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Biology > Cells and Control > Flashcards

Cells and Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell cycle

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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2
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Subcellular structures are duplicated

DNA is duplicated, forming X-shaped chromosomes

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3
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense
Nucleus membrane breaks down
Chromosomes lie free in cytoplasm
Spindle fibres begin to form

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4
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at centre of cell

Opposite arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of cell

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5
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Cell fibres pull chromosomes apart

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6
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nucleus membranes form around each set of chromosomes and forms nuclei of daughter cells

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7
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form separate cells (during telophase)

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8
Q

Growth definition

A

Increase in size and mass

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9
Q

How growth is induced

A

Cell differentiation
Cell division
Cell elongation (plants)

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10
Q

Cell differentiation definition

A

When cells change to specialise for their job

Allows multicellular organisms work more efficiently

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11
Q

Purposes of mitosis

A

Grow
Replace damaged cells
Asexual reproduction

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12
Q

Cancer definition

A

Case of uncontrolled cell division

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13
Q

Stem cells definition

A

Undifferentiated cells

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14
Q

Embryonic stem cells facts

A

Found in early human embryos

Can become any kind of cell

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15
Q

Adult stem cells facts

A

Only found in certain places in adult body
Can only produce certain cells
Used to replace damaged cells in the body

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16
Q

Meristem cell facts

A

Found in areas where plant grows

Produces stem cells that differentiate to any type

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17
Q

Risks of stem cells in medicine

A 
Tumour development (stem cells divide rapidly)
Disease transmission (stem cells could be infected and given to patient, making them ill)
Rejection (patient’s immune system rejects stem cells. Drugs taken to prevent this makes patient vulnerable to disease)
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18
Q

Drawbacks of embryonic stem cells

A

May be seen as unethical

Could lead to illegal cloning of humans

19
Q

Benefits of embryonic stem cells

A

Pluripotent (can become almost any cell)

Easier to locate and remove than adult stem cells

20
Q

Drawbacks of adult stem cells

A

Have to harvest specific stem cells from different parts of body
Multipotent (limited)
Difficult to identify and remove from tissues (mixed with differentiated cells in body)

21
Q

Benefits of adult stem cells

A

Present in adults (so more ethical)
If from patient, no risk of rejection
Multipotent (can treat a variety of diseases)

22
Q

Spinal cord definition

A

Long column of neurones that run from base of brain down the spin
Comments with others parts of body and relays information between brain and rest of body

23
Q

Cerebrum location and purpose

A

Largest part of brain
Right side of brain controls left side of body and vice versa
Responsible for movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision

24
Q

Cerebellum location and purpose

A

Found at bottom / back of brain

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance

25
Q

Medulla oblongata location and purpose

A

Found at the base of the brain

Controls unconscious activities e.g. breathing and heart rate

26
Q

CT scanning in investigating brain

A

Uses X-rays to produce an image of brain
Shows main structures of brain but not functions
Can show damaged / diseased parts of brain

27
Q

PET scans in investigating brain

A

Uses radioactive chemicals to produce real time images of brain
Can show real time images of brain function and structure
Can show activity or inactivity to diagnose or understand the brain

28
Q

Problems with treating CNS

A

neurones in CNS don’t readily repair themselves
no current method to repair nervous tissue in CNS
not easy to access CNS (e.g. brain is in skull)
treatment of CNS (e.g. surgery) may lead to permanent damage

29
Q

Creating a response method

A

Sensory receptors receive a stimulus
Electric impulse is made and travels along sensory neurone
Electric impulse travels up spinal cord and to brain where response is coordinated
Electric impulse is sent to effector via a motor neurone
Effector responds accordingly

30
Q

Dendron / dendrite purpose

A

Carry nerve impulses towards cell body

31
Q

Axon purpose

A

Carry nerve impulses away from cell body

32
Q

Myelin sheath purpose

A

Electrical insulator that surrounds axon, which speeds up nerve impulses

33
Q

Sensory neurone structure

A

One long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to cell body
One short axon carries impulses to CNS

34
Q

Motor neurone structure

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from CNS to cell body
One long axon covered by myelin sheath daddies impulses to effector cells from cell body

35
Q

Relay neurone structure

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to cell body
Axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to motor neurones

36
Q

Synapse method

A

nerve signals is transferred by neurotransmitters which diffuse across gap
new impulse is set off by neurotransmitters in next neurone
this prevents impulses from travelling backwards but slows down impulses (as diffusion takes time)

37
Q

Reflex definition

A

automatic, rapid response to stimuli to reduce chances of being injured

38
Q

Reflex arc

A

stimulus is received by receptor cell
nerve impulse is created and regales from sensory neurone to spinal cord
neurotransmitters are transferred between sensory neurone and relay neurone, creating a new impulse
impulse travels to motor neurone via synapse
impulse travels along motor neurone to effector
this is faster as time to think of a response is cut out

39
Q

Eye structures and purposes

A

cornea refracts light into eye
iris controls amount of light that enters pupil
lens refracts light and focuses it into retina
retina is covered by rods and cones (receptor cells)
rods are sensitive in dim light but can’t detect co,our
cones are sensitive to colours but not good in dim light
information from light is converted into electrical impulses
optic nerve carries impulses from receptors to brain

40
Q

Causes of long-sightedness

A

short eyeball

lens not bending light enough

41
Q

Causes of short-sightedness

A

long eyeball

lens bending light too much

42
Q

eye problem treatments

A 
short-sightedness = glasses with concave lenses
long-sightedness = glasses with convex lenses
cataracts = replace lens with artificial lens
43
Q

cataract definition

A

cloudy patches on lens, hindering light from getting into eye

Biology (9 decks)

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