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Bio 111 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Dicots:

A

Net veins in leaves, floral parts in 4 or 5s, tap root.

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1
Q

Monocots:

A

Parallel veins in leaves, floral parts in 3s, fibrous root.

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2
Q

Tap root -

A

A thicker root that stores a lot of starch. The starch is used to grow a new shoot the following season.

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3
Q

Fibrous root -

A

A highly branched root that serves as a good anchor and stores less starch.

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4
Q

Root hairs -

A

Microscopic structures on roots that absorb water and minerals from the soil.

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5
Q

Adventitious roots -

A

Root found above ground or in unusual places. I.e. Corn, banyan tree.

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6
Q

Terminal bud

A

Occurs at the apex of the plant, and is followed by a compact series of nodes and internodes.

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7
Q

Auxiliary bud

A

Found in the angle between the petiole and the stem. Usually dormant.

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8
Q

Node

A

The point on the stem where the petiole of the leaf attaches to the stem.

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9
Q

Internode

A

The space on the stem between the nodes.

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10
Q

Apical dominance

A

Auxin is produced in the top 4 inches of the plant and keeps axillary buds dormant. As you move down the plant, there is a lower concentration of auxin and the auxiliary buds begin to grow. This gives plants a pyramidal shape.

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11
Q

Petiole

A

The stem of the leaf.

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12
Q

Blade

A

What you think of as a leaf.

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13
Q

Bulb

A

Often mistaken for a root, it is a series of storage leaves. I.e. an onion.

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14
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal underground stems.

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15
Q

Stolons

A

Horizontal above ground stems. I.e. strawberry

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16
Q

Protoplast

A

The cytoplasm of a plant cell.

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17
Q

Tonoplast

A

The sap or water vacuole in the plant cell which exerts turger pressure when filled with water. This pressure keeps the planet standing erect.

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18
Q

Plasmadesmata

A

Tubes or channels between plant cell walls which allow communication between plant cells.

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19
Q

Cell wall

A

Composed of starch and lignin. It gives rigidity to the plant.

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20
Q

3 plant tissue types

A
  1. Dermal or epidermis
  2. Vascular
  3. Ground
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21
Q
  1. Dermal tissue
A

A single layer of tightly packed cells which cover and protect young plants parts.
Or Epidermis - “skin” of the plant
Specialized functions: root hairs - extension of root epidermis.
Stem and leaf epidermis produces the cuticle or waxy covering of the leaf and stem system. It retains water.

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22
Q
  1. Vascular tissue
A

Xylem and phloem

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23
Q
  1. Ground tissue
A

A general tissue type that is used for photosynthesis, support and storage. Young plants are composed mostly of ground tissue.
Mostly parenchyma, the bulk of the plant material.

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24
Q

Parenchyma

A

A generalized type of plant cell. This is the least specialized type of cell, but conducts most of the plants metabolism.

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25
Q

Collenchyma

A

These cells lack a secondary wall, and are grouped into cylinders. They support young plant parts.

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26
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Cells with a thick secondary wall. They may be dead at functional maturity.

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27
Q

Root cap

A

A protective layer of cells which produce a carbohydrate slime to aid root penetration into the soil.

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28
Q

Apical meristem

A

Embryonic tissue which produces primary meristems and replaces root cap cells. Another apical meristem is found at the tip of the shoot.

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29
Q

Zone of differentiation

A

Root cells mature into 1 of 3 tissue types.

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30
Q

Zone of elongation

A

Root cells elongate to 10X their original length, and push the apical meristem of the root deeper into the ground.

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31
Q

Quiescent center

A

A group of specialized cells in the center of the apical meristem. They grow very slowly and are resistant to damage by radiation and chemicals. They are a foundation of youth of forever embryonic cells.

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32
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that carries water and minerals up in a plant.

33
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that carries sugar and nutrients down from the leaves to the other parts of the plant. Excess sugar is then stored in the root of the plant.

34
Q

Palisade parenchyma or mesophyll

A

Leaf cells which are responsible for the majority of photosynthesis in a leaf.

35
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

These cells perform some of the photosynthesis of the leaf. They have air spaces between the cells and allow O2 to exit the stomata, and CO2 to enter.

36
Q

Upper epidermis

A

Upper tissue layer of the leaf.

37
Q

Lower epidermis

A

Lower tissue layer of a leaf. Contains stomata for gas exchange.

38
Q

Cuticle

A

A waxy coating that reduces water loss from the leaf.

39
Q

Plant hormone:

Auxin

A

Found in the top 3-4 inches of the shoot. It prevents leaf drop and promotes ovary wall growth. A summer hormone.

