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Bio 111 > Exam 1 Prokaryotes To Vertebrates > Flashcards

Exam 1 Prokaryotes To Vertebrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Why does life occur on earth today?

A

Because the planet is not too close or too far from the sun. We have water on the planet, an atmosphere and chemical reactions happen in a reasonable amount of time

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1
Q

What did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey’s experiment?

A

Experiment started with N, CH4, CO, H, H2O, and electricity. these molecules were common in early Earth’s atmosphere they produced amino acids, which could go on to form proteins, and other molecules in cells. with enough time life could’ve started in this manner

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2
Q

What tonight 1997 scientific article suggest?

A

That life moved from Mars to Earth on a meteorite. But, lipid bilayers can form in Coacervates as well

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3
Q

Taxonomy hierarchy order?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

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4
Q

Edward Jenner invented the vaccination for?

A

Smallpox by introducing pox pus into the skin causing an immune reaction

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5
Q

Variolation?

A

Rubbing skin scabs on someone to give them immunity to smallpox

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6
Q

Lysogenic cycle?

A

Viral DNA incorporates into bacterial DNA, and may enter the lytic cycle later.

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7
Q

Lyric cycle?

A

Produces more viruses and quickly kills the bacterial cell

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8
Q

How are a small percent of people immune to AIDS?

A

The HIV virus cannot enter a helper T cell if the T cell has faulty receptors on it’s surface

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9
Q

Prions cause?

A

Proteins to miss fold. i.e. mad cow. prions are not destroyed by radiation

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10
Q

Viroids are?

A

Naked pieces of RNA that infect plant cells

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11
Q

Kingdom Monera contains only?

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

How old is Monera?

A

3.5 billion yrs old. Lived alone on earth for the first 2 billion years

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13
Q

The bacterial cell wall maintains what, but does not prevent what?

A

Maintains the cell shape and prevents bursting in hypoosmotic or watery solutions but does not prevent crenation or drying out.

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14
Q

Gram +

A

Steps:

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15
Q

Gram -

A

Steps:

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16
Q

Chemotaxis

A

A movement used by some bacteria to move them to food or light and away from toxins

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17
Q

Endospores -

A

Formed by some bacteria when living conditions become difficult or impossible

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18
Q

Endospores can -

A
  • Survive a lack of water and food, and can survive exposure to heat and poisons.
  • be killed by an autoclave or boiling a very very very long time.
  • spores of enterobacteria (intestinal bacteria) of mastodons have been known to grow.
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19
Q

Photoautotroph -

A

Organisms which use photosynthesis to convert sunlight energy into sugars and starch. Plants or photosynthetic protists and bacteria are examples.

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20
Q

Chemoautotroph -

A

Uses CO2 as a carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), Iron (Fe2+). Swamp bacteria are an example

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21
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

These organisms must consume organic molecules in their food to be used for energy and a carbon source. Animals are an example

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22
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Organisms which must use oxygen in the process of making ATP. Animals are an example

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23
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Organisms which use oxygen when it is available, and ferment when it is not. Bread yeast is an example.

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24
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Organisms which are killed in the presence of oxygen

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25
Q

Archaebacteria -

A

The oldest forms of bacteria. They live in unusual places such as Hot Springs, sulfur or acid springs or very salty water

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26
Q

Eubacteria -

A

All of the modern types of bacteria such as

E. Coli

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27
Q

Methanogens -

A

Bacteria which use hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide. They are poisoned by oxygen, and can be found in swamps, sewage, and the gut of termites. This is a more specific classification of an obligate anaerobe

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28
Q

Halophiles -

A

Bacterial which produce a red pigment called Bacteriorhodopsin, and live in very salty water such as the Dead Sea

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29
Q

Thermoacidophiles -

A

Bacteria which can live at temperatures of 60-80°C (140-176°F) and at a pH of 2-4. Remember water boils at 212°F

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30
Q

Pasteur and Lister

A

2 scientists who linked bacteria to the cause of disease

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31
Q

Koch

A

A scientist who outlined the steps to prove bacteria is linked to a particular illness

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32
Q

Salmonella -

A

A bacteria responsible for food poisoning. The bacterium is killed by cooking, can be found on eggs and chicken, and in hamburger. The illness develops several days after eating the effected food.

