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Cells and Control Flashcards

1
Q

Cell cycle

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase 
Cytokinesis
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2
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Subcellular structures are duplicated

DNA is duplicated, forming X-shaped chromosomes

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3
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense
Nucleus membrane breaks down
Chromosomes lie free in cytoplasm
Spindle fibres begin to form

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4
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at centre of cell

Opposite arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of cell

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5
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Cell fibres pull chromosomes apart

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6
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nucleus membranes form around each set of chromosomes and forms nuclei of daughter cells

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7
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form separate cells (during telophase)

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8
Q

Growth definition

A

Increase in size and mass

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9
Q

How growth is induced

A

Cell differentiation
Cell division
Cell elongation (plants)

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10
Q

Cell differentiation definition

A

When cells change to specialise for their job

Allows multicellular organisms work more efficiently

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11
Q

Purposes of mitosis

A

Grow
Replace damaged cells
Asexual reproduction

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12
Q

Cancer definition

A

Case of uncontrolled cell division

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13
Q

Stem cells definition

A

Undifferentiated cells

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14
Q

Embryonic stem cells facts

A

Found in early human embryos

Can become any kind of cell

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15
Q

Adult stem cells facts

A

Only found in certain places in adult body
Can only produce certain cells
Used to replace damaged cells in the body

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16
Q

Meristem cell facts

A

Found in areas where plant grows

Produces stem cells that differentiate to any type

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17
Q

Risks of stem cells in medicine

A 
Tumour development (stem cells divide rapidly)
Disease transmission (stem cells could be infected and given to patient, making them ill)
Rejection (patient’s immune system rejects stem cells. Drugs taken to prevent this makes patient vulnerable to disease)
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18
Q

Drawbacks of embryonic stem cells

A

May be seen as unethical

Could lead to illegal cloning of humans

19
Q

Benefits of embryonic stem cells

A

Pluripotent (can become almost any cell)

Easier to locate and remove than adult stem cells

20
Q

Drawbacks of adult stem cells

A

Have to harvest specific stem cells from different parts of body
Multipotent (limited)
Difficult to identify and remove from tissues (mixed with differentiated cells in body)

21
Q

Benefits of adult stem cells

A

Present in adults (so more ethical)
If from patient, no risk of rejection
Multipotent (can treat a variety of diseases)

22
Q

Spinal cord definition

A

Long column of neurones that run from base of brain down the spin
Comments with others parts of body and relays information between brain and rest of body

23
Q

Cerebrum location and purpose

A

Largest part of brain
Right side of brain controls left side of body and vice versa
Responsible for movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision

24
Q

Cerebellum location and purpose

A

Found at bottom / back of brain

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance

25
Medulla oblongata location and purpose
Found at the base of the brain | Controls unconscious activities e.g. breathing and heart rate
26
CT scanning in investigating brain
Uses X-rays to produce an image of brain Shows main structures of brain but not functions Can show damaged / diseased parts of brain
27
PET scans in investigating brain
Uses radioactive chemicals to produce real time images of brain Can show real time images of brain function and structure Can show activity or inactivity to diagnose or understand the brain
28
Problems with treating CNS
neurones in CNS don’t readily repair themselves no current method to repair nervous tissue in CNS not easy to access CNS (e.g. brain is in skull) treatment of CNS (e.g. surgery) may lead to permanent damage
29
Creating a response method
Sensory receptors receive a stimulus Electric impulse is made and travels along sensory neurone Electric impulse travels up spinal cord and to brain where response is coordinated Electric impulse is sent to effector via a motor neurone Effector responds accordingly
30
Dendron / dendrite purpose
Carry nerve impulses towards cell body
31
Axon purpose
Carry nerve impulses away from cell body
32
Myelin sheath purpose
Electrical insulator that surrounds axon, which speeds up nerve impulses
33
Sensory neurone structure
One long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to cell body One short axon carries impulses to CNS
34
Motor neurone structure
Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from CNS to cell body One long axon covered by myelin sheath daddies impulses to effector cells from cell body
35
Relay neurone structure
Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to cell body Axon carries nerve impulses from cell body to motor neurones
36
Synapse method
nerve signals is transferred by neurotransmitters which diffuse across gap new impulse is set off by neurotransmitters in next neurone this prevents impulses from travelling backwards but slows down impulses (as diffusion takes time)
37
Reflex definition
automatic, rapid response to stimuli to reduce chances of being injured
38
Reflex arc
stimulus is received by receptor cell nerve impulse is created and regales from sensory neurone to spinal cord neurotransmitters are transferred between sensory neurone and relay neurone, creating a new impulse impulse travels to motor neurone via synapse impulse travels along motor neurone to effector this is faster as time to think of a response is cut out
39
Eye structures and purposes
cornea refracts light into eye iris controls amount of light that enters pupil lens refracts light and focuses it into retina retina is covered by rods and cones (receptor cells) rods are sensitive in dim light but can’t detect co,our cones are sensitive to colours but not good in dim light information from light is converted into electrical impulses optic nerve carries impulses from receptors to brain
40
Causes of long-sightedness
short eyeball | lens not bending light enough
41
Causes of short-sightedness
long eyeball | lens bending light too much
42
eye problem treatments
``` short-sightedness = glasses with concave lenses long-sightedness = glasses with convex lenses cataracts = replace lens with artificial lens ```
43
cataract definition
cloudy patches on lens, hindering light from getting into eye

Biology (9 decks)

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