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Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the stem

A

Support and transport materials to the upper parts of the plant
Some stem leaves store food eg celery and rhubard

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2
Q

What is the function of the leaves

A

Make food,exchange gases and allow water to pass out

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3
Q

What do the buds do

A

Future growth points

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4
Q

What is the function of flowers

A

Produce seeds for reproduction

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5
Q

What is the function of the roots

A

They anchor the plant and take in water and minerals

Some roots store food eg carrots and potatoes

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6
Q

What is photsynthesis

A

The way in which green plants make their own food

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7
Q

What is the word equation for photsynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide+water —— sunlight+chlorophyll = glucose + oxygen

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8
Q

What are the factors of photosynthesis and what do they do?

A

Carbon dioxide:
Enters the under surface of leaves through tiny openings called stomata.

Water:
Enters the roots from the soil
Passes up from the stem in tubes called xylem

Light:
Sunlight, provides the energy for photosynthesis

Chlorophyll:
Is a green pigment or dye made by plants
Absorbs light

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9
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose- used for respiration, stored as starch and makes cell walls
Oxygen-respiration, passes out of the stomata into the air

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10
Q

Describe and experiment to show that starch is produced during photosynthesis

A

Put a plant in darkness for 24 hours to de-starch.
Put in sunlight for 24 hours.
Put tinfoil on some leaves to block out light and prevent photosynthesis. These leaves act as a control.
Place the plant in strong light for a few hours, allowing photosynthesis to take place.
Test the leaves for starch

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11
Q

Describe how to test leaves for starch

A

1.Place green leaves in boiling water to kill and soften the leaves.

2.Soak the leaves in hot alcohol to remove chlorophyll
The alcohol turns green as chlorophyll dissolves in it.
Heat alcohol by placing in boiling water

  1. Place the now brittle leaves into boiling water to soften them.
  2. Place the leaves on a white surface and cover them with iodine solution.

The uncovered leaves turn a blue black colour as they contain starch.
The covered leaves remain a red yellow colour as they not contain starch.

Conclusion: starch is produced by plants in photosynthesis

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12
Q

What is tropism

A

The change in growth of a plant in response to an outside stimulus

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13
Q

What is phototropism

A

The change in growth of a plant in response to light.

The shoots of a plant grow towards the light due to to phototropism.

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14
Q

How would you investigate phototropism

A

Petri dish containing wet cotton wool sprinkled with seedlings

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15
Q

What is geotropism

A

The change in growth of a plant in response to gravity.

The shoots of a plant grow away from gravity, growing upwards towards the light.

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16
Q

Why do the plants roots grow downwards

A

They grow into the soil to get a better grip and absorb water

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17
Q

Describe an experiment to investigate geotropism

A

Soak some large seeds in water for a day or two to allow them to germinate.
Line a beaker with filter paper.
Support the compost with damp soil and place the seeds between the paper and the glass.
Leave the jar in a warm dark place.

The seeds grow and the roots shoot downwards while the shoots grow upwards.
This shows that roots grow downwards towards gravity while shoots grow upwards away from gravity.

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18
Q

What are the two types of plant transport tissue?

A

Xylem- transports water and dissolved minerals.

Phloem- transports food

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19
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water from a plant

20
Q

What is the transpiration stream

A

The flow of water from the roots of the stems and into the leaves

21
Q

What is the stomata

A

Tiny holes on the surface of the leaf where most transpiration occurs

22
Q

What are the functions of transpiration

A
  1. Supplies leaves with water for photosynthesis.
  2. Supplies plants with minerals (dissolved in water)
  3. Helps cool plants down
23
Q

What factors affect transpiration

A

Humidity: transpiration slows down if the leaf is already surrounded by moist air

Temperature: faster with higher temperatures

Wind: faster in windy conditions as water vapour is removed quickly by air movement

Soil water content

24
Q

Describe an experiment to show the path of water through a plant

A

Place a piece of celery in coloured water.
Leave for a few days.
Cut the stalk.
Observe the path taken by the coloured water as it moves through the plant.

25
Q

Describe an experiment to show that water passes from the roots up through the stem and out of the leaves

A

Place the roots of a young plant in water
Cover the water with a layer of foil
Note that the level of the water goes down over time

26
Q

Describe an experiment to show that water evaporates from the surface of a leaf by transpiration

A

Cover a well watered pot plant with a plastic bag
Leave in sunshine
Observe droplets of water on the plastic bag
Test with copper sulphate
Copper sulphate turns from white to blue

27
Q

What are the stages in plant reproduction

A

Pollination, fertilisation, dispersial and germination

28
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

The formation of offspring from only one parent

29
Q

Give an examples of asexual reproduction in plants

A

Strawberry plants produce special stems called runners which grow from the base of the plant

30
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction involving two sex cells

31
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The joining of sex cells

32
Q

What function do the sepals carry out

A

The sepals protect the flower when it is a bud

33
Q

What function do the petals carry out

A

Petals protect the internal parts of the flower. In many flowers the petals are brightly coloured to attract insects

34
Q

What is the function of the carpel

A

The carpel is the female part of the flower. Each carpel produces an egg cell. The nucleus of the egg is the female gamete.
Some flowers have more than one carpel

35
Q

What is the stamen

A

This is the male part of the flower. It produces pollen grains.
The nucleus in the pollen grain is the male gamete. Most male flowers have a number of stamen.

36
Q

What is the structure of the carpel

A

Stigma- pollen grains land here
Style- connects the stigma to the ovary
Ovary- contains ovulaes which produce and egg

37
Q

What is the structure of the stamen

A

Filament-supports the anther, ensures they are high up enough in the flower so pollen can leave easily.

Anther- makes pollen grains

38
Q

What is pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from a stamen to a carpel

39
Q

What agents are used for pollination

A

Wind and insects

40
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The joining of the male and female gametes to form a zygote

41
Q

Where does fertilisation take place

A

In the base of the carpel

42
Q

What happens once fertilisation is complete?

A

The ovulae forms a seed which starts off as a zygote surrounded by a food supply.
The zygote grows to form a tiny plant called the embryo

43
Q

What does the embryo consist of

A

The plumulae will form the future shoot of the plant

The radicle will form the future roots of the plant

44
Q

What happens after fertilisation

A

The ovulae swells with food and a hard outer wall called the testa is formed. The testa forms the coat of the seed

45
Q

Name three characteristics of an insect pollinated plant

A

Flowers are large, colourful and scented
The stamens are inside the flower
The pollen grains are larg

46
Q

Three characteristics of a wind pollinated plant

A

Small, green often unscented petals
Stamens hang outside the flower
Large pollen grains

Science (12 decks)

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