Exam 1 Phylum Flashcards
(Phylum Parifera)
Osculum -
Hole in the top where water exits
Phylum Parifera
- Asymmetric colony of cells, no tissues or organs
- Sessile adults
- Osculum
- Chanocyte
- Spicule
- Epidermal cells
- Amoeboid cells
(Phylum Parifera)
Chanocyte -
Collar cell, filters food
(Phylum Parifera)
Spicule -
Calcium carbonate or silica for protection and support
(Phylum Parifera)
Epidermal cell
Makes up outer surface. With pores to allow water to flow into the sponge
(Phylum Parifera)
Amoeboid cells -
Deliver food from the chanocyte to epidermal cells
Phylum Cnidaria
Radio symmetry with tissues, but no organs
- 2 body types: polyps – hydra, medusa – jellyfish, or man of war
- internal extracellular digestion in a gut cavity, not by individual cells
- nerve nets
- no blood vessels, respiratory system, specialized internal cavities
- Cnidocyte with nematocyst and neurotoxins
Phylum Ctenophora
- comb jellies or sea walnuts
- 8 radial symmetrical plates of cilia
- some bioluminescent
- anal pore
Phylum Platyhelminthes
- flat worms
- bilateral symmetry
- gut with 1 opening
- diffusion thru the skin, no circulatory system
- branched gut to deliver food
- ladder like nerve system with tiny brain – cephalization
- flame cells for excretion in planarian
- tapeworm – proglottid contains egg filled with larvae
Phylum Rhynchocoela
- Ribbon worms
- complete digestive tract
- circulatory system with blood vessels
- similar to a flat worm
Phylum Nematoda
-nematodes, eelworms, roundworms – ascaris
-most plants and animals have a parasitic nematode
-bilateral symmetry, cylindrical, unsegmented
-mouth, digestive tract, anus
I.e. Hookworms - live in intestine, suck blood, cause anemia
I.e. Pin worms - live in colon, lay eggs in anus at night, itchy
I.e. Trichinosis - start in intestine of pigs/cat. Female reproduce live young that move to lymph glands and then muscles go pig/cat. Cooking kills the worms.
Phylum Rotifera
- The Rotifers
- 100-500 microns long, eat bacteria, found in soil
- muscular pharynx and grinding jaw
Coelom
Hollow body cavity with a digestive tract and organs inside
Phylum Molluska
- Class Bivalves
- Class Gastropoda
- Class Cephalpopoda
(Phylum Molluska)
Class Bivalves
- clam, scallop, mussel, oyster
- 2 hinged shells, wedge foot, adductor muscle
- intestine runs thru the heart, gills for respiration
(Phylum Molluska)
Class Gastropoda
- snail, slug, nudibranch
- has a gut and a gill for respiration
(Phylum Molluska)
Glass Cephalopoda
- octopus, squid, nautilus
- has a brain which is unique in mollusks
Phylum Annelida
- segmented or earth worm
- septa
- setae
- mouth, gut, anus
- 5 ring heart, blood vessels, closed circulatory system
- ventral nerve cord
- gas exchange thru the skin
- clitellum
Septa
Internal membrane which separates the segments
Setae
Chitin bristles not he bottom surface which helps it move
Clitellum
Smooth ring on the anterior end which forms after mating
Phylum Arthropoda
- jointed appendages
- head or fused cephalothorax
- Undergo metamorphosis I.e. Egg, larvae, juvenile, adult I.e. Larvae to butterfly
- chelicerae
- compund eye with individual visual units or ommatida
- tracheae
- tracheloes
- spiracles
- malpighian tubes
- brain
- ventral ganglia
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Chelicerae -
Pincers or fangs
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Tracheae -
Branched air duct
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Tracheloes -
Smaller branches
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Spiracles -
External holes to allow air to enter the tracheae
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Malpighian tubes -
Process waste
I.e. Grasshopper
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Brain -
3 pairs of anterior ganglia serve as an inhibitor. Can live w/o head or brain
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Ventral Ganglia -
Controls body movements, eating, and copulation
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Subphylum Chelcerata
- Class Arachnida
- Class Merostomata
- Class Pychnogonida
Class Arachnida
Order Scorpions
Order Arcnae - spiders
Order Acari - mites
Order Opiliones - daddy long legs
Class Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs
Class Pychnogonida
Sea spiders
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Crustaceans
Class Crustaceans
Order Cladocera - water fleas
Order Cirripeda - barnacles
Order Decapoda - crab, lobster, shrimp
(Phylum Arthropoda)
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Insecta
Class Chilopoda - centipedes
Class Diplopoda - millipedes
Phylum Echinodermata
Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
