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Biology 1114 > Lab 7: The Skeleton and the Sheep Brain > Flashcards

Lab 7: The Skeleton and the Sheep Brain Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Fetal Skeleton

A

The fetal skeleton is completely made of cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone as the body matures.

The flexible cartilage allows for growth.

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2
Q

Pig Skull is composed of 2 parts:

A

The Cranial Region

The Facial Region

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3
Q

The Cranial Region

A

Composed of 8 bones, same as in humans.

There are 4 major bones:
Frontal 
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
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4
Q

The Facial Region

A

Contains 19 bones (more than in humans).

Includes the mandible, maxilla, nasal bones, premaxilla

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5
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Cheekbone

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6
Q

Mandible

A

A facial bone composed of 2 dentaries.

The Mandible of 2 Dentaries is only in Mammals, other animals have different kinds of mandibles.

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7
Q

Lacrimal

A

??

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8
Q

Vomer

A

Located on the midsagittal plane.

Associated with the vomeronasal organ, which is a chemoreceptor for pheromones.

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9
Q

Foramina

A

The holes in the bone of the skull through which blood vessels and nerves enter and exit.

The largest of these foramina is the Foramen Magnum

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10
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

The largest of the foramina

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11
Q

Human Female Pelvis Characteristics

A

Wide, oval-shaped pelvic inlet/brim.

Pelvic Outlet is wider.

Ischial tuberosities are shorter, farther apart, and everted.

Pubic Arch is greater than 90º.

Ischial spine points posteriorly.

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12
Q

Human Male Pelvis Characteristics

A

Narrow, heart-shaped pelvic inlet/brim.

Pelvic Outlet is narrow.

Ischial tuberosities are longer, farther apart, and point inwardly.

Pubic Arch is less than 90º.

Ischial spine points medially.

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13
Q

What bones comprise the skull?

A

?

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14
Q

What is the function of the foramen magnum?

A

The foramen magnum literally translates to ‘very big opening.’ The foramen magnum is the big opening on the backside of the skull where the spinal cord and its components come into the skull. This allows for the brain to effectively transmit information and direction through the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

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15
Q

How is the Human mandible different from a cow’s?

A

Animal mandibles are often “V” shaped in superior/inferior view and separate at the midline as opposed to the “U” shaped singular construction of the human mandible.

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16
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

The neck vertebrae.
The first 7 vertebrae of the spine.

Most mammals have these vertebrae.

Easily identified by the lateral foramina.

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17
Q

Atlas

A

The first of the cervical vertebrae.
The vertebra closest to the head.
Articulates directly with the occipital condyles.

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18
Q

occipital condyles

A

each of two rounded knobs on the occipital bone that form a joint with the first cervical vertebra.

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19
Q

Axis

A

The second of the cervical vertebrae.

The vertebra under the Atlas.

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20
Q

Hyroid Bone

A

The Lingual Bone.
The only bone not articulated with another bone.
Related to a wider vocal range.

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21
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Humans have 12.
Each has one pair of vertebrae attached to it.

Have distinctive Dorsal Spinal Processes for attachment of the neck muscles.

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22
Q

Sternum

A

The first 7 ribs join at the sternum.

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23
Q

Dorsal Spinal Processes

A

Found in the Thoracic Vertebrae.

Use: attachment of the neck muscles.

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24
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Humans have 5.

Have distinctive Lateral Processes for attachment of the abdominal muscles which secure the organs.

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25
Q

Lateral Processes

A

Attach the Lumbar Vertebrae to the Abdominal muscles which secure the organs.

26
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A

Humans have 3.

27
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A

Humans have 3.

Attached to the pelvic bone.

28
Q

Coccygeal Vertebrae

A

Humans have 3-5.

Form the tailbone.

29
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone.

Part of the pectoral girdle in humans.

30
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder Blade.

Part of the pectoral girdle in humans.

