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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual reproduction definition

A

When genetic information is combined from two organisms to produce genetically-different offspring

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2
Q

Fertilisation method

A

Male gamete fuses with female gamete to make a soy gore
Zygote contains full set of chromosomes
Zygote undergoes cell division and becomes an embryo
Embryo inherits characteristic from both parents as it is a mixture of chromosomes from both parents

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3
Q

Meiosis method

A

It duplicates its DNA
Chromosomes line up in centre of cell
Chromosomes in each pair came from both parents of organism
Chromosomes are pulled apart so new daughter cells contain only one copy of each chromosome
This creates genetic variation in the offspring (as each cell has a mixture of mother’s and father’s chromosomes)
The chromosomes line up again in both daughter cells and undergo mitosis, creating 4 daughter cells

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4
Q

Sexual reproduction advantages

A

Creates genetic variation in a population (so at least some individuals will survive when environment changes)
Leads to natural selection and evolution as species become better adapted to their environment

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5
Q

Sexual reproduction disadvantages

A

Takes time and energy (so less offspring)

Two parents are required

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction advantages

A

Produces lots of offspring quickly (so colonises an area quickly)
Only one parent is needed so can reproduce anytime

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction disadvantages

A

No genetic variation between offspring in population (so whole population will be affected from environmental change)

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8
Q

All bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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9
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix

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10
Q

DNA molecule structure

A

Made up of nucleotides
Nucleotides made up of pentose sugar, phosphate backbone and base
Complementary base pairs are connected by weak hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Chromosomes definition

A

Long coiled-up molecules of DNA

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12
Q

Gene definition

A

Section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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13
Q

Extracting DNA from fruit cells method

A

Mash strawberries or kiwi and put them in a beaker containing detergent and salt
Detergent will break down cell membranes (releasing them)
Salt will make DNA stick together
Filter mixture to get froth and insoluble bits of cell out
Gently add ice-cold alcohol to filtered mixture
DNA will come out of mixture as insoluble in cold alcohol
Fish DNA out with glass rod

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14
Q

What controls protein synthesis in a cell?

A

DNA

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15
Q

Protein definition

A

Chains of amino acids that controls a function in the body

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16
Q

Base triplet definition

A

Sequence of three bases that decides what amino acid is used in that turn in a gene

17
Q

Mutation definition

A

Rare, random change to an organism’s base sequence that can be inherited

18
Q

Transcription method

A

RNA polymerase binds region of non-coding DNA in front of gene
2 DNA strands unzip and RNA polymerase moves along one of strands of DNA
It uses coding DNA in the gene as template and makes mRNA and ensures DNA and RNA base pairs are complementary
It moved out of the nucleus and joins with a ribosome

19
Q

What replaces thymine in messenger RNA?

A

uracil

20
Q

mRNA structure

A

polymer of nucleotides that’s shorter than DNA and only single-stranded

21
Q

RNA polymerase definition

A

Enzyme involved in joining together RNA nucleotides to make mRNA

22
Q

Why is transcription required?

A

DNA in the cell nucleus is too large to move out of the nucleus

23
Q

Translation method

A

Order and what amino acid is brought is decided by codons in mRNA
tRNA with complementary anticodon to codons of mRNA brings amino acids in correct order
Amino acids are joined together by ribosome, making a polypeptide chain (protein)

24
Q

Role of non-coding DNA in protein synthesis

A

RNA polymerase needs to bind to a region of non-coding DNA in front of a gene

25
Q

Mendel experiment

A

Mendel crossed two pea plants of different heights
Offspring were all tall
Mendel crossed all tall offspring together
Tall:short ratio of offspring was 3:1

26
Q

Mendel experiment conclusions

A

Characteristics were determined by alleles
Alleles were passed on to offspring from each parent
Alleles could be dominant or recessive (1 or more dominant = expressed,
All recessive = expressed)

27
Q

Why are men more susceptible to sex-linked disorders?

A

Men only have 1 X chromosome and so only need 1 faulty allele in X chromosome (no copy in Y chromosome) to have disorder

28
Q

Heterozygous definition

A

2 different alleles for a gene

29
Q

Homozygous definition

A

Same alleles for one gene

30
Q

Phenotype definition

A

Characteristic that is shown by alleles

31
Q

Genotype definition

A

What alleles are present in a gene

32
Q

What blood types are dominant and will make a cosmonaut allele?

A

I(A), I(B)

33
Q

What was the Human Genome Project?

A

Project that started in 1990
A compete map was made of human genome in 2003 contains around 20,500 genes
Around 1800 genes have been found linked to disease

34
Q

Prediction and prevention of diseases due to HGP

A

doctors could give tailored advice if they knew how common diseases interacted with genes
doctors could check us regularly to ensure early treatment to diseases we may be susceptible to

35
Q

Testing and treatment for inherited disorders due to HGP

A

Doctors can identify genetic disorders we may have due to our alleles
Scientists can now quickly find genes and alleles linked with disorders

36
Q

New and better medicines due to HGP

A

Some genetic variations have been identified to affect medicine e.g. dosage
Scientists can tailor medicine to work on people with particular genes
In the future, we can make more effective treatments with less side effects if we know how the disease affects us on a molecular level

37
Q

Drawbacks of HGP

A

increased worry from minor symptoms
Pressure of not having children due to genetic problems
Prejudice against employing people with serious genetic diseases

Biology (9 decks)

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