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33
Q

Clostridium botulinium

A

Another type of food poisoning. The toxin is so strong, 1mL would be enough to poison most of New York City.

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34
Q

Legionaires disease

A

Disease was discovered in 1976. The bacterium attacks monocytes, a type of white blood cells, causes pneumonia, and grows in warm, moist places such as a room humidifier. Members of the American legion were attending a convention in Las Vegas. Several members became ill a few died. The bacterial was found in the air conditioning system.

35
Q

Leptotrichia buccalis

A

A bacterium found in your mouth which produces filamentous cells leading to the production of tooth plaque

36
Q

Streptococcus sanguis

A

Mouth bacteria which ferment sugars and secrete lactic acid. They are responsible for cavities.

37
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Tiny parasitic bacteria which is sexually transmitted, is difficult to diagnose because it has to grow in tissue, and can cause sterility woman

38
Q

Syphilis

A

A sexually transmitted disease which occurs in 3 stages. A chancre sore at the site of infection, body rash, destruction of nervous and vascular tissue.

39
Q

Protists -

A
  • most diverse kingdom
  • Protists gave rise to multi-cellular forms of life
  • any eukaryote that isn’t fungi, plant, or animal is a protist
40
Q

Acrasiomycota -

A

-Type of protist
-slime mold
I.e. Dictyostelium, Discoideum

41
Q

Bacillariophyta -

A
  • Type of protist

- the diatoms - jewel boxes of the sea. Multicellular shapes with calcium carbonate shell

42
Q

Ciliophora

A

-Type of protist
-the ciliates
I.e. Paramecium, Blephrism
- cillia extends out of their bodies to move them

43
Q

Chlorophyta

A

-Type of protist

All green algae

44
Q

Dinoflagellata – the dinoflagellates

A

-Type of protist–usually 2 flagella–stiff cellulose plate encrusted in silica producing a strange appearance–some are luminous producing twinkling of night seas in tropical areas–20 species produce powerful toxins
I.e. The cell from hell, Red Sea in Egypt in the time of Mose’s

45
Q

Toxic Dinoflagellata

A
  • Overgrowth = Bloom
  • can kill fish, birds, marine mammals
  • mollusks strain the Dinos from the water, but aren’t killed
  • -> toxins accumulate in the mollusks– humans can die from the toxins in the contaminated mollusks
46
Q

Euglenophyta – Euglenoids or Euglena

A
  • Type of protist
  • their body is a pore studded shell or test
  • usually found in the sand on the shore
  • resemble tiny snails
  • cytoplasmic projections thru the shell are used for swimming and feeding
47
Q

Myxomycota

A
  • Type of protist

- Plasmodial slime molds

48
Q

Plasmodium

A

a non-walled mass of multi-nucleated cytoplasm

49
Q

When food or water are in short supply Myxomycota…?

A
  • migrate quickly to a new area
  • form a mass, produce a stalk, and produce spores
  • -spores may last for yrs, and form a new plasmodium when conditions are good again
50
Q

Sporozoa

A
  • type of protist

- complex life cycle in more than 1 type of organism, causes malaria

51
Q

Sporozoa cycle

A
  1. Mosquito injects sporozoites into a human when it bites. Mosquito injects an anticoagulant into the human before sucking out the blood. Only females bite, and then lay eggs.
  2. Sporozoites mature in the human liver.
  3. Sporozoites move to the red blood cells and form gametocytes
  4. Gametocytes move into another mosquito when it is sucking blood from .
  5. The gametocytes are egg and sperm and form zygotes. These zygotes mature and form new sporozoites in the salivary glands of the mosquito.
  6. The mosquito bites someone, into the sporozoites and the cycle starts again.
52
Q

Animals -

A

Multicellular

53
Q

Heterotrophic -

A

Eat other plants and animals

54
Q

Eukaryote -

A

With a true nucleus VS prokaryote or bacteria

55
Q

Animal reproduction

A

Egg + sperm= a zygote or fertilized egg

56
Q

Zygote

A

Divides into a hollow ball of cells or a blastula

57
Q

Gastriculation

A

Germ layers form – go to form 1 of 3

  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
58
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin, nervous system

59
Q

Endoderm

A

Liver, pancreas, lungs, digestive tract

60
Q

Mesoderm

A

Skeleton, muscles, kidney

61
Q

No symmetry =

A

No particular shape or order to the body.