31
Q

pectoral girdle in humans

A

Includes the Scapula and Clavicle in humans.

32
Q

How do the Atlas, Axis, and Skull articulate with each other?

A

In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine.

It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head.

The atlas is the topmost vertebra, and – along with the Axis – forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae. They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head.

The atlanto-occipital joint allows the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column. The dens acts as a pivot that allows the atlas and attached head to rotate on the axis, side to side.

The Atlas’ chief peculiarity is that it has no body, it is ring-like, and consists of an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses.

The Atlas and Axis are important neurologically because the brain stem extends down to the Axis.

33
Q

pectoral girdle in pigs

A

??

34
Q

Which bone is not articulated with any other?

A

hyoid
The hyoid bone helps to support the tongue and elevate the larynx when you talk or swallow. It’s the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone. The hyoid is suspended above the larynx and is anchored by ligaments to bones in the skull.

35
Q

How is the Human spine different from a Cow’s?

A

??

36
Q

What bones are part of the Pelvic Girdle?

A

The bony pelvis consists of the 2 hip bones (also known as innominate or pelvic bones), sacrum and coccyx.

37
Q

Pig forelegs.

A

Composed of humerus, ulna and radius, 8 carpals, 4 metacarpals, and 12 phalanges.

38
Q

Radius

A

Arm muscle that’s always on the side of the Thumb.

39
Q

Carpals

A

wrist bones

40
Q

metacarpals

A

Humans have 5.

They form the hand.

41
Q

phalanges

A

Humans have 14 per hand.

They form the fingers (3 each) and the thumb (2 each)

42
Q

Pig Hindlegs.

A

Femur, patella, fibula, tibia, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 12 phalanges to form 4 digits.

43
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bone

44
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap

45
Q

Fibula

A

external lower leg bone

46
Q

Tibia

A

shin bone, front lower leg bone.

47
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone

48
Q

How do the bones of a human and cow legs differ with shape, position, and articulation?

A

?

49
Q

What major blood vessels supply blood to the clavicle?

A

Subclavian arteries?

50
Q

What major blood vessels supply blood to the femur?

A

femoral artery

51
Q

Meninges

A

The 3 membranous protective layers covering the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid flows through these meninges.

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

52
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest, most complex integration center of the brain.

Thought, reasoning, consciousness

53
Q

corpus callosum

A

The thick band of nerve fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres in mammals, enabling the hemispheres to process information together.

Severing these fibers ends communication between the hemispheres.

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinate voluntary movement, balance. Damage could result in ataxia

55
Q

Brainstem

A

Cranial nerves

3 Parts:
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

56
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

The lowest part of the vertebrate brain, commonly called the medulla.
a swelling of the hindbrain anterior to the spinal cord that controls autonomic, homeostatic functions, including breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, gagging, swallowing, digestion, coughing, and vomiting.

57
Q

midbrain

A

One of three ancestral and embryonic regions of the vertebrate brain; develops into sensory integrating and relay centers that send auditory and visual sensory information to the cerebrum.

58
Q

pons

A

A portion of the brain that participates in certain automatic, homeostatic functions, such as regulating the breathing centers in the medulla.

Relays sensory info between cerebrum and cerebellum

59
Q

thalamus

A

The Switchboard. An integrating center of the vertebrate forebrain. Neurons with cell bodies in the thalamus relay neural input to specific areas in the cerebral cortex and regulate what information goes to the cerebral cortex.

Sleep, Consciousness
All senses except olfaction
Limbic System» memory, emotion

60
Q

optic chiasm

A

The place where the two optic nerves meet and axons representing distinct sides of the visual field are segregated from one another before reaching the brain.

61
Q

What are the functions of the left and right brain?

A

Left Hemisphere:
Language
Math
Logic

Right Hemisphere:
    Spatial abilities
    Face recognition
    Visual imagery
    Music
62
Q

ulna

A

the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb.

Biology 1114 (21 decks)

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