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Biology > Key Concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Key Concepts in Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cell definition

A

Cell with a membrane-bound nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cell definition

A

Cell with no membrane-bound nucleus

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3
Q

Subcellular structures of animal cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
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4
Q

Subcellular structures of plant cell

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
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5
Q

Subcellular structures of bacteria

A 
Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Flagellum
Cell wall
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6
Q

Nucleus definition and purpose

A

contains genetic material arranged as chromosomes

controls cells in activities

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7
Q

Cytoplasm definition and purpose

A

gel-like substance where chemical reactions occur

contains enzymes

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8
Q

cell membrane definition and purpose

A

holds cell together

controls what goes in and out of cell

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9
Q

mitochondria definition and purpose

A

where aerobic respiration occurs

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10
Q

Ribosomes definition and purpose

A

Where translation of genetic material for protein synthesis occurs

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11
Q

Cell wall definition and purpose

A

rigid, made of cellulose

supports and strengthens cell’s structure

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12
Q

Vacuole definition and purpose

A

contains sap

maintains internal pressure to support cell

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13
Q

Chloroplast definition and purpose

A

contains chlorophyll

where photosynthesis occurs

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14
Q

Chromosomal DNA definition and purpose

A

one long circular chromosome
controls activities of cell
floats freely on cell

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15
Q

Plasmid DNA definition and purpose

A

small loops of extra DNA
contains genes for things such as drug resistance
can be passed between bacteria

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16
Q

Flagellum definition and purpose

A

long, hair-like structure that makes cell move

can be used to move bacteria away from harmful substances

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17
Q

haploid definition

A

contains half of the chromosomes in organism

18
Q

Egg cell adaptations

A

Contains nutrients in cytoplasm to feed embryo
Haploid nucleus
Membrane changes shape to prevent other sperm to enter straight after fertilisation

19
Q

function of egg cell

A

carry female DNA

nourish embryo during early stages

20
Q

function of sperm

A

transport male’s DNA to egg cell

21
Q

Speed cell adaptations

A

Long tail to swim to egg cell
Acrosome containing enzymes to get through egg cell membrane
Haploid nucleus
Lots of mitochondria to supply lots of energy to get to egg cell

22
Q

Ciliated epithelial cell function and adaptations

A

have hair-like structures to move substances in one direction

23
Q

Resolution definition

A

how well two points are distinguished

higher resolution = more clearly, in more detail

24
Q

Light microscopes facts

A

Uses light
Resolution and magnification depends on quality and is lower than electron microscope
can be used to inspect living cells
can see large organelles like nuclei and chloroplasts

25
Q

Electron microscope facts

A

Uses electrons
Higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes
Can’t inspect living cells

26
Q

total magnification formula

A

total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

27
Q

magnification formula

A

magnification = image size / real size

28
Q

Enzyme definition

A

Catalysts made by organisms

29
Q

Purpose of enzymes

A

To speed up useful / specific chemical reactions in organisms

30
Q

Enzyme method

A

substrate collides into enzyme in right angle
it becomes attached to enzyme active site
substrate becomes split apart / combines with other substrates

31
Q

What affects enzymes in rate of reaction

A

Temperature (too hot = denature)
ph (extreme pH = denature)
substrate concentration

32
Q

Breaking down of carbohydrates

A

carbohydrate (starch) -> amylase (enzyme) -> simple sugars (e.g. maltose)

33
Q

Breaking down of proteins

A

Protein -> protease (enzyme) -> amino acids

34
Q

Breaking down of lipids

A

Lipid (fat) -> lipase (enzyme) -> fatty acids and glycerol

35
Q

Test for sugars method

A

Add blue Benedict’s reagent to sample
Heat solution in water bath to ~75°
If positive, coloured precipitate is formed (solid particles in solution)
Higher concentration = colour closer to red

36
Q

Test for starch method

A

Add brown iodine into solution

If positive, solution will turn blue-black

37
Q

Test for lipids method

A

Shake sample with ethanol until dissolved
Poor solution into water
If positive, milky substance will form on top of water
More lipid = milkier colour

38
Q

Test for protein

A

Add potassium hydroxide solution to make solution alkaline
Add bright blue copper sulphate solution
If positive, solution will be purple

39
Q

Energy in food (formula)

A

Energy in food (J) = mass of water (g) x temperature change x 4.2

40
Q

Diffusion definition

A

Gradual movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration
Happens in liquids and gases
Down concentration gradient
Passive (low energy)

41
Q

Osmosis definition

A

Movement of water across partially permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
Down concentration gradient
Passive (low energy)

42
Q

Active transport definition

A

Movement of particles across membrane from lower concentration from higher concentration
Requires energy
Against concentration gradient
Active (more energy)

Biology (9 decks)

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