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Biology > Health, Disease and Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Health, Disease and Development of Medicines Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Health definition

A

state if complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Disease definition

A

where part of an organism doesn’t function properly, not due to injury

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3
Q

Communicate disease definition

A

Can be spread between individuals

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4
Q

Non-communicate disease definition

A

Cannot be transmitted between individuals

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5
Q

Cholera pathogen

A

Bacterium (vibrio cholerae)

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6
Q

Cholera symptoms

A

Diarrhoea

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7
Q

Cholera transmission

A

Contaminated water sources

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8
Q

Prevention / reduction of cholera transmission

A

Making sure accessible water supplies are clean

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9
Q

Tuberculosis pathogen

A

Bacterium (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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10
Q

Tuberculosis symptoms

A

Coughing

Lung damage

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11
Q

Tuberculosis transmission

A

Through air when infected individuals cough

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12
Q

Prevention / reduction of tuberculosis transmission

A 
Infected should:
avoid crowded public areas 
practice good hygiene
sleep alone 
have well-ventilated homes
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13
Q

Malaria pathogen

A

Protist

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14
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

Damage to red blood cells or liver

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15
Q

Malaria transmission

A

Mosquitoes as vectors

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16
Q

Prevention / reduction of malaria transmission

A

Mosquito nets

Insect repellent

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17
Q

Stomach ulcer pathogen

A

Bacterium (helicobacter pylori)

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18
Q

Stomach ulcer symptoms

A

Stomach pain
Nausea
Vomiting

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19
Q

Stomach ulcer transmission

A

Oral transmission e..g contaminated food or water

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20
Q

Prevention / reduction of stomach ulcer transmission

A

Clean water

Hygienic living conditions

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21
Q

Ebola pathogen

A

Ebola virus

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22
Q

Ebola symptoms

A

Haemorrhagic fever

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23
Q

Ebola transmission

A

Bodily fluids

24
Q

Prevention / reduction of ebola transmission

A

Isolating infected individuals

Sterilising areas where virus may be present

25
Q

Chalara ash dieback pathogen

A

Fungus

26
Q

Chalara ash dieback symptoms

A

Leaf loss

Bark lesions

27
Q

Chalara ash dieback transmission

A

Air and wind

28
Q

Prevention / reduction of chalara ash dieback transmission

A

Removing young, infected trees and replacing with different species
Restrict import / movement of ash trees

29
Q

Why viruses have to infect living cells

A

Normally just a protein coat around a strand of genetic material
Infect specific cells to reproduce

30
Q

Lytic pathway method

A

Virus injects its genetic material into specific host cell
Virus uses proteins and enzymes of host cell to produce components of virus
Viral components assemble
Host cell splits open, releasing the new viruses

31
Q

Lysogenic pathway method

A

Injected genetic material is incorporated into host’s genome
Viral genetic material gets replicated as cell divides (no new viruses are made)
Trigger (e.g. presence of a chemical) causes virus to leave genome and enter lytic pathway

32
Q

STI definition

A

Sexually transmitted infections

Diseases spread through sexual contact

33
Q

Chlamydia facts

A

Bacterium (but only reproduces inside host cells)
Results in infertility in women
Sometimes no symptoms

34
Q

HIV facts

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (leads to AIDS)
Kills white blood cells and leaves infected vulnerable to other diseases
Spread via bodily fluids

35
Q

Reduction / prevention of STI transmission

A 
Wearing condom during sex
Screening individuals so disease can be spotted and treated 
Avoid sexual contact 
Avoid sharing needles 
Medication
36
Q

Plants physical barriers

A 
Waxy cuticle (stops water collecting, reducing risk of infection from waterborne diseases)
Cell walls (physical barriers for pathogens after waxy cuticle)
37
Q

Plants chemical barriers

A

Antiseptics (kills pathogens)

Chemical deterrents

38
Q

Useful plant chemicals

A

Quinine (bark of cinchona tree) - used to be main treatment for malaria
Aspirin (bark and leaves of willow tree) - relieves pain and fever

39
Q

Human physical barriers

A

Skin (barrier to pathogens)
Hair and mucus (traps pathogens)
Ciliated epithelial cell’s (moves mucus to back of throat so it can be swallowed)

40
Q

Human chemical barriers

A

Stomach has hydrochloride acid

Lysozyme in tears kills bacteria on surface of eye

41
Q

Primary immune response method

A

Pathogen with unique antigen enters bloodstream
B-lymphocyte comes across antigen of pathogen and recognised it as foreign
Begins to produce antibodies (protein)
Antibodies attach to specific antigens and kills pathogen
They then rapidly flow around body to find similar pathogens

42
Q

Primary and secondary immune response method

A

Body is exposed to antigen for first time
B-lymphocytes produces antibody slowly as not many are present
Infection is overcome and memory lymphocytes are produced
They stay in bloodstream and remember specific antigen so secondary immune response is faster and stronger
Person is now immune

43
Q

Immunisation method

A

Patient is injected with dead or inactive pathogens into body
Antigenic so memory lymphocytes are made for similar pathogens
This means exposure to actual pathogen is secondary immune response straight away

44
Q

Pros of immunisation

A

Epidemics can be prevented if large enough percentage of population is immunised (herd immunity)
Some diseases have been wiped out due to immunisation programmes

45
Q

Cons of immunisation

A

Doesn’t always work

Can but rarely causes bad reaction (e.g. swelling, fever, seizures)

46
Q

Monoclonal antibody production method

A

Mouse is injected with chosen antigen
Immune response is made and b-lymphocytes are extracted
Fast-dividing tumour cells are developed in lab
B-lymphocytes and myeloma (tumour) cells are fused to make hybridomas
Hydrbidomas are cloned and screened so antibodies can be collected and purified

47
Q

Monoclonal antibody purposes

A

Pregnancy tests
Cancer detecting and treatment
Finding blood clots

48
Q

Pregnancy tests method

A

Hormone HCG is found in urine of pregnant women
Pregnancy testing stick is dipped in urine
If pregnant:
Hormone binds to antibodies stuck with blue beads
Urine moves up stick, carrying hormone and beads
Blue beads get stuck to antibodies on strip, turning blue
If not:
Blue beads are carried up to strip
Hormones aren’t present to get stuck to strip with blue beads and antibodies, so strip doesn’t turn blue

49
Q

Monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment

A

Monoclonal antibodies for tumour’s antigen are made
Radioactive markers / drugs are attached to antibodies
Antibodies are given to patient with a drip
Antibodies travel across the body and binds to cancer cell, treating it in some way

50
Q

Stages of product development

A

Drug is discovered
Drug is tested on human cells and tissue and animals (preclinical testing) to see if it works, isn’t harmful and is the right dosage
Drug is tested on healthy volunteers to detect harmful side effects
Patients are put randomly into 2 groups to test real drug and placebo
They are then monitored blindly or double-blindly to monitor effects accurately
Then approved by medical agency

51
Q

Risk factor definition

A

Things linked to increasing the likelihood of getting a disease

52
Q

Risk factor examples

A 
Smoking 
Drinking
Malnutrition 
Lack of exercise 
Poor diet 
Obesity
53
Q

Measures of obesity

A

BMI

waist-to-hip-ratio

54
Q

BMI formula

A

weight (kg) / height^2 (m)

55
Q

Waist-to-hip ratio formula

A

waist circumference / hip circumference

Biology (9 decks)

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