I.e. a sponge

62
Q

Radial symmetry =

A

Body like a wheel. If cut into 4 pieces, each piece is essentially the same.
- there is a top and bottom
I.e. Sea anemones

63
Q

Bilateral symmetry =

A

A top and bottom, and right and left side

I.e. you, lobster, cow

64
Q

Coelom =

A

Or body cavity is a fluid or air filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall

65
Q

Coelomates =

A

Animals with a true coelom formed from mesoderm

I.e. Earthworm

66
Q

Pseudocoelomates =

A

Animals with a coelom formed from mesoderm and endoderm.
They are called pseudo, but still have a cavity.
I.e. roundworms

67
Q

Acoelomates =

A

Animals without a body cavity

I.e. Planaria

68
Q

Protosome development -

A

Unequal size cells during cleavage or division of the zygote–early determination-blastopore–The gut forms the digestive tube or archenteron. Solid masses of the mesoderm split and form the coelom–the 1st opening in the archenteron becomes the mouth. A later, or 2nd opening becomes the anus
I.e. Arthropods - insects, crabs, shrimp, lobster
I.e. Mollusks - clam, oyster
I.e. Annelid worms

69
Q

(Protosome development)

Early determination -

A

Cells of the blastula become specialized early and loose the ability to produce all cell types in the body

70
Q

(Protosome development)

Blastopore -

A

An indention during gastrulation that forms the archenteron

71
Q

Deuterostome Development -

A

Equal size cells during cleavage–no determination early on–blastomeres contain instructions for all cell types–mesoderm grows on the archenteron, and the develops into the coelom–the anus develops from the 1st opening or blastopore and the mouth develops from a later or 2nd opening.
I.e. Anything with a backbone – human,cat, dog, starfish

72
Q

Porifera

A

= sponges – asymmetric – collection or colony of cells. Different cells have different functions – filter feeders
-some sponges can produce certain antibiotics
I.e. Cribrostatin - kills Streptococcus

73
Q

(Sponges)

Epidermis -

A

Cells that make up the outer coating of the sponge

74
Q

(Sponges)

Choanocytes -

A

Filtering cells. The cell has a “window screening” cone with a rotating flagella inside. The flagella causes currents and food particles to stick to the “window screening”
-Food particles move into the body of the choanocytes, are digested, and pass out the back of the choanocyte to an amoebocyte

75
Q

(Sponges)

Amoebocyte -

A

“Meals on wheels”

The amoebocytes move up and down the colony of cells, feeding the epidermal cells

76
Q

(Sponges)

Spicules -

A

Calcium carbonate or silica, shaped like the Mercedes symbol.
-they protect the sponge cells from hungry fish

77
Q

(Sponges)

Pores -

A

Allow water to move into the walls of the sponge, past the choanocytes, and out of the top or osculum.

78
Q

Sponges reproduce…?

A

Sexually. They are hermaphrodites -can function as males or females. Generally they are female and produce eggs, followed by a male cycle producing sperm.

79
Q

Sponge larvae…

A

Have flagella and swim for a day or two to move away from the parents. They become sessile or attached to the bottom and grow to adults.

80
Q

Cnidarians -

A

-True tissues, radial symmetry
-Carnivors
-Collection of tissues. No brain, but nerve nets for coordination
I.e. Hydra, jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war, Obelia, sea anemone ribbon worm, rotifer

81
Q

(Cnidarians)

Gastrovascular cavity -

A

A cavity in their sac body used for digestion.

-1 opening functions as a mouth and anus

82
Q

(Cnidarians)

Polyps -

A

Tubular form attached to the bottom on one end, stinging tentacles surrounding the mouth at the other end.
I.e. Hydra

83
Q

(Cnidarians)

Medusa -

A

Bell shape, mouth and tentacles down.

I.e. Jellyfish

84
Q

(Cnidarians)

Cnidocytes -

A

The tentacles contain stinging cells called cnidocytes

85
Q

(Cnidarians)

Nematocyst -

A

Cnidocytes contain a capsule with barbs and stingers called the nematocyst

Bio 111 (12 decks)

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