- radial symmetry in adults
- ossicles
- tube feet
- nerve ring and branches but no brain
- madreportie
Ossicles
Calcium plates with spines or perforations that serve as an internal skeleton
Tube feet
Extend out thru the ossicles. Fill with water and move the animal
Madreportie
A pore on the aboral surface that allows water to enter the ring canal, radial canal, and tube feet
Phylum Chordata
- single hollow nerve cord
- notochord or flexible rod replaced by a vertebral column in most species
- pharyngeal slits in pharynx. Lost later in development
- internal skeleton
- tail that extends beyond the anus at some point in life
(Phylum Chordata)
Subphylum Urochordata
-Marine, sessile, filter feeding adults
-only larvae have a notochord and nerve cord
-primitive, tadpole like larvae that swim for a few days and become sessile
I.e. Sea peach and tunicate
(Phylum Chordata)
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets
-small (3cm) fish like marine chordate. Sticks tail in sand and filter feed
(Phylum Chordata)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebral column, head, skull with a brain
- Class Agnatha
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Class Osteichthyes
- Class Amphibian
- Class Reptile
- Class Aves
- Class Mammalia
(Phylum Chordata)
–(Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Agnatha
Jawless fish
-first of vertebrate evolution 470 million yrs ago
(Phylum Chordata)
–(Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
-jaws developed from gill arches, teeth from skin
I.e. Sharks and rays
-soft skeleton makes them good swimmers
-denticles – tooth like projections on skin. Shark skin was 1st sandpaper
(Phylum Chordata)
–(Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Osteichthyes
Bony fish
- strong, heavy bones
- swim bladder–Membrane filled with air to counteract the weight of the bones and allow them to swim and not sink
- lateral line system–Series of nerve endings in small holes in the surface of the fish. Allows them to sense the environment around them
(Phylum Chordata)
–(Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Amphibian
Frog, salamander
-Probably evolved from lungfish that moved onto land. Lungfish can use lungs and wait out the dry season. They use gills when water is available
(Phylum Chordata)
–(Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Reptile
Crocodile, alligator, snake, turtle
- dry skin with scales to retard water loss
- amniotic egg
- -shell - retards water loss from embryo
- -yolk and albumin - food source rich in protein
- -amnion - membrane around the embryo
- -allantois - waste storage area in egg
- endothermic- the ability to regulate body temp.
(Phylum Chordata)
–(Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Aves
Hollow bones to reduce weight, feather for a airfoil, large breastbone to attach flight muscles
(Phylum Chordata)
–(Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Mammalia
The mammals
- hair and mammary glands, 4 chamber heart, front incisors
- live young, except duck billed platypus and spiny anteater
- Marsupials
- Placental mammals
Marsupials
Very underdeveloped young are born about 8 days after fertilization into a pouch.
I.e. Koala, kangaroo, opossum
Placental Mammals
The placenta exchanges nutrients, waste, and gases between the fetus and the uterus.
I.e. humans, monkey, mice etc.
Polynomial
13 word Latin name to describe an organism
Binomial
Genus and species. The two-part name used for organisms today
Carolus Linnaeus
Father of taxonomy. Invented the binomial meaning system
Edward Jenner
Invented the vaccination. He used cowpox to prevent smallpox
Vaccination
Using a dead or heat killed pathogen, or the other protein coat of a pathogen to make a vaccine which trigger antibody formation and prevents disease.
Variolation
Using skin scabs form smallpox to produce either in mild case of smallpox, or prevent the disease. Some people die from this treatment
Temperate cycle
A viral infection cycle where the virus incorporates into the DNA of the host cell. Replicates each time the cell divides, and later goes into the lytic cycle and kills the host cell.
Lytic cycle
A virus infects a host cell, builds new virus particles, and bursts the cell to release the new virus.
Endospore
A thick outer coating on a bacterium that protects it from heat and dryness. When growing conditions are good again, the bacteria grows. Endospores can last for many years.
Pili
A tube that transfers a plasmid of DNA from a + type to a - type bacterium
Capsule
A elatinous layer on the outside of some bacteria that helps protect it
Cocci
Round
Bacillus
Rod shape
Spirillum
Corkscrew shape bacteria
