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Health, Disease and Development of Medicines Flashcards

1
Q

Health definition

A

state if complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Disease definition

A

where part of an organism doesn’t function properly, not due to injury

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3
Q

Communicate disease definition

A

Can be spread between individuals

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4
Q

Non-communicate disease definition

A

Cannot be transmitted between individuals

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5
Q

Cholera pathogen

A

Bacterium (vibrio cholerae)

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6
Q

Cholera symptoms

A

Diarrhoea

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7
Q

Cholera transmission

A

Contaminated water sources

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8
Q

Prevention / reduction of cholera transmission

A

Making sure accessible water supplies are clean

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9
Q

Tuberculosis pathogen

A

Bacterium (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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10
Q

Tuberculosis symptoms

A

Coughing

Lung damage

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11
Q

Tuberculosis transmission

A

Through air when infected individuals cough

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12
Q

Prevention / reduction of tuberculosis transmission

A 
Infected should:
avoid crowded public areas 
practice good hygiene
sleep alone 
have well-ventilated homes
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13
Q

Malaria pathogen

A

Protist

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14
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

Damage to red blood cells or liver

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15
Q

Malaria transmission

A

Mosquitoes as vectors

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16
Q

Prevention / reduction of malaria transmission

A

Mosquito nets

Insect repellent

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17
Q

Stomach ulcer pathogen

A

Bacterium (helicobacter pylori)

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18
Q

Stomach ulcer symptoms

A

Stomach pain
Nausea
Vomiting

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19
Q

Stomach ulcer transmission

A

Oral transmission e..g contaminated food or water

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20
Q

Prevention / reduction of stomach ulcer transmission

A

Clean water

Hygienic living conditions

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21
Q

Ebola pathogen

A

Ebola virus

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22
Q

Ebola symptoms

A

Haemorrhagic fever

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23
Q

Ebola transmission

A

Bodily fluids

24
Q

Prevention / reduction of ebola transmission

A

Isolating infected individuals

Sterilising areas where virus may be present

25
Chalara ash dieback pathogen
Fungus
26
Chalara ash dieback symptoms
Leaf loss | Bark lesions
27
Chalara ash dieback transmission
Air and wind
28
Prevention / reduction of chalara ash dieback transmission
Removing young, infected trees and replacing with different species Restrict import / movement of ash trees
29
Why viruses have to infect living cells
Normally just a protein coat around a strand of genetic material Infect specific cells to reproduce
30
Lytic pathway method
Virus injects its genetic material into specific host cell Virus uses proteins and enzymes of host cell to produce components of virus Viral components assemble Host cell splits open, releasing the new viruses
31
Lysogenic pathway method
Injected genetic material is incorporated into host’s genome Viral genetic material gets replicated as cell divides (no new viruses are made) Trigger (e.g. presence of a chemical) causes virus to leave genome and enter lytic pathway
32
STI definition
Sexually transmitted infections | Diseases spread through sexual contact
33
Chlamydia facts
Bacterium (but only reproduces inside host cells) Results in infertility in women Sometimes no symptoms
34
HIV facts
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (leads to AIDS) Kills white blood cells and leaves infected vulnerable to other diseases Spread via bodily fluids
35
Reduction / prevention of STI transmission
``` Wearing condom during sex Screening individuals so disease can be spotted and treated Avoid sexual contact Avoid sharing needles Medication ```
36
Plants physical barriers
``` Waxy cuticle (stops water collecting, reducing risk of infection from waterborne diseases) Cell walls (physical barriers for pathogens after waxy cuticle) ```
37
Plants chemical barriers
Antiseptics (kills pathogens) | Chemical deterrents
38
Useful plant chemicals
Quinine (bark of cinchona tree) - used to be main treatment for malaria Aspirin (bark and leaves of willow tree) - relieves pain and fever
39
Human physical barriers
Skin (barrier to pathogens) Hair and mucus (traps pathogens) Ciliated epithelial cell’s (moves mucus to back of throat so it can be swallowed)
40
Human chemical barriers
Stomach has hydrochloride acid | Lysozyme in tears kills bacteria on surface of eye
41
Primary immune response method
Pathogen with unique antigen enters bloodstream B-lymphocyte comes across antigen of pathogen and recognised it as foreign Begins to produce antibodies (protein) Antibodies attach to specific antigens and kills pathogen They then rapidly flow around body to find similar pathogens
42
Primary and secondary immune response method
Body is exposed to antigen for first time B-lymphocytes produces antibody slowly as not many are present Infection is overcome and memory lymphocytes are produced They stay in bloodstream and remember specific antigen so secondary immune response is faster and stronger Person is now immune
43
Immunisation method
Patient is injected with dead or inactive pathogens into body Antigenic so memory lymphocytes are made for similar pathogens This means exposure to actual pathogen is secondary immune response straight away
44
Pros of immunisation
Epidemics can be prevented if large enough percentage of population is immunised (herd immunity) Some diseases have been wiped out due to immunisation programmes
45
Cons of immunisation
Doesn’t always work | Can but rarely causes bad reaction (e.g. swelling, fever, seizures)
46
Monoclonal antibody production method
Mouse is injected with chosen antigen Immune response is made and b-lymphocytes are extracted Fast-dividing tumour cells are developed in lab B-lymphocytes and myeloma (tumour) cells are fused to make hybridomas Hydrbidomas are cloned and screened so antibodies can be collected and purified
47
Monoclonal antibody purposes
Pregnancy tests Cancer detecting and treatment Finding blood clots
48
Pregnancy tests method
Hormone HCG is found in urine of pregnant women Pregnancy testing stick is dipped in urine If pregnant: Hormone binds to antibodies stuck with blue beads Urine moves up stick, carrying hormone and beads Blue beads get stuck to antibodies on strip, turning blue If not: Blue beads are carried up to strip Hormones aren’t present to get stuck to strip with blue beads and antibodies, so strip doesn’t turn blue
49
Monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment
Monoclonal antibodies for tumour’s antigen are made Radioactive markers / drugs are attached to antibodies Antibodies are given to patient with a drip Antibodies travel across the body and binds to cancer cell, treating it in some way
50
Stages of product development
Drug is discovered Drug is tested on human cells and tissue and animals (preclinical testing) to see if it works, isn’t harmful and is the right dosage Drug is tested on healthy volunteers to detect harmful side effects Patients are put randomly into 2 groups to test real drug and placebo They are then monitored blindly or double-blindly to monitor effects accurately Then approved by medical agency
51
Risk factor definition
Things linked to increasing the likelihood of getting a disease
52
Risk factor examples
``` Smoking Drinking Malnutrition Lack of exercise Poor diet Obesity ```
53
Measures of obesity
BMI | waist-to-hip-ratio
54
BMI formula
weight (kg) / height^2 (m)
55
Waist-to-hip ratio formula
waist circumference / hip circumference

Biology (9 decks)

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