only estimate transpiration rate?

A

Measures water uptake but is assumed to directly relate to water loss from leaves (transpiration)

17
Q

Leaf adaptation

A

Broad so more surface area exposed to light (more photosynthesis)

18
Q

Palisade cell adaptation

A

More chloroplasts so more photosynthesis

19
Q

Upper epidermis adaptation

A

Transparent so light can pass through to palisade cells

20
Q

Xylem and phloem adaptation

A

Form bundle to support plant’s structure

21
Q

Epidermal tissue adaptation

A

Covered with waxy cuticle so less water loser by evaporation

22
Q

How leaf cells adapted for better gas exchange

A

Lower epidermis has lots of stomata

Spongy mesophyll tissue has air spaces to increase rate of diffusion

23
Q

More plant adaptations

A

Small leaves - reduces surface area for water loss
Spines instead of leaves - reduces area for water loss and stops animals eating plants. Also reduces diffusion from leaf to air
Curved leaves / hair on leaves - reduces air flow, reducing diffusion
Thick waxy cuticles - reduces water loss from evaporation
Thick, fleshy stem - stores water
Fewer stomata / only opens at night - reduce water loss from evaporation
Sunken stomata - reduces water loss and rate of diffusion

24
Q

Auxin definition

A

Plant hormone that are produced and control growth at tips of shoots and roots

25
Q

What auxins do in shoots

A

Encourage cells to elongate

26
Q

What auxins do in roots

A

Inhibits growth

27
Q

Shoots positive phototropism method

A

Shoot tip is exposed to light
Auxins accumulate on shaded side
Causes shaded side cells to elongate, forcing shoot to bend towards light

28
Q

Shoots negative gravitropism method

A

Shoot grows sideways
Gravity produces uneven amount of auxin on lower side
Causes lower side to elongate, causing shoot to bend away from gravity

29
Q

Roots positive geotropism method

A

Roots growing sideways
Gravity causes auxins to accumulate on lower side
Causes upper side to grow faster than lower side and elongate, causing roots to bend towards gravity

30
Q

Roots negative phototropism method

A

If roots exposed to some light, auxins accumulate on shadier side
Causes lighter side to elongate and grow faster than shadier side, causing roots to bend downwards

31
Q

All plant hormones commercial uses

A 
Selective weedkillers 
Growing from cuttings with root powder
Controlling flower and fruit formation 
Producing seedless fruit 
Controlling ripening of fruits 
Controlling seed germination
32
Q

How auxins are used as weedkillers

A

Most weeds are broad-leaves unlike most crops which are narrow-leaved
Some weedkillers cause these weeds to grow uncontrollably and die but leave the actual crop unharmed

33
Q

How auxins help cuttings to grow

A

Cutting is a part of a plant that has been cut off
Dipping its end in root powder allows it to grow roots and function as a plant
Allows farmers to make clones of a really good plant

34
Q

How auxins can control flower and fruit formation

A

Gibberellins stimulate seed germination, stem growth and flowering
Can be used to make plants flower earlier and in conditions they normally can’t
Can also be used for reduce flower formation, sometimes allowing fruits to develop with higher quality

35
Q

How auxins can produce seedless fruit

A

Fruit normally frowns on flowers pollinated by insects
Plant hormones like gibberellins are applied to unpollinated flowers, causing fruit to grow but not the seeds (works on some circus fruits)

36
Q

How auxins can control ripening of fruits

A

Unripened fruit are less easily damaged and can be controlled when they are ripe
Ethane is used to ripen fruit on its way to the supermarket and so are ripe when on the shelves

37
Q

How auxins control seed germination

A

Most seeds won’t germinate until in the right conditions

Seeds treated with gibberellins can germinate all year round

Biology (9 decks)

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