Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1114 > ANIMALS > Flashcards

ANIMALS Flashcards

1
Q

Animal Classification

A

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia

multicellular organisms 
- well developed tissues (one exception)
animals eat other organisms
- heterotrophic by ingestion
- digest food in internal digestive cavity
animals move
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

NUMBER OF PHYLA

A

THIS REPRESENTS 9 / 36 ANIMAL PHYLA (ABOUT 25% OF THE PHYLA, BUT 95% OF ANIMAL SPECIES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 key distinctions divide the animals…

A
  1. Does the animal have specialized cells that form defined tissues?
  2. Does the animal develop with radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry?
  3. During development, does the animal’s gut develop from front to back or back to front?
  4. Does growth occur by molting or by adding continuously to the skeletal elements?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does the animal have true tissues?

A

no true tissues: sponges

true tissues: everything else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tissues

A

Tissues are layers of communicating cells that work together to perform the same function

Animals are first categorized by the presence or absence of tissue, then the number of tissue layers

Parazoa: No true tissues
Eumetazoa: Two or three tissues
- Diploblast: Two tissues
- Triploblast: Three tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Porifera

A 
Parazoa – No tissues
About 5000 species
No symmetry
Sessile
Filter-feeders
Use choanocytes to move water in and out of spongocoel
Full size sponge can filter more than 1000 gallons of water per day.
Absorbent and Porous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of symmetry does the animal have?

A

Radial Symmetry: multiple planes divide the organism into mirror images

Bilateral Symmetry: only one plane divides the organism into mirror images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Symmetry

A

Eumetazoans are divided into two groups based on larval symmetry (adult body plan may have secondary symmetry)

Radially symmetric animals can be cut in any direction with equal portions

Bilaterally symmetric animals can only be cut into mirrored left and right sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cnidarians

A

11,000 species
Only phyla with radial symmetry (that we study)
Jellyfish, Corals, and Anemones
Defined as having stinging cells to capture prey
diploblastic – that is, the body and tentacles consist of two cell layers,
Live either as free-floating form or polyp form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cnidarians: Corals

A

Corals obtain much of their nutrition from algae that live within them
- Symbiotic relationship

Coral bleaching:
When corals expel their algae, can happen due to pollution and/or climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blastopore Fate

A

Triploblast animals form a tubular gut during the blastocyst stage

The blastopore becomes either the mouth or the anus

Name depends on fate of blastopore

  • Protostomes = “first mouth”
  • Deuterostome = “second mouth” (the anus develops from the blastopore first)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Protostome vs Deuterostome

A

Deuterostomes include Chordates and Echinoderms

Protostomes include Arthropods, Roundworms, Mollusks, Annelids, and Flatworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protostome Development

A

Protostomes are further divided based on their larval body form

Lophotrochozoans = lopho + trocho

  • Lophophorata have a hollow feeding appendage (lophophore)
  • Trochophores use cilia for motility

Ecdysozoa = “molting animals”
- Have exoskeleton that must be shed in order to grow (ecdysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mollusca

A 
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Protostomes
Lophotrochozoans
~ 45,000 species

3 Classes

  • Gastropoda
  • Bivalvia
  • Cephalopoda

Body plan:

  • Viscera (gut system)
  • Mantle (secretes shell)
  • Muscular foot (can be modified into tentacles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A

Mollusca, Annelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bivalvia

A

Mantle secretes large shell to cover entire body
Muscular foot is hidden within shell
Filter feeders
Clams, oysters, scallops

17
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A

Mollusca, Annelids, Platyhelminthes

18
Q

Cephalopoda

A

“Head foot”
Muscular foot sticks out of the head portion
Modified into tentacles
Squids, ocotopodes, nautiluses, cuttlefish

19
Q

The Annelids

A 
About 13,500 species
Segmented body
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Protostome
Lophotrochozoan
Nerve cord (ventral)
Freshwater or marine
20
Q

Flatworms

A

20,000 species
Many are parasites
- Tapeworms
- Flukes

21
Q

Platyhelminthes: Flatworms

A

20,000 species
Many are parasites
- Tapeworms
- Flukes

Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Protostomes
Lophotrochozoan
Free-swimming or parasitic
Freshwater or marine
22
Q

Does the animal molt as it grows?

A

Molting: shedding an exoskeleton (hard outer layer) and replacing it with a larger one at regular intervals

23
Q

Arthropods: Very diverse (> 1 million species)

A

75% of all animals are arthropods!

24
Q

Nematodes: Roundworms

A

Extremely diverse
90,000 species
Several thousand in a spoonful of garden soil
Can produce more than 200,000 eggs per day!!!

Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Protostome
Ecdysozoan (cuticle)
Parasites, detritovores, predators… they’re everywhere
C. elegans (1998, first multicellular organism to have genome sequenced
the Guinea worm, heartwormm and pinworm

25
Q

Arthropods

A 
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Protostome
Ecdysozoan
Most successful phylum! 
	(most diverse body plans)
26
Q

4 different groups of Arthropods

A

Insects
Millipedes and Centipedes
Arachnids
Crustaceans

27
Q

Insects

A

Most diverse group of animals

Total 1 million species
- Flies: 150,000 species
- Bees, wasps, and ants: 125,000 species
- Butterflies and Moths: 120,000 species
- Beetles: 400,000 species!
More species of beetles than all plants combined!

“-pter” means wing
“Lepido-” means scale
“Hymeno-” means thin membrane
“Coleo-” means shield or sheath (beetles)

28
Q

Metamorphosis

A

Insects mature to their adult forms via metamorphosis

  • Complete (larva > pupa > adult)
  • Incomplete (nymph > adult)
29
Q

Echinodermata

A

Bilateral* symmetry

Secondary radial symmetry in many adults (pentaradial)

Triploblastic
Deuterostomes
Endoskeleton of calcified ossicles
Tube feet for locomotion

Sea urchin (“sea biscuit”), crinoid (“sea lily”), a flattened sea urchin (“sand dollar” or “sea cookie”), sea cucumber (Holothuroidea)

About 3,500 species
Enclosed by a hard skeleton under spiny skin

30
Q

Chordata

A 
Bilateral
Triploblastic
Deuterostome
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post-anal tail
31
Q

Chordata

A 
Bilateral
Triploblastic
Deuterostome
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post-anal tail

58,000 species

32
Q

Tardigrada ???

A 
aka “water bears”
 Can survive extreme conditions:
 - dehydration (10 years)
 - freezing & extreme heat (a few days)
 - the vacuum of space!
33
Q

If you are a protostome, do you molt?

A

Yes: Ecdysozoa

No: Lophotrochocoa

Biology 1114 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions