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Biology > Animal Coordination, Control and Hormones > Flashcards

Animal Coordination, Control and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone definition

A

Chemical released directly into blood
Controls things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment
Produced in the endocrine glands

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2
Q

Pituitary gland facts

A

Produced many hormones that regulate body conditions

“Master gland” as hormones released act on other glands

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3
Q

Thyroid gland facts

A

Produced thyroxine

Controls metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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4
Q

Ovaries facts

A

Female only

Produced oestrogen involved in menstrual cycle

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5
Q

Adrenal glands facts

A

Produces adrenaline

Prepares body for “fight and flight” responses

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6
Q

Testes facts

A

Produces testosterone

Controls livery and sperm production in males

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7
Q

Pancreas facts

A

Produced insulin

Regulates blood glucose levels

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8
Q

Differences between hormones and neurones

A

Slower action
Act for a long time
Act in a more general way / larger area

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9
Q

Adrenaline facts

A

Hormone released by adrenal glands

Prepares body for “fight or flight response”

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10
Q

How adrenaline increases heart rate, blood pressure and rate of respiration

A

Binds to specific receptors in the heart, causing heart muscles to contract more frequently and harder
Also increased blood flow to muscles, so cells receive more oxygen and glucose for respiration

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11
Q

How adrenaline increases blood glucose levels

A

Adrenaline binds receptors in liver

Causes liver to break down glycogen stores to release glucose into the blood

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12
Q

How metabolism is regulated using negative feedback

A

When blood thyroxine level is lower than normal, hypothalamus releases TRH (thyrotropin)
TRH stimulates pituitary gland to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine so blood thyroxine levels become normal
If blood thyroxine levels are higher than normal, release of TRH then TSH then thyroxine falls

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13
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 1

A

Day 1

Lining of uterus breaks down and is released

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14
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 2

A

Day 4 to 14

Uterus lining is repaired, until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready for a fertilised egg

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15
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 3

A

Day 14

Egg develops and is released from ovary (ovulation)

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16
Q

Menstrual cycle Stage 4

A

Day 14 to 28
Lining is maintained until day 28
If no ferris tied egg has landed, menstrual cycle restarts

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17
Q

FSH facts

A

follicle-stimulating hormone
Released by pituitary gland
Causes a follicle to mature in ovaries
Stimulates oestrogen production

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18
Q

follicle definition

A

egg cell and it’s surrounding cells

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19
Q

Oestrogen facts

A

Released by ovaries
Causes uterus lining to thicken and grow
High level stimulates LH surge

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20
Q

LH facts

A

luteinising hormone
released by pituitary gland
Stimulates ovulation at day 14
Stimulates remains of follicle to become corpus luteum, secreting progesterone

21
Q

ovulation definition

A

follicle rupture and releasing an egg cell

22
Q

Progesterone facts

A

Released by corpus luteum
Maintains uterus lining
Inhibits FSH and LH
When both progesterone and oestrogen levels are low, uterus lining breaks down
Low progesterone allows FSH to increase and restarts cycle

23
Q

What happens when a fertiliser egg implants in the uterus?

A

Level of progesterone stays high to maintain the uterus lignin during pregnancy

24
Q

Clomifene therapy

A

Drug causes more FSH and LH to be released by body
Stimulates egg maturation and ovulation
Increases chance of pregnancy as time of ovulation can be known

25
Q

IVF

A

in vitro fertilisation
FSH and LH are given to stimulate egg production
multiple eggs are collected are fertilised using man’s speed in a lab
fertilised eggs are then transferred to woman’s uterus

26
Q

Hormonal contraceptives

A

oestrogen taken everyday keeps levels high, keeping FSH levels low and egg development and production stops
progesterone can be taken to produce thick cervical mucus, preventing any sperm to enter the uterus and egg

27
Q

Barrier contraceptives

A 
Condos 
Diaphragm (flexible, dome-shaped devices fit over opening of uterus)
28
Q

Hormonal contraceptives advantages

A

If used correctly, more effective than barrier

More convenient as has more longer-lasting effect

29
Q

Hormonal contraceptives disadvantages

A

Unpleasant side effects (headaches, acne, mood swings)

Doesn’t protect against STIs (only barrier can)

30
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment someverything functions properly

31
Q

Why conditions in the body need to remain steady

A

Cells need right conditions to function properly
Can be dangerous if conditions vary too much
Enzymes need right conditions to do their job

32
Q

Examples of homeostasis

A

Osmoregulation
Thermoregulation
Blood glucose regulation

33
Q

Negative feedback definition

A

When a condition changes away from the normal level, a response is triggered to counteract the change

34
Q

How glucose is removed from blood

A

Metabolism of cells

Vigorous exercise

35
Q

Blood glucose regulation when too high

A

Blood with high glucose levels flows through pancreas and is detected
Insulin is secreted into the bloodstream
Insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen
Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle cells
Blood glucose levels decreased

36
Q

Blood glucose regulation when too low

A

Blood with low glucose levels flows through pancreas and is detected
Glucagon is secreted into bloodstream
Glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose and releases it into bloodstream
Blood glucose levels increased

37
Q

Type 1 diabetes definition

A

Condition when pancreas produces little or no insulin

38
Q

How type 1 diabetes is controlled

A

Insulin therapy
Limiting intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates
Taking regular exercise

39
Q

Type 2 diabetes definition

A

Condition when person doesn’t produce insulin or when the person becomes resistant to insulin
Has correlation with obesity (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio

40
Q

BMI formula

A

weight / height^2

41
Q

waist-to-hip ratio formula

A

waist circumference / hip circumference

42
Q

How type 2 diabetes is controlled

A 
Health diet
Regular exercise 
Losing weight 
Medication 
Insulin therapy
43
Q

Why is body temperature regulated

A

Enzymes have an optimum temperature
Below, enzyme activity slows down
Above, enzyme begins to denature

44
Q

How information on body temperature is gathered

A

Hypothalamus has receptors sensitive to blood temperature

Impulses about external temperature are received from receptors in the epidermis and dermis

45
Q

How body does when it is too hot

A

Erector muscles relax (hair lie flat)
Lots of sweat produced (heat is carried away as it evaporates)
Blood vessels near surface of skin widen (vasodilation) so more blood transfers heat energy to the surroundings

46
Q

How body does when it is too cold

A

Erector muscles contract (hair stands up, trapping insulating air on surface of skin so less heat is lost)
Very little sweat produced
Blood vessels near surface of skin construct (vasoconstriction) so less blood transfers heat energy to the surroundings
Shivering may occur (creates heat energy due to respiration)

47
Q

Importance of regulating water content

A

If concentration of water is too high, water will move into cells, causing them to burst
If concentration of water is too low, water will move out of cells, causing them to shrink

48
Q

Role of kidney

A

Removal of urea from blood
Adjustment of ion levels blood
Adjustment of water content of the blood

49
Q

How kidney generally does it role

A

Filters stuff out of blood under high pressure and reads orbs useful things
End product is urine

Biology (9 decks)

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