40
Q

Plant hormone:

Gibberellins

A

Promotes germination in grass seed.

41
Q

Plant hormone:

Ethylene

A

A gas. It causes fruit to ripen.

42
Q

Plant hormone:

ABA or abscissic acid

A

This hormone is at it’s highest concentration in the fall. Cold degrades it, and rain water washes it away. This hormone maintains dormancy.

43
Q

Plant hormone:

Photochrome

A

A pigment that is light sensitive. It changes chemically in the presence of light and promotes stem growth and seed germination. gg cell

44
Q

Soil

A

Is a combination of weathered rock, living organisms, and partly decayed organic material.

45
Q

Clay

A

Particles have a negative charge. Nitrate, phosphate, and sulfur will bind to the soil, not leak out, and not contaminate water.

46
Q

Fertilizers

A

Have been used ever since cave man realized that grass and plants grew better where animals left droppings.

47
Q

Irrigation

A

Should only be used sparingly. As the water evaporates, salt and minerals are left in the soil. Irrigation over long periods of time make the soil too salty to be farmed.

48
Q

The earth’s atmosphere is composed of…

A

80% nitrogen. Plants can only assimilate nitrate and ammonium ions.

49
Q

Egg cell

A

The female cell, that when fertilized results in an embryonic plant.

50
Q

Pollen

A

Contain 2 sperm cells. One fertilizes an egg cell, the other fertilizes the polar nuclei to make endosperm.

51
Q

Pollen tube

A

A tube which grows down the sticky stigma to the ovary. The sperm swim down the tube and fertilize.

52
Q

2 polar nuclei

A

Left over from meiosis which made the egg cell. These nuclei will combine with one sperm and form endosperm, or the starchy material in a seed.

53
Q

Multiple fruit

A

A fruit that develops from a tightly clustered group of separate flowers. When the ovary walls thicken, they fuse together. I.e. Pineapple

54
Q

Composite fruit

A

I.e. Raspberries

55
Q

Simple fruit

A

I.e. Apple, cherry

56
Q

Complete flower

A

Has sepals, petals, stamens, and a carpel.

57
Q

Incomplete flower

A

lacking sepals, petals, stamens or carpels.

Missing one or more of the above.

58
Q

Imperfect flower

A

Flowers that lack either a stamen or a carpel.

59
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Growth throughout life

60
Q

Determinate growth

A

Stops at a certain size. I.e. An animal

61
Q

Embryonic plant tissue

A

Always at their meristem.

62
Q

Initials

A

Perpetual embryonic cells

63
Q

Derivitaves

A

Cells displaced from the meristem and develop into other tissues

64
Q

Primary growth -

A

Is elongation and from the apical meristems.
3 tissues: dermal, vascular, ground
Herbaceous and young woody plants are in primary growth.

65
Q

Secondary growth -

A

Is thickening of roots and shoots from the lateral meristems

66
Q

Annual life style

A

1 yr life:
Sprout, grow, flower, set seed, die
I.e. Petunia

67
Q

Biennial life style

A

2 yr life:
1st yr - sprout, grow
2nd - grow, flower, set seed, die
I.e. Sweet William, silver dollar plant

68
Q

Perennials life style

A

Many yr life
I.e. Trees, rose bushes
I.e. Buffalo grass in the North American plains - sprouted from seeds at the end of the ice age.

69
Q

Primary growth of roots

A

Pushes root through soil.

Root cap

70
Q

Root cap

A

Protects meristemic tissues.

Secretes a polysaccharide slime to lubricate soil and aid root penetration.

71
Q

3 zones of growth:

A

From the tip - 1. Zone of cell division

  1. Zone of cell elongation
  2. Zone of differentiation
72
Q
  1. Zone of elongation
A

Apical meristem and its derivatives called primary meristems produce cells to replace the broken root cap cells.

  • Quiescent center
  • protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
73
Q

Quiescent center

A

Group of cells which divide more slowly than other meristem cells. Not damaged by radiation or toxic chemicals.

74
Q

Protoderm

A

Dermal tissue of the root

75
Q

Procambium

A

Vascular tissue of the root

76
Q

Ground meristem

A

Ground tissue of the root

77
Q
  1. Zone of cell elongation
A

Cells elongate to 10X their original length. Elongation pushes the root tip forward into the soil.

78
Q
  1. Zone of differentiation
A

Root cells become specialized for structure and function

79
Q

Perfect flower

A

Flower with both a stamen and a carpel.

80
Q

Carpelate flowers

A

Imperfect and have only a carpel, no stamens.

Bio 111 (12 decks)

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