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Biology 1114 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Plants

A

Domain Eukarya,
Kingdom Plantae

  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • well-developed tissues
  • mostly terrestrial and sessile
  • exhibit embryo protection
  • Photoautotrophic
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2
Q

Plants: Major groups

A

Non-Vascular Plants (all are seedless)

Vascular Seedless Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

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3
Q

Present number of species of land plants

A

roughly 290,000 species

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4
Q

The earliest plants

A

Fossil spores from about 475 million years ago.

Tough-skinned spores provide excellent fossil records.

(Fungi fossils show 470 myo),

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5
Q

Plants: Life on Land (475 mya)

A

To adapt to life on land, plants evolved features that allow them to

  • resist drying out (absorb and retain water)
  • absorb nutrients
  • stand upright without outside support
  • reproduction not dependent on water

These features appeared over time

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6
Q

Key traits of land plants

A
  1. apical meristems
  2. tough, resistant spores from sporangia
  3. special organs for production of gametes
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7
Q

Plant Adaptations:

Embryo Protection

A

all plants nourish a multicellular embryo in the body of the female plant
- this feature distinguishes plants from green algae

first appeared in the non-vascular plants (the bryophytes)

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8
Q

Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes)

A

Simplest, most primitive plants

Lack roots and vascular tissue

  • water and nutrients move by diffusion
  • small in size
  • dependent on water for reproduction

Ex: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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9
Q

Earliest plants

A

mosses

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10
Q

Bryophytes

A

mosses (15,000 species)
liverworts (100)
hornworts (9,000)

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11
Q

Qualities of earliest plants

A
  • have cuticle
  • don’t have roots or true leaves (require moisture)
  • are small
  • today compose 7% of plant species
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12
Q

vascularity

A

93%

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13
Q

Plant Adaptations:

Vascular Tissue

A

Distinguishes vascular plants from non-vascular plants

Xylem transports water and minerals from roots upward

Phloem transports organic nutrients from photosynthesis downward

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14
Q

Xylem

A

transports water and minerals from roots upward.

Made of dead cells with rigid cell walls.

Provides the plant with structural support.

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15
Q

Phloem

A

transports organic nutrients (sugar) from photosynthesis downward from the leaves.

Made up of living cells with thinner cell walls.

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16
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Includes club mosses, ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.

The first to evolve vascular tissue to transport:
- water and inorganic nutrients from roots upwards (xylem)
- dissolved sugar the leaves downward (phloem)
- Are larger than bryophytes as a result
- Use spores for reproduction
wind-dispersed

17
Q

Eariliest vascular plants (extant species numbers)

A

Lycophytes: (1,200 species)
Pterophytes: ferns 12,000 species (ferns) and horsetails 15 species

Horsetails: all in the genus Equisetum

18
Q

Plant Adaptations:

Seeds

A
  • Distinguishes plants with seeds from the seedless vascular plants
  • Seed: an embryo and stored nutrients within a protective coat
19
Q

Vascular Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)

A
  • The first plants to evolve seeds; use seeds for dispersal rather than spores.
  • Most are cone-bearing (conifers)
  • “naked seeds”
  • Do not need water to reproduce
  • Do not produce flowers or fruit

Examples: conifers: pine, spruce, cycads, ginkos

160 mya, gymnosperms dominated forests

Very successful

  • deserts to tundra
  • sea level to tree line
  • taller and older than any other plants
20
Q

In the beginning, the seeds were naked…

A

gymn = naked

Gymnosperm = “naked seeds”

21
Q

Gymnosperms 4 Phyla

A

Cycadophyta (cycads)
Gnetophyta

Gingkophyta (ginko: only extant species is Gingko biloba)
Coniferophyta (conifers) (about 600 species)

22
Q

Plant Adaptations:

Flowers and Fruits

A

Flowers: reproductive structures that attract pollinators and develop into fruit

Flowers distinguish the angiosperms from the gymnosperms

23
Q

Angiosperms: 1 Phylum

A

Anthophyta (a.k.a., Magnoliophyta)
= about 90% of all plant species

the first and only plants to have flowers and produce fruit.

Highly diverse: ~six times as many species of angiosperms as there are of all other plant species combined

24
Q

The flowers of angiosperms

A

The flower is a modified shoot (stem with leaves) with up to four whorls of modified leaves encircling the stem

2 whorls are “sterile” (i.e., not directly involved in reproduction): sepals & petals

2 whorls are “reproductive”:
stamens (produce pollen) and carpels (contain the ovule(s))

25
Q

Flowers

A

In angiosperms, the ovule is buried in the tissue of a flower (i.e., not naked)

  • Pollen lands on the stigma and grows through the style to reach the micropyle of the ovule
  • Leads to more female control of reproduction and sexual selection (e.g., pollen tube can be rejected)
26
Q

Sepals

A

outermost, green, leaf-like parts that protect the growing bud

27
Q

Petals

A

parts just inside the sepals; often colorful to attract pollinators

28
Q

Stamen

A

male flower parts:

  • anther (produces pollen)
  • filament (supporting stalk)
29
Q

Carpel

A

female flower parts:

  • stigma (sticky tip)
  • style (stalk)
  • ovary (contains the ovules)
30
Q

Pollination begins when

A

a pollen grain sticks to the stigma

31
Q

Pollination and Fertilization

A

One sperm fertilizes the egg cell

  • becomes the diploid zygote
  • grows via mitosis to become the embryo
32
Q

Preventing self-fertilization

A

The stamens and carpels of the flowers of some angiosperms mature at different times

Many angiosperms display self-incompatibility

Biochemical blocks prevent pollen from same plant (or closely related individuals) from reaching an egg cell.

33
Q

Explaining angiosperm success

A

Many gymnosperms have slow life cycles (take many years to reach maturity)

Many angiosperms have short reproductive cycles (think, herbaceous flowers), which can evolve more rapidly because of more generations in shorter time(think, natural selection)

AND Angiosperms advertise for sex and advertise for dispersal

34
Q

Plant-Pollinator Coevolution

A

Plants have become more effective at attracting specific pollinators

Pollinators have become more effective at exploiting specific plant resources

The features of the flower can often tell us about the type of animal that likely pollinates it

35
Q

Fruits develop from pollinated flowers

A

The embryo will grow to become a seed:
an embryo plus stored food inside a protective seed coat.

The wall of the ovary typically grows to form some kind of fruit.

36
Q

The next challenge: Seed Dispersal

A

Fruit structure can tell you a lot about its dispersal

37
Q

Animal-dispersed seeds/fruits

A

are colorful and conspicuous, taste good, and are usually good for animals

Essentially bribes plants pay animals to disperse their seeds

Biology 1114 (21 decks)

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