Immuntiy

Question 0

Inflammatory response causes the release of:

Answer 0

Histamine
Kinins
Prostaglandins
PDGF
Complement

Question 1

Inflammatory response

Answer 1

A non-specific attack following an injury or introduction of pathogens

Question 2

Histamine

Answer 2

Promotes vasodilation of local arterioles, increases permeability of local capillaries, and slows movement of bacteria and virus

Question 3

Kinins

Answer 3

Introduce chemotaxis of leukocytes and cause pain

Question 4

Prostaglandins

Answer 4

Sensitize blood vessels for the inflammatory response, cause pain

Question 5

PDGF

Answer 5

Platelet Derived Growth Factor – stimulate fibroblast activity and repair of damaged tissue

Question 6

Complement

Answer 6

Destroys bacteria.
A group of ~20 proteins. They are activated by a cascade reaction – one activates the next. They form a hollow pore, causing the cytoplasm to leak out of invading organisms

Question 7

General effects –

Answer 7

Vasodilation and increased permeability.
Neutrophils, monocytes, & lymphocytes attracted to area, leak out of capillary & move to injury via chemotaxis.
Increased heat increases metabolic rate of cells.
Pain, swelling.
Blood clots wall off area to prevent injury to surrounding area.
Phagocytes remove cellular debris, bacteria, & pus.
Tissue heals.

Question 8

Interferons

Answer 8

Chemicals produced by infected cells, which confer some protection to non-infected cells. “Warned” cells will produce proteins which inhibit viral replication.

Question 9

MHC

Answer 9

Major Histo-compatibility Complex – a protein marker added to your cells at 3 months of age. This protein tells your immune system which cells belong to you. Cells without MHC are of right and destroyed.

Question 10

Acquired immunity

Answer 10

Occurs when the immune system reacts with an antigen. Antibody is produced, memory cells circulate in the blood, and are activated upon re-infection, preventing you from getting sick again. I.e. Getting the mumps or measles.

Question 11

Passive immunity

Answer 11

Antibody passed from mom to fetus via the placenta or breastmilk, especially the colostrums, or first milk produced. Gives the infant temporary immunity lasting from a few weeks to months.

Question 12

Active immunity

Answer 12

Naturally acquired from a disease or artificially from a vaccination.

Question 13

Humoral immunity

Answer 13

Antibody from lymphocytes that circulate as soluble proteins in plasma and lymph. Body fluids were called humors.
They provide immunity from toxins, bacteria, and virus in body fluids.

Question 14

Cell-mediated Immunity

Answer 14

Depends on the actions of lymphocytes, not just the antibody.
They provide immunity from bacteria and virus host cells, fungus, cancer cells, protozoans, and worms.

Question 15

Lymphocytes

Answer 15

B cells & T cells - both have antigen receptors on their surface.
All blood cells come from stem cells in bonemarrow or the liver in a fetus.
Initially, all are alike. Lymphocytes migrate to either the thymus & become T cells, or the bone and become B cells.
There’s a high concentration of B & T cells in lymph nodes & the spleen.

Question 16

B Cells

Answer 16

From bone. Provide humoral immune response. Originally identified in the Bursa of Fabrinicus in birds. B cells have bound antibody on their surface.

Question 17

T Cells

Answer 17

From the thymus. Provide cell mediated immune response. T cells have antigen receptors.

Question 18

Antigen triggers:

Answer 18

Lymphocytes divide and produce effector cells.

B lymphocytes produce plasma cells, which produce antibody.

Question 19

T-cells produce:

Answer 19

1. Cytotoxic T cells
2. Helper T cells
3. Cytokine
   I.e. Macrophage + antigen + helper T cells

Question 20

1. Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 20

Destroy infected cells and cancer cells, and release perforin which is a protein pore, and lyses open infected or cancer cells.

Question 21

2. Helper T cells

Answer 21

Stimulate humoral and cell mediated immunity

Question 22

3. Cytokine

Answer 22

A chemical produced in one cell that regulates the activity of neighbor cells

Question 23

I.e. Macrophage + antigen + helper T cells

Answer 23

T cells produces the cytokine interleukin 1
This signals the release of interleukin 2
Interleukin 2 stimulates helper T cell growth
This triggers the increase of helper T cells and interleukin 2
Activates B cells for humoral response
Triggers the differentiation of T lymphocytes into cytotoxic T
cells which destroy the infected cells.

Question 24

Suppressor T Cells

Answer 24

Can turn off the immune response when antigen is not present.

Question 25

Antigen

Answer 25

A large protein molecule on bacteria, virus, or other cells that triggers the production of antibody

Question 26

Antibody

Answer 26

a Y shaped protein molecule with variable antigen binding sites on the ends of the Y. Each antibody has a specific binding site shape that attaches to a specific antigen.